Typifying Guinea Pig (Cavia Porcellus) Farmers in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas in Central and Southern Côte d'lvoire

Guinea pig production is practised by all strata of society in Côte d'Ivoire, without regard to gender, age, religion, instruction level or community. It is essentially a source of income, but socioeconomic and cultural background significantly influence the approach to guinea pig production. Adult owners use animals as a source of income. Children eat a significant part of the production themselves. Adolescents progress from consumption to marketing. This preliminary study opens the way for future work that could measure changes over time in the socioeconomic profile of guinea pig farmers and the attitude of the population towards guinea pig breeding.

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Urban Agriculture in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City: Changes over Time in Urban, Suburban and Peri-Urban Areas

The Earthscan Reader in Rural–Urban Linkages ◽

10.4324/9781315800486-13 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 247-264

Author(s):

H. Losada ◽

H. Martínez ◽

J. Vieyra ◽

R. Pealing ◽

J. Rivera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mexico City ◽

Urban Agriculture ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time ◽

Metropolitan Zone

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Designing Dynamic Delivery Parking Spots in Urban Areas to Reduce Traffic Disruptions

Journal of Advanced Transportation ◽

10.1155/2017/6296720 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Mireia Roca-Riu ◽

Jin Cao ◽

Igor Dakic ◽

Monica Menendez

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Local Level ◽

Hydrodynamic Theory ◽

Time Varying ◽

Traffic Demand ◽

Road Space ◽

Delivery Services ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Pick-up and delivery services are essential for businesses in urban areas. However, due to the limited space in city centers, it might be unfeasible to provide sufficient loading/unloading spots. As a result, this type of operations often interferes with traffic by occupying road space (e.g., illegal parking). In this study, a potential solution is investigated: Dynamic Delivery Parking Spots (DDPS). With this concept, based on the time-varying traffic demand, the area allowed for delivery parking changes over time in order to maximize delivery opportunities while reducing traffic disruptions. Using the hydrodynamic theory of traffic flow, we analyze the traffic discharging rate on an urban link with DDPS. In comparison to the situation without delivery parking, the results show that although DDPS occupy some space on a driving lane, it is possible to keep the delay at a local level, that is, without spreading to the network. In this paper, we provide a methodology for the DDPS design, so that the delivery requests can be satisfied while their negative impacts on traffic are reduced. A simulation study is used to validate the model and to estimate delay compared to real situations with illegal parking, showing that DDPS can reduce system’s delay.

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National trends of childhood vaccination coverage in Bangladesh: Understanding gaps from 2011, 2014 and 2017-18 Demographic and Health Surveys data

10.21203/rs.3.rs-722674/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Satyajit Kundu ◽

Subarna Kundu ◽

Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽

Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽

Joshua Okyere ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vaccination Coverage ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Health Surveys ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Childhood Vaccination ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Abstract Background Vaccination is a safe and cost-effective strategy for protecting children from life-threatening diseases. This study aimed to investigate the changes over time in proportion of vaccination coverage across demographic subgroups in Bangladesh. Method Vaccination coverage for children 12–59 months of age was obtained from Bangladesh’s 2011, 2014, and 2017-18 Demographic and Health Surveys. Three multivariable binary logistic regression models with complete vaccination status at each survey data were used to generate adjusted odds ratios to uncover immunization variations across socio-demographic categories. Further, to detect potential geographic disparities, changes over time were analyzed at both the country and district levels. Findings Vaccination coverage grew from 88.1% in 2011 to 89.2% in 2017–2018, indicating a gap of more than ten percent for complete immunization coverage among children aged 12–59 months. Children aged 23–35 were more likely to have full vaccination compared to those aged 12–23 in 2011 (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.3–1.9), 2014 (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.3-2.0), and 2017-18 (AOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.7). The likelihood of full vaccination of children increased with maternal education with the highest odds among women with higher education in 2011 (AOR = 7.2, 95% CI = 4.0-12.9), 2014 (AOR = 4.0, 95% CI = 2.7–5.9), and 2017-18 (AOR = 5.8, 95% CI = 3.5–9.6) compared to those with no formal education. Children born to mothers who lived in urban areas were more likely to have full vaccination in 2011 (AOR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.3–1.8), 2014 (AOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.2–1.7), and 2017-18 (AOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.7) compared to those who lived in rural areas. Children born to mothers who had at least 4 ANC visits were more likely to have full vaccination compared to those with less than 3 ANC visits in 2011 (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2-2.0), 2014 (AOR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.2-2.0), and 2017-18 (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2–2.1 During these three surveys, Rangpur division had the highest vaccine coverage rate, while Sylhet division had the lowest vaccination coverage. Conclusion Although there was an improvement in these nationally representative surveys from 2011 to 2017-18, a portion of children still needs to be vaccinated to ensure full immunization coverage. To achieve 100% immunization coverage for all Bangladeshi children, policymakers must integrate vaccine programs with personalized health messaging and assurances of health safety for impoverished children and low-educated mothers. Increased institutional deliveries and prenatal care visits by mothers could assist increase their children's vaccination coverage.

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Changes in the Size Distribution of Settlements in England and Wales, 1801–1968

Environment and Planning A Economy and Space ◽

10.1068/a100163 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 163-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A D Cliff ◽

B T Robson

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Data Sets ◽

England And Wales ◽

Data Standard ◽

Population Concentration ◽

Standard Normal ◽

Population Sizes ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Over Time

Changes over time in the distribution of settlement sizes in England and Wales are examined by using two data sets: Town population sizes 1801–1911 and the population size of various local government units in 1968. The Cohen and Whitworth random partitioning models are applied to these data. Standard normal deviates show the increasing population concentration in large urban areas during the 19th century and the reversal of this trend in the 20th century, leading to the suggestion of maximum entropy in 1968. A comparison of the Cohen and the rank–size models suggests the greater utility of the former once the primate city is excluded from consideration. The analysis highlights the timing of critical changes in the evolution of the settlement pattern, particularly the reversal of trend in 1901.

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Opioid Misuse in Missouri: Analyzing Emergency Department Use in Urban/Rural Areas

Online Journal of Public Health Informatics ◽

10.5210/ojphi.v10i1.8338 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Evan Mobley ◽

Andrew Hunter ◽

Whitney Coffey

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

The State ◽

Opioid Overdose ◽

Metro Area ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Ed Visits ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

ObjectiveCompare rate changes over time for Emergency Department (ED) visits due to opioid overdose in urban versus rural areas of the state of Missouri.IntroductionLike many other states in the U.S., Missouri has experienced large increases in opioid abuse resulting in hundreds dying each year and thousands of ED visits due to overdose. Missouri has two major urban areas, St. Louis and Kansas City and a few smaller cities, while the remainder of the state is more rural in nature. The opioid epidemic has impacted all areas in the state but the magnitude of that impact varies as well as the type of opioid used. Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services (MODHSS) maintains the Patient Abstract System (PAS) which contains data from hospitals and ambulatory surgical centers throughout the state. PAS includes data from ED visits including information on diagnoses, patient demographics, and other information about the visit. MODHSS also participates in the Enhanced State Surveillance of Opioid-involved Morbidity and Mortality project (ESOOS). One major aspect of this surveillance project is the collection of data on non-fatal opioid overdoses from ED visits. Through this collection of data, MODHSS analyzed opioid overdose visits throughout the state, how rates compare across urban and rural areas, and how those rates have changed over time.MethodsThe 115 counties in Missouri were organized into the six-level urban-rural classification scheme developed by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The attached table shows the breakout of counties into the six different categories. The data years analyzed were 2012 through 2016. ED visits due to opioid overdose were identified using case definitions supplied by ESOOS. Overdoses were analyzed in three different categories—all opioids, heroin, and non-heroin opioids. The all opioid category combines heroin and non-heroin opioids. Non-heroin opioids includes prescription drugs such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and fentanyl analogues. Annual rates per 10,000 were calculated for each county classification using population estimates. Confidence intervals (at 95%) were then calculated using either inverse gamma when the number of ED visits was under 500, or Poisson when the number was 500 or more. Changes over time were calculated using both a year over year method and a 5 year change method.ResultsOverall opioid rates have increased in all geographic areas during the 5 year period analyzed. Large Central Metro and Large Fringe Metro counties had the highest rates of ED visits due to opioid overdose. These two classifications also saw the largest increases in rates. The Large Central Metro counties collectively increased over 125%, while the Large Fringe Metro area increased 130%. Both areas experienced statistically significant increases year-to-year between 2014 and 2016 in addition to the overall 5 year period of 2012-2016.Analysis was also conducted for heroin and non-heroin subsets of opioid abuse. There were important differences in these two groups. For heroin ED visits, the highest rates were found in the Large Central Metro and Large Fringe Metro regions. However, the largest increase in percentage terms were found in the Medium Metropolitan, Micropolitan and Noncore regions which all saw increases of over 300%. Notably, every region experienced increases of over 150%. The Medium Metro had two consecutive years (2013/2014 and 2014/2015) where the heroin ED rate more than doubled.In contrast, non-heroin ED visits did not experience such a large increase over time. Most areas saw small fluctuations year-to-year with moderate overall increases over the 5-year time period. The exception to this trend is the Large Fringe Metro area, which saw increases every year most notably between 2014 and 2015 and had by far the largest 5 year increase at 82%.ConclusionsThe urban areas in Missouri continue to have the highest rates of opioid overdose, however all areas within the state have experienced very large increases in heroin ED visits within the past five years. The increase in heroin ED visits in the rural areas suggests the abuse of heroin has now spread throughout the state, as rates were much lower in 2012. The steady increase in non-heroin opioids unique to the Large Fringe Metro may be due to the availability of fentanyl in urban areas especially the St. Louis area. This possible finding would correspond with the increased deaths due to fentanyl experienced in and around the St. Louis urban area that has been identified through analysis of death certificate data.

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Neurofilament light chain and tau concentrations are markedly increased in the serum of patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and tau correlates with rate of disease progression

Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry ◽

10.1136/jnnp-2017-317793 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 89 (9) ◽

pp. 955-961 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Andrew Geoffrey Bourne Thompson ◽

Connie Luk ◽

Amanda J Heslegrave ◽

Henrik Zetterberg ◽

Simon H Mead ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Progression ◽

Neuronal Damage ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Neurofilament Light Chain ◽

Neurofilament Light ◽

Jakob Disease ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Future Work ◽

Codon 129 ◽

Over Time

ObjectivesA blood-based biomarker of neuronal damage in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) will be extremely valuable for both clinical practice and research aiming to develop effective therapies.MethodsWe used an ultrasensitive immunoassay to measure two candidate biomarkers, tau and neurofilament light (NfL), in serum from patients with sCJD and healthy controls. We tested longitudinal sample sets from six patients to investigate changes over time, and examined correlations with rate of disease progression and associations with known phenotype modifiers.ResultsSerum concentrations of both tau and NfL were increased in patients with sCJD. NfL distinguished patients from controls with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Tau did so with 91% sensitivity and 83% specificity. Both tau and NfL appeared to increase over time in individual patients, particularly in those with several samples tested late in their disease. Tau, but not NfL, was positively correlated with rate of disease progression, and was particularly increased in patients homozygous for methionine at codon 129 of PRNP.ConclusionsThese findings independently replicate other recent studies using similar methods and offer novel insights. They show clear promise for these blood-based biomarkers in prion disease. Future work should aim to fully establish their potential roles for monitoring disease progression and response to therapies.

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New Techniques, New Opportunities

Rethinking the Civil War Era ◽

10.5810/kentucky/9780813175355.003.0005 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Paul D. Escott

Keyword(s):

Digital Humanities ◽

Primary Sources ◽

Data Sets ◽

Crowd Sourcing ◽

New Techniques ◽

Related Data ◽

Huge Data ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Future Work ◽

Over Time

This chapter discusses and examines the new techniques of digital humanities. Beyond the important advantage of having primary sources available in digital form, historians now can use computers to analyze huge data sets, to combine different but related data sets, to collect information, to map information, and to visualize changes over time. Using the “crowd-sourcing” approach, it is possible to assemble huge amounts of scattered but useful data that would be beyond one person’s efforts. This chapter examines several examples of innovative projects and offers suggestions for future work and for enhancing cooperation among researchers.

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Urban agriculture in the metropolitan zone of Mexico City: changes over time in urban, suburban and peri-urban areas

Environment and Urbanization ◽

10.1177/095624789801000214 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 37-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

H. Losada ◽

H. Martínez ◽

J. Vieyra ◽

R. Pealing ◽

R. Zavala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mexico City ◽

Urban Agriculture ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time ◽

Metropolitan Zone

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Comparison of two devices for measuring exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressures in patients with claudication

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000454 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 355-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marie Urban ◽

Alban Fouasson-Chailloux ◽

Isabelle Signolet ◽

Christophe Colas Ribas ◽

Mathieu Feuilloy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Pressure ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Chemical Sensors ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽

Starting Values ◽

Two Systems ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure ◽

New Sensors ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Abstract. Summary: Background: We aimed at estimating the agreement between the Medicap® (photo-optical) and Radiometer® (electro-chemical) sensors during exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcpO2) tests. Our hypothesis was that although absolute starting values (tcpO2rest: mean over 2 minutes) might be different, tcpO2-changes over time and the minimal value of the decrease from rest of oxygen pressure (DROPmin) results at exercise shall be concordant between the two systems. Patients and methods: Forty seven patients with arterial claudication (65 + / - 7 years) performed a treadmill test with 5 probes each of the electro-chemical and photo-optical devices simultaneously, one of each system on the chest, on each buttock and on each calf. Results: Seventeen Medicap® probes disconnected during the tests. tcpO2rest and DROPmin values were higher with Medicap® than with Radiometer®, by 13.7 + / - 17.1 mm Hg and 3.4 + / - 11.7 mm Hg, respectively. Despite the differences in absolute starting values, changes over time were similar between the two systems. The concordance between the two systems was approximately 70 % for classification of test results from DROPmin. Conclusions: Photo-optical sensors are promising alternatives to electro-chemical sensors for exercise oximetry, provided that miniaturisation and weight reduction of the new sensors are possible.

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