scholarly journals COMMUNITY AND ARCHITECTURE: CONTRIBUTION RETROSPECT IN KARACHI DURING THE BRITISH RAJ

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-73
Author(s):  
Hira Ovais
Keyword(s):  
Vital Role ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
British Raj ◽  
City Formation ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Architectural Language ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Communities play a vital role in the development of any society, both in terms of political and commercial ambiance and culture and social character which contributes in the city formation. Karachi is an excellent example of it. Over the years the city has evolved from wilderness to being the most populous city of the world. It houses many imported traditions, which have mixed with local values over the years. Karachi, in 1900s was dominated by many ethnic communities, which resulted in the rise of a class system, which in turn lead to the emergence of communal enclaves to create a sense of communal values. Until independence of the sub-continent in 1947, these communities worked together and flourish Karachi. Saddar Bazaar, the city centre of Karachi was mainly occupied by these communities. Saddar was laid as a camp by the British in the late nineteenth century and was later used not only as a marketplace, but also consisted supporting functions like storage facilities, religious places, schools, coffee houses, cinemas, bars, billiard rooms, restaurants and residential areas. The merchants who came from India started their commercial activities here. During the Colonial rule, Saddar flousrished not only in terms of trade and commerce, but also in terms of architecture. By the 19th century the British had already established a design language for the architecture of the public buildings of the sub-continent. But after the involvement of the localcommunities, this language was transformed and either hybrid forms were created (i.e. blending of European features with balconies and chajjas of different proportions) or purely local architectural forms based on the requirement of the locals were constructed. The transformation of European architectural language and its ornamentation into local buildings were observed in many structures. Some of them were built by British architects and engineers and others by the local firms under the British influence. This paper documents and analyses two such hybrid design buildings, which reflect the lifestyles of the communities through the built form characteristics, details and formal and spatial characteristics.

The Center Cannot Hold: Historians and the Suburbs

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart M. Blumin
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Communal Life ◽  
Suburban Studies ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Suburban Life ◽  
The City

In 1962 Sam Bass Warner, Jr., published an important book about suburbanization in late nineteenth-century Boston. Like most influential books, it was timely in its subject, and Warner's scholarly study might be supposed to have built upon the interest that was being generated by numerous popular analyses of contemporary suburbanization and suburban life in post—World War II America. One can indeed find in Streetcar Suburbs the same fundamental preoccupation with the shallowness of communal life and similar diagnoses of the sprawl of single-family homes in homogeneous and militantly residential areas on the periphery of the city, as one finds in say, William H. Whyte's 1956 critique, The Organization Man.' Yet Warner's book was not part of, and did not initiate, a new genre of historical suburban studies. Instead, it served as one of the essential founding texts of what came to be known as the “new urban history”—a large number of scholarly attempts to examine the character and structure of life at the center of the developing big cities of industrializing America. Not the “crabgrass frontier” but the “urban frontier” defined the territory of historical adventure during the 1960s. The metaphor is not, and was not then, entirely an academic one. In 1961 the new President of the United States had called for a “new frontier” of public initiative, and planner Charles Abrams helped his immediate successor expand and locate that initiative with his book, The City Is the Frontier. Without entirely losing interest in the suburbs, scholars, policymakers, and citizens of various kinds suddenly realized the importance of understanding the city and its history.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Modernist Approach through Buildings in Kayseri, Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-154
Author(s):  
Hikmet Eldek Güner
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
New Public ◽  
Modern Style ◽  
Early Republican ◽  
The City

Kayseri was an important commercial city throughout history, and with the declaration of the Republic, it continued its importance in different areas. The city has many original buildings from the Early Republican Period and was a model of modernisation set on a western ideology. Modernisation of the Republic was started with industrialisation. Consequently, Kayseri became an industrial city in the early 20th century. Investments (both economic and spatial) made by government were later continued by the private sector. Industrialisation was seen as the most important dynamic of development and key to modernisation. This situation resulted in the establishment of a new Kayseri around the industrial area and was viewed as an example for a modern Turkey. These industrial areas were constructed close to the boundary of the city centre. At the same time, the city centre was reconstructed according to modern city planning and the new style (modern style). The ceremonial ground (city square), an urban grid system, wide main transport routes, new public and municipal buildings, which were symbols of international style, were constructed by destroying the historic city centre in the Early Republic Period.The Republic was not only constructing new public buildings in a modern style; it was tried to build a new life with the modern residential areas. Instead of the traditional dwellings, modern houses were constructed to illustrate the new lifestyle together with new functional buildings such as modern education complexes, a community centre, stadium and train station were all constructed to show how to live the modern life.The city gained a new face with the changes starting from 1930. Today, many buildings, belonging to the Early Republican Period, are not being considered in the conservation of cultural heritage and are in danger. Industrial complexes, residential areas, public places are seen as a building stock destined to disappear and be replaced by new buildings. These earlier buildings hold important historical, social, economic and political values. Similarly, construction techniques and materials were also unique for that period.The aim of this study is to draw attention to the 20th century buildings in Kayseri constructed in the Early Republic Period, and classify these buildings under different headings (industry, housing, public space, educational space, open spaces) with the photographs, plans and history, thus defining their values and why they must be conserved. Republic was not only constructed new public buildings in modern style, it was tried to build a new life with the modern residential areas. Instead of the traditional dwellings, modern houses were constructed for point out of new life style and also new functioned buildings like as modern education complexes, community center, stadium, train station were constructed to show how to live in the modern life. The city has gained a new face with the changes starting from 1930. Today many buildings, belonging to the Early Republican Period, are not being considered in the conservation of cultural heritage and they are in danger. Industrial complexes, residential areas, public places are seen as a stock of a building and faced to disappear for constructed for the new buildings. They have very important values like as historical, social, economic and politic. Also construction techniques and materials were also unique for that period. The aim of this study is, to attract attention on 20th century buildings in Kayseri which are constructed in Early Republic Period, to classify these buildings in different headings (industry, housing, public space, educational space, open space …etc) with the photographs, plans and history. In general, meaning the main aim of this study is to define their values and explain why they must be conserved.

scholarly journals URBAN SPATIAL PATTERN AND CARBON EMISSION INTERCONNECTIVITY IN A SUB-SAHARAN CITY, NIGERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Dyachia Zakka ◽  
Ariva Sugandi Permana ◽  
M. Rafee Majid
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Land Use Pattern ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
High Traffic Volume ◽  
The City

This study analyses the spatial pattern of Kaduna City in Sub-Saharan region and its vicinity to ascertain its influence on urban interaction and implications towards carbon emission. It employed a questionnaire-based research for the collection of socio-economic, traffic and spatial data. Meanwhile, spatial data was derived in secondary form from relevant organizations. The study reveals a steady increase in the built-up areas which covered 17,121 hectares representing 53% of the total area of the city. It also identified a mono-centric land use pattern for the city. The interconnection between the city centre and the residential areas has resulted in high traffic volume during the morning and evening peak hours on working days. The study also found that carbon emission at points along major routes in the city ranges between 1169 to1884 ppm. Considering the present performance of the city, the study suggests to adopt traditional red-ocean strategies, which are maximizing the carbon sequestration through optimizing urban ecology while minimizing the need for motorized transport using urban planning principles.

scholarly journals The Warsaw soundscape - structure and specifics

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Romanowska
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Acoustic Ecology ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
The City

Abstract The Warsaw soundscape has been examined according to the principles of acoustic ecology. The soundscape is the acoustic environment tested primarily by qualitative research. Warsaw residents were asked in a survey about their sound impressions and requirements for the Warsaw soundscape. The aim of this research was to learn both the conditions of acoustic environment and the needs of space users in accordance with the space category. The present and expected sound structures of five different categories of space were examined (residential areas, streets, city centre, tourist areas and green areas). Information on both the specific Warsaw sounds and the ideas for new sounds (which could be introduced into the city) was collected.

scholarly journals FORTIFICATION OBIECTS AND STREET NETWORK DEVELOPMENT IN THE HISTORICAL PART OF CHERNIVTSI CITY IN THE 18th-20th CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (13) ◽  
pp. 28-45
Author(s):  
Mykola Bevz ◽  
Oleksandr Kyshlyaruk
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Network Development ◽  
City Development ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Street Network ◽  
City Center ◽  
Urban Transformations ◽  
The City

Formation and development of the central part of Chernivtsi is a long historical process. The settlement, which emerged in the XIV century, underwent major urban transformations that took place during the XVIII-XX centuries. They became an important period of creation of the renewed structure plan of the city area which is still in operation. The historical city centre has been changing its structure, size, functional organization during a long time. The objective of the research is to study and compare the main parameters and characteristics of the city at certain historical stages by analysing the development of its transport network. The purpose of the article is to review and analyse available cartographic materials and study the street network development in the historical part of the city in the late XVIII - XX centuries. The article highlights the factors that played an important role in the formation and development of Chernivtsi city centre, in particular, strengthening and expansion of economic ties. According to the findings, discovery of new trade routes became a decisive factor that influenced the development of Chernivtsi, determined the city structure and directions of the main streets. Other important factors include natural conditions and local terrain, social economic and administrative impact. Studies have shown that the historical centre of Chernivtsi evolved according to the existing structure plan. Analysis of cartographic materials and historical sources allows to characterize the basic principles of urban development. Expansion of the street network and squares, as well as trends in the planning of residential areas provide an opportunity to assess their nature, scale and size. Topographical maps enabled us to devise comparative schemes of urban development and evolution of city boundaries throughout the studied period. The city center moved gradually to new areas in the south-western direction. This feature of the city development provides important materials for urban study. This work can be primarily aimed at studying the urban planning structure, defense lines, public spaces, etc. The city developed in an extensive way, pushing the boundaries of the city center, creating new parallel urban complexes with new central squares. The most difficult task for scientists today is to localize these boundaries for different stages. The next difficult task is to find out old defense systems existed in the different parts of the city in the past. A completely unresolved question is how defense complexes influenced the development of the planning structure. The study allowed to highlight the prerequisites for major urban transformations in the historical part of Chernivtsi in the XVIII - XX centuries.

scholarly journals Natural Commercial Centers: Regeneration Opportunities and Urban Challenges

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 392-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Esposito de Vita ◽  
Stefania Ragozino
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Regeneration Process ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
The City

In the history of European cities, public spaces always played a pivotal role, representing key places for developing social interactions and for enhancing the sense of community. Squares, commercial streets, market places as well as traditional retail and art-and-crafts areas can be considered the core of the city. The social, economic and demographic crisis and the loss of cultural identity has affected the capacity of attraction of local small retailers, giving the floor to the aggressive strategies of suburban shopping malls, centers, arcades or precinct, forming a complex of shops, movie theaters, restaurants and food courts with interconnecting walkways [. Typical expressions of a globalized economy, the different categories of suburban shopping mall have transformed behaviors and paths at a large scale [. One consequences can be identified in the loss of traditional commercial activities within the city centre, producing a situation of urban decline, mirrored by the impoverishment of public spaces [[. This paper suggests that, by activating the existing cultural and socio-economic capital it is possible to undertake a successful regeneration process based on a participative approach and on public and private integrated tools. By focussing on the experience of the Centri Commerciali Naturali (Natural Commercial Centres) established in Italy as partnership between Municipalities, cultural operators, public services providers and associations of shops owners to exploit the commercial activities in the historical centers the ongoing research is oriented to explore successful experiences of private-public partnership to be implemented in a regeneration process of areas traditionally dedicated to retail and art-and-craft small enterprises. The paper discusses the potentiality and the criticism of the NCC as engine for the redevelopment and regeneration of the inner city abandoned retail areas. In so doing, the experience developed in Campania (Southern Italy) will be analyzed in order to show how the activation of the social capital within the framework of the CCN could contribute in renovating the traditional commercial identity of the area, supporting the public spaces regeneration process. This paper aspires to offer useful insights to all those policy makers, city managers and planners who seek to revitalise traditional market areas in European city centres.

scholarly journals Implementation and Advancement of a Rural Residential Concentration Strategy in the Suburbs of Shanghai

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
Yishao Shi ◽  
Haoran Ren ◽  
Xiatong Guo ◽  
Tianhui Tao
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Rural Planning ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Process Pattern ◽  
Population Concentration ◽  
Residential Distribution ◽  
Planning And Construction ◽  
The City

Rural residential concentration was one of the important tasks of the “Three Concentrations” strategy implemented in the suburbs of Shanghai in the mid-1990s. The aims of this paper are to comprehensively evaluate the process, pattern and effects of residential concentration in the suburbs of Shanghai over the past 20 years, clarify the direction and focus of development, and propose suggestions for existing deficiencies. Based on remote sensing images and statistical data, the implementation and effects of the rural residential concentration strategy from 1990 to 2015 were analysed using landscape indexes and geospatial analysis. The results are as follows: (1) according to the changes in the landscape pattern and spatial structure, the trends in population concentration in the suburbs of Shanghai are obvious. (2) Before 1995, the trend of population diffusion was conspicuous. After 1995, the period of population diffusion gradually shifted to a period of population agglomeration. The rate of population concentration increased rapidly from 2000 to 2010 and then became moderate after 2010. (3) In 1990, most of the rural residential areas were distributed within 14–52 km of the city centre, the distribution of residential area in each ring was relatively uniform, and the overall distribution was scattered and uniform. By 2015, the rural population gradually converged in the inner suburbs, and the centralized distribution gradually changed to within 16–32 km of the city centre. (4) In 1990, most of the rural residential areas were located north-northwest, southeast, and southwest of the People’s Square. By 2015, the areas southwest and southeast of the People’s Square became the focus of rural residential distribution. These findings provide a useful reference for future rural planning and construction.

scholarly journals Adaptive Reuse of Architectural Heritage and Its Role in the Post-Disaster Reconstruction of Urban Identity: Post-Communist Łódź

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8054
Author(s):  
Julia Sowińska-Heim
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Adaptive Reuse ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Urban Identity ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Identity Reconstruction ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

The article examines the role of the adaptive reuse of architectural heritage in urban identity reconstruction and strengthening undertaken after the disaster caused by a strong economic and social crisis. The main research material includes activities and projects implemented in post-communist Łódź, one of the largest Polish cities. The city developed extremely dynamically at the beginning of the 19th century as a centre of textile industry. Characteristic factories located in the city centre operated continuously until the end of the 1980s, when the transformation brought about radical political changes, as a result of which Łódź experienced a rapid process of deindustrialisation. The nineteenth-century architectural heritage played an important role in the search for ways to regenerate the city and redefine its identity. Starting from the local, i.e., historical, social or identity contexts, the reader is led to universal conclusions, concerning important problems, issues and challenges related to the confrontation of architectural heritage with contemporary needs and expectations.

scholarly journals AFFECTED COMMUNITIES - RISING SOCIAL DISPARITIES FORMULATING A BALANCE BETWEEN MAINTAINING UNIQUE VALUE OF AN ESTABLISHED COMMUNITY AND THE NEEDS TO IMPROVE ITS QUALITY OF LIFE - A CASE STUDY OF KAMPONG BHARU; A TRADITIONAL URBAN VILLAGE IN KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Abd Muluk Bin Abd Manan
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Village Life ◽  
The City

The Kampong Bharu community was established by the Colonial British government in the late nineteenth century as a 'Malay Agricultural Settlement' - a riverside area strategically removed from the old city centre of Kuala Lumpur, where many of the economic activities fuelled the city's early growth. Ethnic Malay families from several villages were relocated here and given exclusive land rights to maintain a 'village life'. Due to complex land rights enactment, entitlements and inheritance laws, many parcels in this neighbourhood have remained untouched for more than a century. The appearance and lifestyle associated with Kampong Bharu today are seemingly at odds with a city that aggressively grows around it. This paper explores the neighbourhood and documents the complexities and contradictions of urban development that the area encapsulates. Kampong Bharu today sits in the heart of the city. Many parcels of the land have changed ownership. The agricultural land with its modest original house gradually expanded into a sprawling, ramshackle home for dozens of extended families. It has become the hotspot for resettlement for new urban migrants that come to the city to resettle during pre and post- independence. Many historical events have happened here and it has become one of the most well-known neighbourhood in the city. Efforts by the authority to develop this area failed due to various reasons. They had tried to establish a balance between the concerns of long-term inhabitants and the demands of modern development. This paper examines the reasons and also explores how stakeholders in Kampong Bharu have been involved in recent redevelopment efforts. Key stakeholders including landowners, residents, village heads, and leaders of local associations were interviewed, and their concerns and aspirations were documented.

scholarly journals EXPLORING SPATIAL PATTERNS OF URBAN BROWNFIELDS: THE CASE OF DAUGAVPILS CITY

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Anastasija Smoļakova
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Brownfield Sites ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Brownfields

Deindustrialization has been an important process in transforming the urban regions in Central and Eastern Europe. In Daugavpils, there is a long history of industry dated back to the 19th century. The massive deindustrialization of the 1990s caused increased concentrations of brownfield localities within the city. Previous studies have demonstrated that the geographic location of urban brownfields is an important factor affecting brownfields regeneration. The aim of the current study is to explore the characteristics of the brownfield sites and their spatial patterns in the city of Daugavpils. The analysis is based on a data obtained during the fieldwork. The results presented in this paper depends on survey of 61 brownfield sites in Daugavpils. Majority of local brownfields are abandoned buildings previously used for industrial and commercial activities and unevenly distributed within the city. Higher number of brownfield regeneration have been detected in densely built-up areas close to the inner-city areas, while lower rates were found for areas with low population density at the periphery of the city. The findings also suggest that urban brownfield regeneration increases the attractiveness and livability of a particular locality.

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