Proximate composition, phytochemical and mineral contents of young and mature Polyalthia longifolia Sonn.leaves

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
O B Ojewuyi
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Mineral Analysis ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
Polyalthia Longifolia

Proximate composition, phytochemical and mineral composition of young and mature Polyalthia longifolia Sonn. leaves were investigated using standard analytical procedures. Young leaves of Polyalthia longifolia contained 9% protein, 4% ash, 0.21% lipid, 25% fibre, 8% moisture and 54% carbohydrate while the mature leaves contained 10% protein, 5% ash, 0.26% lipid, 19% fibre, 9% moisture and 57% carbohydrates. The results for the quantitative phytochemicals revealed that the young leaves contained 3.91 (ppm) tannins, 0.34 (ppm) phenols and 62% flavonoids with the mature samples showing a relative result of 3.69 (ppm) tannins, 0.33 (ppm) phenols and 63% flavonoids. The mineral analysis of both samples showed that they contained appreciable quantities of minerals with the mature sample having higher concentrations of Na (30.03 mg/100 g), K (23.55 mg/100 g), Ca (89.18 mg/100 g) and Mg (27.55 mg/100 g) relative to Na (20.30 mg/100 g), K (16.93 mg/100 g), Ca (57.03 mg/100 g) and Mg (14.48 mg/100 g) found in the young leaves. The study showed that the leaves examined contained high levels of carbohydrates and fibre, low fat and phenols but very rich in minerals. These findings suggest that the leaves of Polyalthia longifolia might be a potential source of carbohydrates, fibre, phytochemicals and mineral elements for human and animal use.

scholarly journals Nutritional and anti-nutrient composition of Karaya gum tree (Sterculia setigera) seed: a potential fish feed ingredient

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kehinde Moruff Adelakun ◽  
Moshood Keke Mustapha ◽  
Damilare Ibukun Ogundiwin ◽  
Ambrose A Ihidero
Keyword(s):  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Fish Diet ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Tropical Plant ◽  
Karaya Gum

The nutritional and anti-nutritive composition of Karaya gum tree (Sterculia setigera) seed collected from Federal College of Wildlife Management estate, New Bussa, Nigeria was evaluated from October to December, 2013 with the aim of providing data that will guide the effective utilization and inclusion of this under exploited tropical plant seed in fish feed formulation. The seeds were washed, dried, grounded and analyzed for the proximate composition, vitamin and mineral contents as well as the anti-nutritive factors using standard procedures. The result showed that the mean values for the proximate composition were: moisture 5.20%, ash 3.95%, fat 26.03%, fiber 6.15%, protein 13.39% and carbohydrate 45.27%. The plant also contained vitamins and relatively adequate essential mineral elements of nutritional importance of macro elements such as calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and micro elements of iron, manganese, zinc and copper. Some anti-nutritional factor such as; alkaloids, phytate, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, steroids and trace of oxalate were also found in the plant, but their composition will pose no serious  nutritional problem if well processed before its inclusion in fish diet and could therefore be a cheap source of raw materials for the fortification applications in various fish feed formulations.

scholarly journals Effect of cultivar and year of harvest on the mineral composition of Algerian extra-virgin olive oils

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. e0901
Author(s):  
Karima Benamirouche-Harbi ◽  
Sonia Keciri ◽  
Zohir Sebai ◽  
Hicham Benamirouche ◽  
Lilya Boudriche
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Technical Institute ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Virgin Olive Oils ◽  
Olive Oils

Aim of study: To evaluate the effect of cultivar and year of harvest on the content of mineral elements of Algerian extra virgin olive oils.Area of study: Technical Institute of Arboriculture of Fruits and Vine (TIAFV), Bejaia, Algeria.Material and methods: The mineral contents of extra virgin olive oils from ten cultivars during two consecutive campaigns 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry and absorption in a graphite furnace after microwave-assisted acid digestion. Principal component analysis was applied to correlate the mineral content with cultivar type and year of harvest.Main results: Mean concentrations for Fe, Zn, Cu, Na, K, Mg, As and Co in samples were observed in the range of 1.640-13.213, 1.546-32.866, 1.375-3.337, 19.666-104.720, 4.573-117.133, 0.120-2.560, 0.006-0.146 and 0.002-0.051 μg g-1, respectively. The first three principal components retained 76.25% of the variance. The determinants of the effect of cultivar type and year of harvest were Fe and Na; Mg, Co and As, respectively.Research highlights: The study showed that mineral composition of the olive oils was mainly determined by the cultivar and the year of harvest.

scholarly journals First Report of Leaf and Stem Downy Blight of Longan Seedlings Caused by Peronophythora litchii in Taiwan

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 1224-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.-J. Ann ◽  
J.-N. Tsai ◽  
H.-R. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
First Report ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Important Disease

Fruit downy blight caused by Peronophythora litchii Chen ex Ko et al. is an important disease of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in Taiwan, especially in rainy seasons. Previous records indicate litchi as the only natural host of P. litchii, but this pathogen was found on seedlings of longan (Euphoria longana Lamarck) in 2000. Young seedlings of longan that had emerged in a litchi orchard near Caotun, Nantou County, showed symptoms of droopy leaves and leaf blight. Water-soaked lesions appeared on young leaves, which turned into brown, round or irregular lesions (about 3 to 5 cm long). Diseased leaves withered and collapsed eventually. Dark brown lesions were found on stems of some infected seedlings but none of the infected seedlings were killed. Also, no symptoms were found on mature leaves. The pathogen produced numerous sporangia on sporangiophores on diseased leaves under humid conditions. The disease on young seedlings was observed again in another litchi orchard at Caotun, Nantou County, in 2003. P. litchii was consistently isolated from diseased leaves. Two isolates from colonized longan seedlings, Tari 20250 collected in 2000 and Tari 23301 collected in 2003, were used for further studies. Both isolates produced large numbers of sporangia on long sporangiophores when cultured on 5% V8 agar (5% V8 juice, 0.02% CaCO3, and 1.5% agar). Sporangia produced on the same sporangiophores matured almost simultaneously. Sporangiophores 240 to 1,600 μm (mean 623 μm) branched dichotomously two to eight times. Sporangia were oval or lemon-shaped with semispherical papilla and deciduous with very short pedicels (2 to 5 μm). The dimension was 25 to 55 (35.25) × 15 to 27.5 (21.2) μm for sporangia and 0.5 to 1 (0.55) μm for pedicels. The length/breadth (L/B) ratio of sporangia was 1.3 to 2.14 (1.67). Both isolates produced numerous oospores on 5% V8 agar cultures in darkness. Artificial inoculation tests were done by spraying 5 mL of sporangial suspension (1,000 sporangia/mL) on each longan seedling without wounding. Results showed that both longan isolates of P. litchii were pathogenic on young longan seedlings, causing symptoms similar to those observed on leaves and stems of naturally infected longan seedlings in litchi orchards. Also, both longan isolates of P. litchii caused downy blight on fruits of litchi (L. chinensis var black leaf) by artificial inoculation tests. Moreover, a P. litchi isolate from litchi caused symptoms of leaf blight on young longan seedlings. P. litchii was reisolated from the infected longan tissues. The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence confirmed that the longan isolate Tari 20250 (GenBank Accession No. JQ814693) was 100% identical to other P. litchii isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. Gu111613 to Gu111615). To our knowledge, this is the first report of longan as a natural host of P. litchii. The study also suggests that P. litchii on volunteer longan seedlings in litchi orchards may be a potential source of inoculum for fruit downy blight of litchi. References: (1) C. C. Chen. Special Publ. Coll. Agric., Natl. Taiwan Univ. 10:1, 1961. (2) W. H. Ko et al. Mycologia 70:380, 1978.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES. III. MINERAL COMPOSITION OF FRESHWATER MACROPHYTES AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR MINERAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM LAKE WATER

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. JABBAR MUZTAR ◽  
S. J. SLINGER ◽  
J. H. BURTON
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Vallisneria Americana ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Freshwater Macrophytes ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Mineral composition of aquatic plants from Chemung Lake and Lake Ontario was investigated. The four species harvested at progressive dates in 1974 showed no trend of variation in their individual mineral contents. This was probably because some dates did not correspond with a specific growth stage. All the four species harvested at three dates, except Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria americana collected in September, were extremely high in ash. Myriophyllum and Vallisneria harvested in September represented immature plants, since these were obtained from sites harvested previously and consequently were much lower in ash. Calcium and phosphorus levels varied with the ash content, with the former being the major cation in all species. Analyses of washed and unwashed samples of several macrophytes harvested in 1975 showed that extremely high ash was the result of surface calcification with CaCO3. Silica, Co, Cu and Se were present at safe levels for feeding to animals. Results indicated that harvesting aquatic plants has the potential to remove large quantities of mineral nutrients from the aquatic environment, and feeding good quality plants to herbivore and poultry could meet their requirements for many of the mineral elements.

scholarly journals Nutrient Composition, Mineral and Anti-Nutrient Components of Processed Wild Cocoyam (Caladium Bicolor, (Ait) Vent)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
M. D. Udo ◽  
G. D. Eyoh ◽  
C. P. Jimmy ◽  
U. E. Ekpo
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Processing Techniques

In the subtropic and perhaps worldwide a novel plant Caladium bicolor (wild cocoyam, Ikpong Ekpo) has not actually been utilized as food for man, livestock or poultry, though in abundance. Also, the effective utilization of wild cocoyam (Caladium bicolor) tubers in livestock and poultry feed is limited by the presence of anti-nutrient components which requires some form of processing. The effect of boiling and soaking on gross energy, mineral composition, anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) and proximate composition of wild cocoyam (Caladium bicolor (Ait), Vent) were determined with the aim of investigating its suitability as a feed ingredient. The soaked, raw and boiled tubers were dried, milled and analyzed for chemical compositions. Crude protein contents of raw and processed Caladium bicolor tubers range were 7.58% - 8.28% and the crude fibre values ranged between1.92 - 2.12%. The gross energy value of boiled Caladium bicolor tubers was higher (2.85kcal/g) and also statistically similar (p>0.05) to both raw and soaked Caladium bicolor tubers. The micro and macro mineral composition of boiled Caladium bicolor tubers was significantly (p<0.05) lower compared to soaking method. Values obtained for boiled Caladium bicolor tubers were significantly (p<0.05) lower in all the toxic substances determined, except for the HCN content being above the tolerable limit for ruminant animals. The results indicate that processing techniques adopted enhanced the proximate composition, caloric components, mineral contents and significantly (p>0.05) lowered in the level of anti-nutrients present in wild cocoyam (Caladium bicolor (Ait). Vent) tubers with boiling being the best and hence the recommended processing method for use in detoxifying C. bicolor.

scholarly journals Relationship between Aphis spiraecola Patch, 1914 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and citrus foliar minerals

2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 449
Author(s):  
Salim LEBBAL
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Aphis Spiraecola ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Citrus Varieties ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Citrus Trees

<p>Spring and autumn flushes are generally the most infested periods by citrus aphids. Nevertheless, the role of citrus foliar minerals on aphids is not clear. Thus, this paper aims to study the correlation between certain minerals and the infestation degree of citrus varieties by <em>Aphis spiraecola</em>. Aphid counting was carried out on 12 leaves for each of the six species retained (clementine, lemon, grapefruit and three varieties of mandarin), during autumn (October 2014) and spring (April 2015) flushes. In addition, mineral contents of the leaves in P, K, Na, Ca and Li were measured for the same periods. The results showed that the infestation levels of the studied varieties were higher in the spring flush than in the autumn one. Moreover, analyzes of young leaves showed an important intraspecific (mandarin varieties) and interspecific differences in the mineral composition between the examined citrus trees. The study of the relationship between infestation levels by <em>A. spiraecola</em> and mineral content of the six examined species showed no significant correlation, suggesting a marginal role of the five analyzed minerals in the relation citrus – <em>A. spiraecola</em>.</p><div class="gdict-dialog" style="display: none;"> </div>

scholarly journals Mineral composition of wheat species as influenced by different fertilizer sources and different weed control practices

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sancar Bulut
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Wheat Varieties

Abstract This research was carried out to determine the effects of agronomic practices on the mineral composition of organically-grown wheat species. In terms of all nutrients evaluated, the mineral content of wheat showed significant differences according to crop years, varieties, weed control methods and fertilizer sources. As the average of all factors, the Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb contents of the ground wheat grain were; 3.93, 42.8, 79.6, 0.549, 11.34, 0.012, 0.140, 0.194, 3.71 and 0.269 mg / kg, respectively. According to the wheat varieties, the Kırik was superior in terms of Cu, Fe, Se, Zn, Co and Cr, and the Dogu-88 was superior in terms of Mn, Cd, and Ni. The effect of weed control methods on mineral content was variable. According to fertilizer sources, the highest mineral content was obtained from the control plots without fertilizer treatments. The lowest mineral contents were obtained from chemical fertilization, cattle manure and organic fertilizer applications. There was no significant increase in the mineral content of wheat with organic fertilization, however, organic agriculture still preserves its place in terms of healthy food. As a result, it has been determined that the values obtained for all mineral elements were not at a level that pose a risk on the environment, human and animal health according to WHO.

Karakter Morfologi Daun Ubi Jalar Sebagai Bahan Pangan Suku Dani Distrik Kurulu Jayawijaya

Agrotek ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonius Suparno ◽  
Opalina Logo ◽  
Dwiana Wasgito Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Tuber Roots

Sweet potato serves as a staple food for people in Jayawijaya. Many cultivars of sweet potatoes have been cultivated by Dani tribe in Kurulu as foot for their infant, child and adult as well as feeding especially for pigs. Base on the used of sweet potatoes as food source for infant and child, this study explored 10 different cultivars. As for the leaf morphology, it was indentified that the mature leaves have size around 15 � 18 cm. general outline of the leaf is reniform (40%), 60% have green colour leaf, 50% without leaf lobe, 60% of leaf lobes number is one, 70% of shape of central leaf lobe is toothed. Abazial leaf vein pigmentation have purple (40%), and petiole pigmentation is purple with green near leaf (60%), besides its tuber roots, sweet potatoes are also harvested for its shoots and green young leaves for vegetables.

scholarly journals The role of JrPPOs in the browning of walnut explants

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shugang Zhao ◽  
Hongxia Wang ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
Linqing Li ◽  
Jinbing Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Young Leaves

Abstract Background Tissue culture is an effective method for the rapid breeding of seedlings and improving production efficiency, but explant browning is a key limiting factor of walnut tissue culture. Specifically, the polymerization of PPO-derived quinones that cause explant browning of walnut is not well understood. This study investigated explants of ‘Zanmei’ walnut shoot apices cultured in agar (A) or vermiculite (V) media, and the survival percentage, changes in phenolic content, POD and PPO activity, and JrPPO expression in explants were studied to determine the role of PPO in the browning of walnut explants. Results The results showed that the V media greatly reduced the death rate of explants, and 89.9 and 38.7% of the explants cultured in V media and A media survived, respectively. Compared with that of explants at 0 h, the PPO of explants cultured in A was highly active throughout the culture, but activity in those cultured in V remained low. The phenolic level of explants cultured in A increased significantly at 72 h but subsequently declined, and the content in the explants cultured in V increased to a high level only at 144 h. The POD in explants cultured in V showed high activity that did not cause browning. Gene expression assays showed that the expression of JrPPO1 was downregulated in explants cultured in both A and V. However, the expression of JrPPO2 was upregulated in explants cultured in A throughout the culture and upregulated in V at 144 h. JrPPO expression analyses in different tissues showed that JrPPO1 was highly expressed in stems, young leaves, mature leaves, catkins, pistils, and hulls, and JrPPO2 was highly expressed in mature leaves and pistils. Moreover, browning assays showed that both explants in A and leaf tissue exhibited high JrPPO2 activity. Conclusion The rapid increase in phenolic content caused the browning and death of explants. V media delayed the rapid accumulation of phenolic compounds in walnut explants in the short term, which significantly decreased explants mortality. The results suggest that JrPPO2 plays a key role in the oxidation of phenols in explants after branch injury.

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