scholarly journals DIVERSIDADE E DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL DE BROMELIÁCEAS EPIFÍTICAS DO ALTÍSSIMO RIO TIBAGI – PARANÁ – BRASIL

FLORESTA ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annete Bonnet ◽  
Gustavo Ribas Curcio ◽  
Franklin Galvão ◽  
Carina Kozera
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Climatic Factor ◽  
Atmospheric Humidity ◽  
Floristic Survey ◽  
Microclimatic Conditions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Epiphytic Bromeliads

O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a diversidade e a distribuição espacial das bromeliáceas epifíticas na região do altíssimo rio Tibagi, considerando os fatores geomorfológicos, pedológicos, climáticos e vegetacionais. A avaliação fitossociológica das bromeliáceas foi realizada mediante instalação de parcelas em número variável nas três áreas de estudo. O levantamento florístico foi complementado por observações nas áreas adjacentes às parcelas, respeitando a compartimentação geomorfológica, pedológica e vegetacional. Foram registradas onze espécies de bromeliáceas no total, tendo sido sete delas observadas na área da cabeceira do rio Tibagi, oito no cânion e nove na floresta da foz do rio Bugio. A riqueza foi relacionada, principalmente, com as condições macro e microclimáticas. A umidade fornecida pelas nuvens e chuvas formadas na cuesta do segundo planalto, assim como, em microescala, a umidade atmosférica gerada pelas cachoeiras existentes no cânion e originada da evaporação da água dos Organossolos, é o fator climático fundamental na definição dos padrões encontrados. Considerando a distribuição horizontal das espécies, a diminuição de bromeliáceas da porção mais próxima ao canal para a mais distante está atrelada ao gradiente microclimático, formado pela redução em umidade relativa associada à diminuição em luminosidade. Palavras-chave: Bromeliáceas; distribuição espacial; umidade; rio Tibagi.   Abstract Diversity and spatial distribution of epiphytic bromeliads of the high Tibagi river, Paraná, Brazil. The present study aims to characterize the diversity and the spatial distribution of epiphytic bromeliads on the region of the high Tibagi river, considering geomorphologic, pedologic, climatic and vegetacional factors. The phytossociological evaluation was achieved with installation of variable number of plots in the three study areas. The floristic survey was complemented by observations in adjacent areas, respecting the geomorphologic, pedologic and vegetacional compartimentation. Eleven bromeliad species were found in total, being seven species in headwater of Tibagi river area, eight in canyon area and nine in the forest of the Bugio river estuary. The richness was related, mainly, with the macro and microclimatic conditions. The humidity supplied by clouds and rains formed in the cuesta of the second platean, as will as, in microscale, the atmospheric humidity generated by canyons waterfalls and originated of the Organossolos water, is the fundamental climatic factor in the definition of the found standards. Considering the species horizontal distribution, the bromeliads reduction of the closer portion to the stream to the most distant ones is related to the microclimatic gradient, formed by the decreasing of relative humidity associated with luminosity.Keywords: Bromeliads; spatial distribution; humidity; Tibagi river.

Spatial Distribution of Plankton in Enclosures of Three Sizes

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1048-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Stephenson ◽  
P. Hamilton ◽  
N. K. Kaushik ◽  
J. B. Robinson ◽  
K. R. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Edge Zone ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Zooplankton Population ◽  
Mesotrophic Lake ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sampling Times

The horizontal distribution of plankton was studied in large (1000 m3, 16 m diameter, 5 m deep), medium (5 × 5 × 5 m deep) and small (2 × 2 × 5 m deep) enclosures in a 10.3-ha mesotrophic lake in southern Ontario. Zooplankton population estimates from samples collected along distance gradients in the small and medium enclosures varied slightly but no consistent patterned distribution was present. However, the large enclosures possessed a distinctive edge zone that extended about 1.0 m from the walls. On two of the three sampling times there were significantly more macrozooplankton and/or fewer microzooplankton in the edge zone. However, on no occasion were there fewer macroplankton or more microzooplankton in the edge zone. Although macrozooplankton, as a group, may be significantly more numerous in the edge zone (P ≤ 0.05), individual species within this group exhibited both positive and negative responses. There was no defined edge zone in any enclosure with respect to phytoplankton density or biomass. Definition of the spatial distribution of organisms is essential to maximize precision of population estimates when using enclosure systems for ecotoxicological studies.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variability of Soil Salinity in the Yangtze River Estuary Using Electromagnetic Induction

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1875
Author(s):  
Wenping Xie ◽  
Jingsong Yang ◽  
Rongjiang Yao ◽  
Xiangping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Yangtze River Estuary ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
The Yangtze River Estuary

Soil salt-water dynamics in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) is complex and soil salinity is an obstacle to regional agricultural production and the ecological environment in the YRE. Runoff into the sea is reduced during the impoundment period as the result of the water-storing process of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which causes serious seawater intrusion. Soil salinity is a problem due to shallow and saline groundwater under serious seawater intrusion in the YRE. In this research, we focused on the temporal variation and spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity in the YRE using geostatistics combined with proximally sensed information obtained by an electromagnetic induction (EM) survey method in typical years under the impoundment of the TGR. The EM survey with proximal sensing method was applied to perform soil salinity survey in field in the Yangtze River Estuary, allowing quick determination and quantitative assessment of spatial and temporal variation of soil salinity from 2006 to 2017. We developed regional soil salinity survey and mapping by coupling limited laboratory data with proximal sensed data obtained from EM. We interpreted the soil electrical conductivity by constructing a linear model between the apparent electrical conductivity data measured by an EM 38 device and the soil electrical conductivity (EC) of soil samples measured in laboratory. Then, soil electrical conductivity was converted to soil salt content (soil salinity g kg−1) through established linear regression model based on the laboratory data of soil salinity and soil EC. Semivariograms of regional soil salinity in the survey years were fitted and ordinary kriging interpolation was applied in interpolation and mapping of regional soil salinity. The cross-validation results showed that the prediction results were acceptable. The soil salinity distribution under different survey years was presented and the area of salt affected soil was calculated using geostatistics method. The results of spatial distribution of soil salinity showed that soil salinity near the riverbanks and coastlines was higher than that of inland. The spatial distribution of groundwater depth and salinity revealed that shallow groundwater and high groundwater salinity influenced the spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity. Under long-term impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the variation of soil salinity in different hydrological years was analyzed. Results showed that the area affected by soil salinity gradually increased in different hydrological year types under the impoundment of the TGR.

scholarly journals Advanced 3D Cell Culture Techniques in Micro-Bioreactors, Part II: Systems and Applications

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Brigitte Altmann ◽  
Christoph Grün ◽  
Cordula Nies ◽  
Eric Gottwald
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
3D Cell Culture ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Cell Culture Techniques ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Matrix Interactions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Interactions

In this second part of our systematic review on the research area of 3D cell culture in micro-bioreactors we give a detailed description of the published work with regard to the existing micro-bioreactor types and their applications, and highlight important results gathered with the respective systems. As an interesting detail, we found that micro-bioreactors have already been used in SARS-CoV research prior to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. As our literature research revealed a variety of 3D cell culture configurations in the examined bioreactor systems, we defined in review part one “complexity levels” by means of the corresponding 3D cell culture techniques applied in the systems. The definition of the complexity is thereby based on the knowledge that the spatial distribution of cell-extracellular matrix interactions and the spatial distribution of homologous and heterologous cell–cell contacts play an important role in modulating cell functions. Because at least one of these parameters can be assigned to the 3D cell culture techniques discussed in the present review, we structured the studies according to the complexity levels applied in the MBR systems.

scholarly journals Defining and Characterising Clusters in Palaeolithic Sites: a Review of Methods and Constraints

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Sánchez-Romero ◽  
Alfonso Benito-Calvo ◽  
Joseba Rios-Garaizar
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Spatial Studies ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Fabric Analysis ◽  
Gis Tools ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Intentional Activities ◽  
Statistical Criteria

AbstractSpatial analysis studies in Palaeolithic archaeology arise as indispensable research tools for understanding archaeopalaeontological sites. In general terms, spatial studies have been specialised in the description of the distribution of materials and in the definition of accumulation areas, with the aim of distinguishing intentional activities or studying postdepositional processes. In recent decades, the development of GIS tools has enabled huge strides forward in the field of spatial archaeology research, such as spatial inferential statistics. These tools are particularly useful in the identification and location of clustering from statistical criteria, facilitating the subsequent analysis of accumulations through other archaeological, taphonomic and spatial techniques, such as fabric analysis or directional distribution. The cluster analysis, and its contextualisation considering all the archaeological and stratigraphical variables, allows the inference of some of the processes and factors that could have taken part in the accumulation of materials, as well as assessing how this affected the composition and preservation of the archaeological assemblage. The present article reviews the more traditional and innovative methods for studying horizontal distribution patterns and the objective definition of clusters, highlighting the parameters, uses and limitations of these techniques. We present an application of these methods to different Palaeolithic sites, going through different scenarios, such as location (open-air vs. cave), context, scale (large vs. small area), excavation methodology and spatial record methods.

Entomopathogenic nematode (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) spatial distribution in turfgrass

Parasitology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Campbell ◽  
E. Lewis ◽  
F. Yoder ◽  
R. Gaugler
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution

SUMMARYUnderstanding the temporal and spatial distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes is essential for determining the role of these insect parasites in soil communities and ultimately for their use in suppression of pest insect populations. We measured the vertical and horizontal distribution of endemic populations of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophord) in turfgrass. Vertical distribution was determined by taking soil cores every 3 h from 05.00 to 23.00 h, over 4 days, and dividing the cores into 8, 1 cm deep sections. Steinernema carpocapsae was recovered primarily near the soil surface: 50% of positive sections were recovered in the thatch or first 1 cm of soil. S. carpocapsae recovery was lower during the middle of the day and none were recovered in the upper section. H. bacteriophora was recovered uniformly throughout the top 8 cm of soil and its vertical distribution did not change over the course of the day. Horizontal distribution was measured as the number of nematodes recovered from cores taken from 12 randomly selected 0·3 × 0·8 m sections from within four 15·3 × 15·3 m plots. Samples were collected biweekly over a 9-month period. H. bacteriophora had a patchier distribution than S. carpocapsae and both nematode species had more patchy distributions then their potential hosts. Our results support the hypothesis that these two species of nematode utilize different foraging strategies; S. carpocapsae primarily a surface adapted ambusher and H. bacteriophora as a cruise forager.

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