VARIAÇÕES FLORÍSTICO-ESTRUTURAIS DA COMUNIDADE ARBÓREA ASSOCIADAS À DISTÂNCIA DA BORDA EM UM FRAGMENTO FLORESTAL NO PLANALTO SUL-CATARINENSE

Com o propósito de comparar a organização florístico-estrutural de uma comunidade de espécies arbóreas nos setores de borda e interior em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista localizado no município de Lages, SC, foi realizado um levantamento vegetacional em cinco transeções de 100 x 20 m, subdivididas em parcelas de 10 x 20 m, perpendiculares à borda do fragmento. Todas as árvores com circunferência na altura do peito (CAP) ≥ 15,7 cm foram mensuradas (CAP e altura) e determinadas. Os dados foram analisados por meio do índice de valor de importância (IVI), da análise de correspondência retificada (DCA), da análise de variância multivariada não paramétrica (NPMANOVA), dos valores médios de abundância, área basal, altura, riqueza, diversidade e equabilidade e da frequência de indivíduos em classes de diâmetro e altura. Apesar de tanto o setor borda quando o interior apresentarem Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze e Lithraea brasilisiensis Marchand entre as espécies de maior IVI, houve substituição nas demais posições de IVI, que refletiu na variação da organização da comunidade entre os setores (p = 0,022), também observada na DCA. Em relação aos valores médios das demais variáveis mensuradas, não foram encontradas diferenças. Conclui-se que a borda representara uma importante fonte de heterogeneidade florístico-estrutural no fragmento estudado.Palavras-chave: Fragmentação; floresta com araucárias; espécies arbóreas. AbstractFloristic-structural variations of a tree community associated to edge distance in a forest patch in “Planalto Sul Catarinense” region. In order to compare the floristic-structural organization of a tree species community in an Araucaria Forest patch, in the municipality of Lages, SC, a phytossociological survey was conducted in five 100 x 20 m transections, subdivided into 10 x 20 m plots, perpendicular to the patch edges. It were measured and determined all trees with circumference at breast height (dbh) ≥ 15,7 (cbh and height). The data were analyzed by the importance value index (IVI), Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA); non-parametric multivariate analyze of variance (NPMANOVA); mean values of abundance, basal area, tree height, richness, diversity and evenness; and frequency of individuals within diameter and height classes. Although both sectors had Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze and Lithraea brasiliensis Marchand among the species with the highest IVI values, there was a turnover in other IVI positions, which reflected in the variation of tree species organization among sectors (p=0.022), also observed in DCA. Related to community structure (mean values of abundance and tree height and individuals frequency in size classes), no differences were detected. We conclude that edges represented an important source of floristic-structural heterogeneity in the studied patch.Keywords: Fragmentation; araucaria forest; tree species.

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RELAÇÃO ETNOBOTÂNICA DOS PROPRIETÁRIOS RURAIS DO MUNICÍPIO DE URUPEMA, SC, COM RECURSOS FLORESTAIS

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v44i4.29846 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 725

Author(s):

Renata Diane Menegatti ◽

Pedro Higuchi ◽

Ana Carolina Da Silva ◽

João Fert-Neto ◽

Jean Correia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Forest Resources ◽

Native Forest ◽

Araucaria Angustifolia ◽

Forest Resource ◽

Natural Forests ◽

Fidelity Level ◽

Araucaria Forest ◽

Resources Exploitation

O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a relação etnobotânica de proprietários rurais do município de Urupema, SC, com recursos florestais. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas, em cada uma das 35 propriedades amostradas, sobre as principais fontes de renda e sobre as principais espécies florestais utilizadas. O uso das espécies foi analisado por meio do Nível de Fidelidade (NF) e da Porcentagem de Concordância quanto aos Usos Principais (CUP). As fontes de renda relatadas com maior frequência foram a pecuária, a fruticultura e a aposentadoria. Os recursos florestais são utilizados, principalmente, para fins de alimentação e energético. Todas as espécies citadas apresentaram elevado NF (≥ 97%) e a Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze é a espécie de maior valor de CUP (97,06%), por ser utilizada por quase a totalidade dos entrevistados (34), sempre para os mesmos fins. Os resultados demonstraram que a maioria dos entrevistados (83%) não obtém renda das florestas naturais, mesmo com quase metade (47%) tendo citado que seria possível sustentar a família por meio da exploração dos recursos florestais nativos. Dentre os recursos florestais explorados, destacou-se a extração de pinhão como fonte de renda.Palavras-chave: Floresta com Araucária; Planalto Catarinense; etnobotânica; produtores rurais. AbstractEthnobotanical connections of rural landowners in the municipality of Urupema, SC, with forest resources. The present research aimed to characterize the ethnobotanical connections of rural landowners in the municipality of Urupema, SC, with their use of forest resource. In order to do that, we conducted interviews, in each of the 35 surveyed properties, focusing the main source of income as well as the main used tree species. The species usages were analyzed by the Fidelity Level (NF) and Percentage of Main Use Concordance (CUP). The most frequent sources of income were livestock, fruit culture and retirement. The forest resources are mainly used as food and energy. All cited species revealed elevated values of NF (≥97%), and the more elevated value of CUP was observed for Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (97,06%), as such species had been reported by almost the totality of farmers, always for the same purpose. The results revealed that most of the interviewees (83%) do not get income from natural forests, even with almost half (47%) of them considering that it would be possible to sustain their family by native forest resources exploitation. Among the exploited forest resources, the extraction of pine nuts stood out as income source.Keywords: Araucaria Forest; Planalto Catarinense; forest resource usages; ethnobotany, farmers.

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The characteristics of Shorea macrophylla’s habitat in Tane’ Olen, Malinau District, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210806 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Fajri ◽

Pratiwi PRATIWI ◽

Yosep Ruslim

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Tree Species ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Total N ◽

Organic C ◽

Physical And Chemical

Abstract. Fajri M, Pratiwi, Ruslim Y. 2020. The characteristics of Shorea macrophylla’s habitat in Tane’ Olen, Malinau District, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3454-3462. Shorea macrophylla is a tree species in Tane' Olen forest area. This study analyzed the soil’s physical and chemical properties, topography, and microclimate of S. macrophylla’s habitat. A purposive method was used to select a sampling plot and to place the subplots. Soil was analyzed to determine the physical properties, i.e., texture, bulk density, porosity, and water content, and the chemical properties, i.e., pH, CEC, total N, organic C, C/N ratio, P, K , and Al saturation. Importance value index was determined for each tree species to know the species composition in the study site. Only the dominant species were presented. The soil at the study site had bulk density of 0.60-1.31 gram cm³-1, porosity 50.60%-77.35%, water content 34.88%-95.37%, and soil texture sandy clay. The chemical properties of the soil were as follows: pH was 3.6-4.8, N 0.05%-0.19%, organic C 1.40%-3.65%, P 0.41-1.22 mg 100 gr-1, K 58.68-232.55 mg 100 gr-1, and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 5.35-10.81 meg 100gr -1. Slope ranged between 0 and 25%. The microclimate characteristics were as follows: temperature was 24-26.5°C, relative humidity 76-87%, and light intensity 145-750 Lm. Trees species with an IVI ≥ 10% were S. macrophylla, Madhuca spectabilis, Myristica villosa Warb, Scorodocarpus borneensis, Eugenia spp., Palaquium spp., Macaranga triloba, Syzygium inophyllum and Shorea sp. Positive associations were observed between S. macropylla and S. borneensis, Eugenia spp., Palaquium spp.. and M. triloba, and negative associations were observed between S. macropylla and M. spectabilis, M. villosa Warb, S. inophyllum, and Shorea sp. S. macrophylla grows on riversides with flat and gentle topography, acidic soil, and lower fertility but with suitable microclimate. This species can be recommended to be planted in degraded tropical forest areas but the microclimate and soil properties should be taken into account.

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Diversity and characteristics of mangrove vegetation in Pulau Rimau Protection Forest, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d200438 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 1215-1221

Author(s):

ERNIK YULIANA ◽

YUNI TRI HEWINDATI ◽

ADI WINATA ◽

WIBOWO A DJATMIKO ◽

ATI RAHADIATI

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Forest Edge ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Mangrove Species ◽

Protection Forest ◽

Mangrove Tree ◽

Mangrove Vegetation ◽

Study Sites

Abstract. Yuliana E, Hewindati YT, Winata A, Djatmiko WA, Rahadiati A. 2019. Diversity and characteristics of mangrove vegetation in Pulau Rimau Protection Forest, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1215-1221. The purpose of the study was to analyze the flora diversity and characteristics of mangrove vegetation in Pulau Rimau Protection Forest, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra. Data collected were the number and girth diameter of mangrove tree species, and aquatic ecology parameters using transect method. The sample plots size were 2m×2 m; 5m×5 m; 10m×10 m; for seedling, sapling, and tree, respectively. The observation plots were arranged in a row of 120 m length on two sides of the forest edge, namely Calik Riverbank and Banyuasin Riverbank. Data were analyzed using importance value index (IVI), Simpson’s diversity index and Sørensen’s community similarity. The study revealed that there were differences in mangrove characteristics in two study sites. There were 57 plant species identified inside and outside sample plots, but only 15 species (26.32%) among them were categorized as true mangrove species. Inside the sample plots, there were 11 and 10 mangrove tree species recorded on the Calik Riverbank and Banyuasin Riverbank, respectively, but only 7 species among them were found in both sites. The mangroves on Calik Riverbank were dominated by Nypa (IVI 53.59%) and Bruguiera (51.12%), while those on Banyuasin Riverbank were dominated by Sonneratia (66.91%) and Avicennia (51.73%). The Simpson’s diversity index for Calik Riverbank and Banyuasin Riverbank was 0.82 and 0.78, respectively, whereas the Sørensen’s coefficient of community between the two sites was 0.67.

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Diversity of trees and structure of forest habitat types in Mt. Tago Range, Mindanao, Philippines

10.26757/pjsb2020c14006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Protected Area ◽

Direct Result ◽

Land Conversion ◽

Habitat Types ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Forest Habitat ◽

Forest Habitats ◽

Montane Rainforest

Mt. Tago Range in Bukidnon has been subjected to deforestation and forest fragmentation due to logging ca. 35–40 years ago or as direct result of land conversion for agriculture, human settlements and wildlife product harvesting. It is currently not a protected area. This study aimed to provide data on the tree species diversity, structure, composition, conservation status and threats of the forest habitats in the site. Tree survey in the range was conducted in 2018–2019 using thirty-nine 20 x 20 m sampling plots and six one-kilometer transect lines. A total of 1,032 tree individuals from 54 families, 85 genera and 121 species were documented. The site is composed of four tropical forest habitat types namely: lower montane rainforest, upper montane rainforest, mossy-pygmy and forest over ultramafic rocks. These forest habitats also differed in species composition, elevation, substrate, dominance and structure in terms of height and diameter at breast height. The highest diversity index was observed in the mid-elevation and decreasing toward the peak. The diversity pattern herein is attributed to elevation, forest degradation due to anthropogenic activities and nature of habitat. The most abundant families were the Myrtaceae (23%), Podocarpaceae (12.8%) and Fagaceae (12.6%). At the family level the most dominant taxa included the Moraceae (8.7%), Rubiaceae (6.5%) and Myrtaceae (5.8%). Highest importance value index (IVI) in all forest types fell within the range of IVI’s for tropical forests. Assessment of conservation and ecological status revealed that 11 species (8%) are threatened, 28 (22%) Least Concern (LC) and 16 (12%) are Philippine endemics. Threats to tree diversity in Mt. Tago Range included land conversion for agriculture and settlement, illegal logging and lack of legislative protection. The implementation of conservation strategies by stakeholders is recommended to protect the tree species communities and population across the forest habitat types in the site. KEYWORDS: biodiversity, flora, Shannon-Weiner Index, Importance Value Index, non-Protected Area

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FOREST STRUCTURE AND REGENERATION PATTERN OF BETULA UTILIS D. DON IN MANASLU CONSERVATION AREA, NEPAL

Ecoprint An International Journal of Ecology ◽

10.3126/eco.v20i0.11472 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

pp. 107-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hishila Sujakhu ◽

Kamal Raj Gosai ◽

Siddhi Bir Karmacharya

Keyword(s):

Forest Structure ◽

Tree Species ◽

Dominant Species ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Regeneration Pattern ◽

Lower Elevation ◽

Betula Utilis ◽

Diameter Curve

Forest structure and regeneration of Betula utilis (D. Don) was studied in birch forestlocated in Samagaun valley (3500 – 4000 m) of Manaslu Conservation Area. Vegetationsampling was done by quadrat method. Altogether 40 quadrats were sampled to determinethe Importance Value Index (IVI) of tree species, and distribution pattern of seedlings andsaplings. Regeneration was assessed by density - diameter curve. Four tree species wererecorded from the forest. Betula utilis was the dominant tree species with the highestImportance Value Index (173.22) in mixed Betula forest and 262.96 in pure Betula forestand Abies spectabilis was the co – dominant species (65.95) in mixed Betula forest whileRhododendron campanulatum was the co-dominant species (37.03) in pure Betula forest.Density of Betula utilis increased with increase in elevation where as density of other treespecies decreased with increase in elevation. Mixed Betula forest at lower elevation wasyoung. The density diameter curve of the tree population of Betula utilis, both on mixed andpure forests, deviated slightly from the typical reverse J shaped structure and hence did notshow the sustainable regeneration. The sapling density was higher than seedling density.The distribution of seedlings and saplings were not uniform among the sampling plots.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v20i0.11472ECOPRINT An International Journal of EcologyVol. 20, 2013page: 107-113

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Tree Species Composition and Forest Stratification along the Gradients in the Dry Deciduous Forests of Godavari Valley, Telangana, India

European Journal of Ecology ◽

10.2478/eje-2018-0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Sateesh Suthari ◽

Vatsavaya S. Raju

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Tree Species ◽

Forest Cover ◽

Deciduous Forests ◽

Flowering Plant ◽

Total Density ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Tree Species Composition ◽

Godavari Valley

Abstract It is important to understand the tree species composition, abundance, species diversity and stratification in tropical dry deciduous forests that are under threat. A quadrat study was attempted in the dry deciduous forests along the ecological gradients in the Godavari Valley of northern Telangana, India. The study records the presence of 110 flowering plant taxa belonging to 82 genera and 37 families in 120 sampled plots, and there was enumeration of 15,192 individuals of ≥10 cm girth at breast height. Tectona grandis (teak) is the principal forest cover component in the region, which often formed pure stands in Adilabad and, to some extent, in Nizamabad districts. Further down to the Warangal district, teak was gradually replaced by Terminalia alata. Twenty tree species were found dominant at one place to the other, and the top 10 dominant taxa have shared nearly 41% of the total density of the forest cover. The tree relative density ranged from 0.007% to 20.84%. The values of Importance Value Index were between 0.245 (12 spp. including some exotics) and 32.6 (teak). These baseline data help to know the change detection along the gradients in the tropical forest ecosystem of a major river valley in the region and the drivers of change

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Natural regeneration potential of Madhupur National Park, Bangladesh

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v49i4.52515 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 989-996

Author(s):

Md Rayhanur Rahman ◽

MK Hossain ◽

Md Akhter Hossain ◽

Mohammad Emran Hasan

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Natural Regeneration ◽

National Park ◽

Alien Invasive Species ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Height Range ◽

Shorea Robusta ◽

Extensive Collection ◽

Litsea Glutinosa

Natural regeneration is an essential tool to evaluate the overall health of a forest ecosystem. Natural regeneration of the tree species in Madhupur National Park showed 47 regenerating tree species among which Shorea robusta has maximum density (18,046 seedlings per ha) followed by Aporosa sp., whereas minimum density (19 seedling per ha) was recorded for Cassia nodosa, Litsea glutinosa, Grewia asiatica and Syzygium cumini, respectively. Relative density, relative frequency and relative abundance were estimated to assess the Importance Value Index (IVI) of the seedlings of different tree species. IVI of S. robusta was highest (66.25 out of 300) followed by Mallotus philippensis (27.33). G. asiatica, Derris robusta, and L. glutinosa showed the lowest IVI (0.93) among the regenerating tree species. Distribution of seedlings into different height classes showed that maximum number (31.4%) of seedlings in the height range of 50 - <100 cm. Among the recorded seedlings, Protium serratum showed maximum (11%) recruitment success. Alien invasive species, pineapple and banana based participatory agroforestry, frequent occurrence of fire, extensive collection of fuelwood and litter are the potential threats to the natural regeneration of Madhupur National Park.

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Assessment of the Diversity of Large Tree Species in Rapidly Urbanizing Areas along the Chao Phraya River Rim, Central Thailand

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su131810342 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (18) ◽

pp. 10342

Author(s):

Lamthai Asanok ◽

Torlarp Kamyo ◽

Monthon Norsaengsri ◽

Teeka Yotapakdee ◽

Suwit Navakam

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽

Urban Trees ◽

Urban Landscapes ◽

Importance Value ◽

Urban Tree ◽

Large Trees ◽

Chao Phraya River ◽

Central Thailand

Urban trees provide numerous ecosystem services in cities such as pollution absorption and reduced urban heat island intensity, energy use, and mental fatigue. Understanding urban tree species diversity can enhance tree planning and management in rapidly urbanizing areas. However, few studies have examined the effects of urbanization on urban tree diversity in Thailand. This study assessed the diversity of large trees in urban landscapes including 11 cities along the 372 km Chao Phraya River Rim in central Thailand. Species diversity, importance value, and distribution were evaluated in each city. Our survey documented 987 large trees belonging to 65 species, 48 genera, and 31 families. The dominant species of Dipterocarpus alatus and Hopea odorata had the highest importance and relative abundance. The highest abundance of large trees was seen in the rural city of Sing Buri, while large urban cities such as Ayutthaya and Bangkok exhibited the highest species diversity. Detrended correspondence analysis indicated that the diversity of unique species was high in large urban cities, while dominant and common species were ubiquitous in rural cities. These findings suggest that large trees are few in number but exhibit high species diversity in large rapidly urbanizing cities. Therefore, preserving good site conditions is critical for the survival of large trees in urban cities. Heritage tree registration may aid preservation efforts and enhance the benefits of these large trees in rapidly urbanizing areas.

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Study Of Plant Regeneration Potential In Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest In Northern India

International Journal of Environment ◽

10.3126/ije.v2i1.9218 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 153-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ashish K Mishra ◽

Omesh Bajpai ◽

Nayan Sahu ◽

Anoop Kumar ◽

Soumit K Behera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Tree Species ◽

Population Distribution ◽

Deciduous Forest ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Regeneration Potential ◽

Northern India ◽

Regeneration Status ◽

Tree Sapling

Regeneration patterns of species population can address climate change by adaptive evolution or by migrating association to survive in their favorable climate and finally decided to particular forest future. In this paper we examined the status of regeneration potential of tree species in tropical moist deciduous forest at Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Northern India. To investigate tree, sapling and seedling population distribution, we examine regeneration status in 145 random plots in study area. Total 74 plant species of 60 genera belonging to 32 families out of which 71 species of trees, 56 of seedlings and 60 of saplings were found in the forest. On the basis of importance value index Mallotus philippensis, Tectona grandis, Shorea robusta, Syzygium cumini and Bombax ceiba have been found as dominant species in the study area. As far as the regeneration status is concerned, the maximum tree species (64%) have been found in good regeneration category. Significant variations in species richness and population density, between three life form (i. e. tree, sapling and seedling) have been found. In which only three new tree species Prosopis juliflora, Psidium guajava and Morus alba were added in sapling and seedling stage. It is major ecological concern that about 19 % economically important plant species like Madhuca longifolia, Terminalia elliptica, Buchanania cochinchinensis, some Ficus species etc. have been found in poor regeneration phage, whereas about 7% species found in no regeneration categories. International Journal of Environment, Volume-2, Issue-1, Sep-Nov 2013, Pages 153-163 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v2i1.9218

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ESTRUTURA VERTICAL DE UM FRAGMENTO DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA NO CENTRO-SUL DO PARANÁ

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v32i2.2291 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Carlos R. Sanquetta ◽

Walquíria Pizatto ◽

Sylvio Péllico Netto ◽

Afonso Figueiredo Filho ◽

Rozane de L. Eisfeld

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Vertical Structure ◽

Tree Height ◽

Ilex Paraguariensis ◽

Araucaria Angustifolia ◽

Remarkable Change ◽

Araucaria Forest ◽

Permanent Sample Plots ◽

Experimental Station ◽

Component Tree

Foi avaliada a estrutura vertical de um fragmento florestal com Araucaria angustifolia na região Centro-Sul do Paraná. O estudo foi realizado com base em parcelas amostrais permanentes, totalizando 3,5 ha, instaladas na Estação Experimental de São João do Triunfo-PR. Foram examinadas a estratificação vertical e a posição sociológica nos anos de 1995 e 1998. Utilizou-se o diagrama h-M e a Posição Sociológica para representar a estratificação vertical da floresta. O diagrama dividiu a floresta em três estratos (I: altura superior a 27 m; II: entre 23 e 27 m; III: inferior a 23 m). Das 65 espécies identificadas em 1995, apenas 5 apresentaram indivíduos emergentes no estrato I. Araucaria angustifolia foi a espécie que apresentou a maior posição sociológica (PS = 24,91%), encontrando-se distribuída nos três estratos. Nectandra grandiflora (PS = 9,80%) foi uma espécie típica de ocorrência em dois estratos, enquanto Ilex paraguariensis (PS = 6,20%) fez-se presente em apenas um estrato. No período de 3 anos (de 1995 a 1998) houve pouca alteração na estrutura vertical da floresta em apreço. VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF A FRAGMENT OF MIXED ARAUCARIA FOREST IN CENTER-SOUTH PARANA STATE, BRAZIL Abstract The vertical structure of a fragment of mixed Araucaria forest, located in Center-Southern Parana State, Brazil, was analyzed. The study was based on data collection in four permanent sample plots, comprising 3.5 ha, established at the São João do Triunfo Experimental Station. The vertical stratification and the sociologic position of the component tree populations were examined for data collected in 1995 and 1998. The h-M diagram and the Sociologic Position were used as reference to represent the vertical structure of the forest. The diagram divided the forest in three strata (I: tree height over 27 m; II: 23 to 27 m; III: less than 23 m). Among the 65 species identified in the forest in 1995, only five participated in the first story (stratum I) Araucaria angustifolia was the species of greatest Sociologic Position (PS = 24.91%), occurring in all the three strata. Nectandra grandiflora (PS = 9.80%) was a typical species occurring in two stories, whereas Ilex paraguariensis (PS = 6.20%) was an example of species appeared in a single story. During three years (1995 to 1998) no remarkable change was noticed in terms of vertical structure in the forest.

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