scholarly journals Impact of Fungicides Chlorothalonil and Propiconazole on Microbial Activities in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Soils

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Ramudu ◽  
G. Jaffer Mohiddin ◽  
M. Srinivasulu ◽  
M. Madakka ◽  
V. Rangaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Microbial Activities ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Black Clay ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Introduction of agrochemicals (fungicides) into soil may have lasting effects on soil microbial activities and thus affect soil health. In order to determine the changes in microbial activity in a black clay and red sandy loam soils of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivated fields, a case study was conducted with propiconazole and chlorothalonil to evaluate its effects on soil enzymes (cellulase and invertase) throughout 40 days of incubation under laboratory conditions with different concentrations (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 kg ha−1). Individual application of the two fungicides at 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 kg ha−1 to the soil distinctly enhanced the activities of cellulase and invertase but at higher concentrations of 7.5 and 10 kg ha−1 was toxic or innocuous to both cellulase and invertase activities. In soil samples receiving 2.5–5.0 kg ha−1 of the fungicides, the accumulation of reducing sugar was pronounced more at 20 days, and the activity of the cellulase and invertase was drastically decreased with increasing period of incubation up to 30 and 40 days.

scholarly journals Influence of Pesticides on Azospirillum sp. Population and Its Nitrogen Fixation in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Soils

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Madhavi ◽  
B. Anuradha ◽  
V. Rangaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Black Clay ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
The Impact

Aim: To study the impact of selected pesticides on Azospirillum sp. population and its nitrification in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) soils.   Study Design: Black clay and red sandy loam soils with known pesticide history were collected from groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivated fields and were investigated to elucidate the impact of pesticides on Azospirillum sp. population and its nitrification in both the soils. Place and Duration of Study: The soil samples were collected from groundnut cultivated fields of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh (A.P) and the study was carried out for 3 months. Methodology: Ten gram portions of each soil sample were placed in (25 × 150 mm) test tubes and treated with different concentrations of pesticides, (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 µg g-1 soil) which were equivalent - 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 kg ha-1. Soil samples without pesticides served as controls. The soils with and without pesticides were incubated at room temperature (28 ± 4°C) in the laboratory and moisture content was maintained at 60% water holding capacity (WHC) throughout the experimental period. After 7 and 14 days of incubation, triplicate soil samples were used to estimate the population size of Azospirillum sp. using the MPN method. Five ml aliquots of semi – solid malate medium were added to five MPN tubes and inoculated with 0.5 ml of a soil suspension from 10-1 to 10-5 soil dilutions, and incubated at 37°C. Results: The population of Azospirillum sp. in both soils increased when pesticides were applied @ 2.5 - 5.0 kg ha-1 and incongruity, when the pesticides concentration increased from 7.5 - 10.0 kg ha-1, the Azospirillum sp. population gradually decreased in both soils. Conclusion: The present study aimed at determining the influence of selected pesticides such as oxydemeton methyl, emamectin benzoate, dithane Z-78 and benomyl on the population of Azospirillum sp. and nitrogen fixation in black clay soil and red sandy loam soils in groundnut cultivated fields of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Insecticides and fungicides applied up to 5.0 kg ha-1, enhanced the population of Azospirillum sp. and its nitrogen fixation also increased significantly after 7 and 14 days of incubation in both soils. However, the population of Azospirillum sp., decreased with increasing period of soil incubation in both treated and untreated soils.

scholarly journals Olive mill wastewater effects on durum wheat crop attributes and soil microbial activities: A pilot study in Syria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jehan Khalil ◽  
Hasan Habib ◽  
Michael Alabboud ◽  
Safwan Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Olive Mill Wastewater ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Microbial Activities ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Olive Mill

AbstractOlive mill wastewater is one of the environmental problems in semiarid regions. The main goals of this study were to investigate the impacts of different olive mill wastewater levels on durum wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Douma1) production and soil microbial activities (i.e., bacteria and fungi). A pot experiment was conducted during the growing seasons 2015/2017 to evaluate the effect of three levels of olive mill wastewater on both growth and productivity attributes of wheat. Vertisol soil samples were collected from southern Syria. Two months before wheat cultivation, three levels of olive mill wastewater: T5 (5 L/m 2), T10 (10 L/m2) and T15 (15 L/m 2) were added to pots filled with the collected soil samples. Also, a control (T0) free of olive mill wastewater was considered as a reference. Results showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in germination rate (%), plant height (cm), ear length (cm), kernels number, kernels weight per ear (g) and grain yield (g/m2) compared to control. However, T5 treatment did not induce a significant increase in terms of ear length, kernels weight per ear or yield (in the second season). On the other hand, T10 treatment had recorded the best results compared with the other two treatments (T5, T15). Similarly, the results showed a significant increase in the number of bacterial and fungi cells by increasing olive mill wastewater concentration. This research provides promising results toward using olive mill wastewater in an eco-friendly way under Syrian conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Gypsum on Yield, Grade and Incidence of Pod Rot in Five Peanut Cultivars1

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Walker ◽  
A. S. Csinos
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
The Other ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Five cultivars of peanuts, (Arachis hypogaea L.), Florunner, Tifrun, Florigiant, Ga. 194 Va. and Early Bunch, were grown at Tifton, Ga. on a Stilson loamy sand, low in calcium (356 kg/ha), and at Plains, Ga. on a Greenville sandy loam, relatively higher in calcium (752 kg/ha), for three years (1977–79) to study the response of yield, grade and incidence of pod rot with applications of gypsum. Plots were topdressed with 0, 560, 1120, or 1680 kg/ha of gypsum. Pod rot did not occur at Plains and no significant difference occurred among gypsum rates for yield, percentages of sound mature kernels (SMK), extra large kernels (ELK), and value/ha for any cultivar. However, significant differences were detected for these variables among cultivars. At Tifton, severe pod rot occurred on plots receiving no gypsum, but the severity decreased for all cultivars as the rate of gypsum applied was increased. Differences in yield, percentages of SMK, ELK, pod rot, value/ha and kernel calcium occurred among cultivars, grown at different gypsum rates. Florunner was significantly higher in yield, percent SMK, and value/ha than the other cultivars at all gypsum rates, and significantly lower in pod rot at 0 and 560 kg/ha gypsum. The amount of calcium in kernels increased for most cultivars as rates of gypsum increased. These data support previous work which indicated a suppression of pod rot and an increase in yield and kernel calcium with applications of gypsum.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Release of Two Peanut Cultivars: A Case Study of Partnerships in Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Owusu–Akyaw ◽  
M.B. Mochiah ◽  
J.Y. Asibuo ◽  
K. Osei ◽  
A. Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Feed The Future

ABSTRACT New technologies combined with improved genetics and farmer access are important components required to improve productivity and efficiencies of cropping systems. The ability of the public and private sector to provide these components to farmers often vary considerably and can be challenging because of limited resource allocation and investment in institutions designed to provide these services. Partnerships among national programs where resources are limited and external entities can provide an effective platform to deliver improved cultivars and production and pest management practices that increase crop yield and economic viability of resource-poor farmers. In this note, we describe a partnership between the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Crops Research Institute (CSIR-CRI) in Ghana, the International Center for Research in the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the US Agency for International Development Peanut Collaborative Research Support Program (USAID Peanut CRSP), the Feed the Future Innovation Lab on Peanut Productivity and Mycotoxin Control (PMIL), and North Carolina State University (NCSU) that resulted in the release of two ICRISAT-derived lines as cultivars to farmers in Ghana. The cultivars Otuhia (Arachis hypogaea L.) and Yenyawoso (Arachis hypogaea L.) were released by CSIR-CRI in 2012 following evaluations of breeding lines beginning in 1999. This case study provides insight into the research focus and timeline that occurred with this partnership during the research and development process. A portion of the data obtained to support release of these cultivars is provided.

scholarly journals Grass-Legume Mixtures for Improved Soil Health in Cultivated Agroecosystem

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhruba Dhakal ◽  
M. Islam
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Production System ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
C And N

Planting grass-legume mixtures may be a good option to improve soil health in addition to increased forage productivity, improved forage nutritive value, and net farm profit in a hay production system. A field experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2014 at Lingle, Wyoming to evaluate soil microbial biomass under different seeding proportions of two forage grasses (meadow bromegrass, Bromus biebersteinii Roem. & Schult.; and orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata L.) and one legume (alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.). Nine treatments included monoculture grass, monoculture legume, one grass and one legume mixture, two grasses and one legume mixture, and a control (not seeded with grass or legume). Monoculture grass received either no nitrogen (N) or N fertilizer (150 kg N ha−1 year−1 as urea) whereas monoculture legume, grass-legume mixtures, and control plots received no N fertilizer. The study was laid out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The plots were harvested 3–4 times each year after the establishment year. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for microbial biomass using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis at the end of May in 2013 and 2014. Soil samples were also analyzed for mineralizable carbon (C) and N in 2013 and 2014. The total above-ground plant biomass was higher in 50–50% mixture of grass and alfalfa than monoculture alfalfa and monoculture grass (with and without N fertilizer) during the entire study period. The application of N fertilizer to the grass hay production system had little effect on improving mineralizable soil C, N, and soil microbial biomass. However, grass-legume mixture without N fertilizer had great effect on improvement of mineralizable soil C and N, and total, bacterial, and actinomycetes microbial biomass in soil. The 50–50% mixture of grass and alfalfa performed consistently well and can be considered to use in Wyoming conditions for improving soil health and forage productivity.

scholarly journals Effect of Animal Waste Based Digestate Fertilization on Soil Microbial Activities, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Spring Wheat Productivity in Loam and Sandy Loam Soil

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1281
Author(s):  
Modupe Olufemi Doyeni ◽  
Ausra Baksinskaite ◽  
Skaidre Suproniene ◽  
Vita Tilvikiene
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Microbial Activities ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Loam Soil

The increasing quantities of organic residues are becoming one of the most important problems for climate change mitigation. Sustainable utilization technologies are required to minimize the effect of recycling on the environment. Nevertheless, treated residues should be part of the circular bioeconomy. One of the most promising processes is the biogas system, with the final products biogas and digestate, which contain valuable nutrients and are therefore suitable as agricultural fertilizers. However, there is lack of research data on the effectiveness of digestate on environmental factors including soil quality as well as crop productivity and quality. In this study, we compare the roles of different digestates (chicken manure digestate, cow manure digestate, and pig manure digestate) on spring wheat productivity, soil microbial activities, and greenhouse gas emissions in loam and sandy loam soil under controlled climate conditions. The liquid digestate applied was equivalent to 170 kg N ha−1 of total N presented. Overall, results showed that the two soil types responded differently to the addition of the digestates, and the benefits depended on soil characteristics as well as on the type of the digestate applied. There was a higher effect on soil microbial activity in sandy loam soil compared to that of loam soil. Chicken manure digestate had the highest value of dehydrogenase activity and soil microbial biomass C of 9.23 µg TPFg−1 h−1 and 175.6 µg g−1 across the two soil types. CO2 and N2O emissions were moderately higher in loam soil when compared to that of sandy loam soil. The highest CO2 peak emission at 0.0107 µg ha−1 h−1 occurred in pig manure digestate in the sandy loam soil, and regular peak patterns observed in loam soil fertilized with pig digestate manure. Chicken manure digestate had the highest peak emissions across both soil types at 0.007950 mg ha−1 h−1 and 0.5667 mg ha−1 h−1 in the loam and sandy loam soil, respectively. The biomass yield varied across the soil types irrespective of the digestate applied. The agricultural benefits of digestates in different receiving soil ecosystems supplying essential nutrients for crop productivity, coupled with its environmental benefits, makes it an encouraging prospect in temperate climate zones.

NUTRITIONAL PROFILE OF SOILS AND THEIR IMPROVEMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-84
Author(s):  
Anjali S. Naik ◽  
Asmita B. Daspute
Keyword(s):  
Soil Health ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Nutritional Profile ◽  
Healthy Growth ◽  
Inorganic And Organic

For the healthy growth and optimum yields of crops, organic and inorganic nutritional contents of soils are important factors. Region-wise surveys of soils for their mineral contents need to be conducted for suggesting the suitable types of crops to the farmers. It is also needed to suggest the farmers about the precautions to be taken for maintaining and improving the soil health of their lands. In this case study, 30 soil samples were selected from a village, Viramgaon, Tq. Khultabad, Dist. Aurangabad. These were critically evaluated for their nutritional contents. Based upon the analysis of the results, farmers of the region were given suggestion regarding quantities of inorganic and organic fertilizers, to be applied at appropriate times. Fertilizer applications of either organic or inorganic type, alone, hasn't been found to be sufcient. Hence, as an integrated approach for nutritional conservation of soils, this piece of study suggests combination of applications of both these types of fertilizers through a well scheduled plan.

scholarly journals Response of Five Peanut Cultivars to Gypsum Fertilization On Soils Varying in Calcium Content1

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Walker ◽  
T. C. Keisling
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
The Other ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
High Ph ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Plot Design

Abstract Experiments were conducted to characterize the response to Ca of two recently released peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, ‘Tifrun’ and ‘Early Bunch’ and to compare their response to that obtained from ‘Florunner’, ‘Florigiant’, and ‘NC-Fla 14’. Gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O, approximately 72% CaSO4) was applied at rates of 0 and 1,121 kg/ha in a split plot design using the above cultivars. The experiment was conducted on Fuquay loamy sand low in Ca content and on Greenville sandy loam relatively high in Ca content. Yield, percent sound mature Kernels (% SMK), percent extra large kernels (% ELK), and percent oil in the seed were measured. The peanut cultivars differed in their response to soil Ca level and to Ca fertilizaton. Gypsum applications did not increase % SMK and yield of Florunner significantly when soil Ca content was low and pH adequate, whereas the other four cultivars produced large increases in these factors. Gypsum applications to the low Ca soil with high pH increased the percent oil 4.0% for all varieties every year. The response of Tifrun and Early Bunch to gypsum fertilization was similar to Florigiant and NC.FLA 14 Tifrun quality factors and yields were comparable to Florunner on the Greenville soil without supplementary Ca, whereas Ca fertilization of the Fuquay soil was necessary. Early Bunch was similar to Florigiant and NC-Fla 14 in both yield and quality factors.

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