Shifting Eight-Hour Reform from Consciousness to Creed in the Twentieth Century

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Mirola
Keyword(s):  
Trade Union ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Socialist Party ◽  
Methodist Church ◽  
The Social ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Key Events

This chapter focuses on three key events: the ongoing fight for shorter hours for women, the conflict between typographical workers and the Methodist Church over shorter hours at a Methodist publishing house, and the construction of the Social Creed of the Churches. Amid shifting sentiments among employers and changes in politics, Chicago women's groups, settlement-house workers, women in the Socialist Party, and the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) took the lead in eight-hour reform by focusing on long hours among workingwomen. Once the provision limiting the hours of work for women to eight hours that was a part of the 1893 Factory Law had been declared unconstitutional by the Illinois Supreme Court, no further legal attempt to shorten women's hours had been attempted. However, with the turn of the century, women exercised a stronger leadership presence in reform efforts of all kinds and rekindled the fight to reduce working hours for women.

Arbeitsanreize für gering Qualifizierte: Anforderungen an das Transfersystem

2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Vierling
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Work Incentives ◽  
Transfer Scheme ◽  
State Transfer ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Positive Work ◽  
Unemployment Problem

AbstractGermany’s social aid and unemployment assistance do not support work incentives, neither with regard to their levels nor their reductions when working hours increase. Thus the social policy trap is complemented by the trap of wages that are too high to allow for full employment. As a consequence, the less qualified are excluded from work. This part of the unemployment problem could be avoided. The key question is how to reconcile incentives for work and for obtaining state transfer. How can the “make-work-pay”-target be achieved? It seems crucial that social aid and unemployment assistance be transferred from income substitutes to wage supplements for those who can work.Positive work incentives can be expected if the transfer depends on hourly wages and, consequently, on the hours worked. The transfer can be designed as a wage rate subsidy or as an exemption from social security contributions. The features of the “Mainzer Modell”, recently introduced on the federal level, do not meet this requirement. However, the USA’s EITC income tax transfer scheme - at least EITC’s income supplementation for the lowest income ranges - could actually serve as a model for change in Germany.

The Association Between Working Hours and Hourly Earnings

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Pencavel
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Empirical Finding ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Identification Problem ◽  
Production Functions ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Relative Bargaining Power

At one time, economists recognized a difficulty in interpreting the association between working hours and hourly earnings: does the association reflect the preferences of employers or of workers? The existence of this identification problem has been largely ignored in recent years. In its place, the relation is presumed to describe describes the labor supply preferences of workers. This needs to be re-considered in light of the empirical finding that the law of diminishing returns operates for hours of work in employers’ production functions. Moreover, there is a third interpretation: differences in hours and hourly earnings reflect differences in the relative bargaining power of workers and employers. If the preferences of workers are sought, they are more likely to be revealed in the hours and earnings of self-employed workers and this is illustrated with the workers in the plywood co-ops.

scholarly journals Daytime perimeter environmental noise in the vicinity of four hospitals in the city of Lima, Peru

Noise Mapping ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-247
Author(s):  
Alberto E. García-Rivero ◽  
Ricardo Ángel Yuli-Posadas ◽  
Warren Reátegui Romero ◽  
Odón Sánchez-Ccoyllo ◽  
Wilfredo Bulege-Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
Environmental Noise ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Measurement Mode ◽  
Special Protection Areas ◽  
The City ◽  
National Environmental

AbstractThe present study is intended to get to know the levels of perimeter diurnal environmental noise of four hospitals in the city of Lima. The measurement mode used at each hospital was A-weighting, with an integration time of five minutes per recording. It was measured in the FAST mode with calibrations made at the beginning and end of the measurement day. Statistical analysis consisted of the mean comparison T test which was applied at all the hospitals considered in the study. At the four hospitals, at all the hours of measurement and both on working days and non-working days (Sunday), LAeq mean values are higher than 83 dBA. On working days, two periods of maximum noise from 08:00 to 10:00 in the morning and from 17:00 to 19:00 in the afternoon coincide with the start and end of working hours. The perimeter diurnal environmental noise levels determined at the vicinity of four hospitals show higher values in all cases to those established by the Peruvian National Environmental Standards for Noise for special protection areas both for working days and for non-working days. Noise that comes from the dense and disorganized traffic of Lima plays a fundamental role in this behaviour.

scholarly journals Takis Zenetos’s Electronic Urbanism and Tele-Activities: Minimizing Transportation as Social Aspiration

Urban Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Marianna Charitonidou
Keyword(s):  
Information Society ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Home Office ◽  
The Social ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Takis Zenetos was enthusiastic about the idea of working from home, and believed that both architecture and urban planning should be reshaped in order to respond to this. He supported the design of special public spaces in residential units, aiming to accommodate the inhabitants during working hours. This article argues that Zenetos’s design for “Electronic Urbanism” was more prophetic, and more pragmatic, than his peers such as Archigram and Constant Nieuwenhuys. Despite the fact that they shared an optimism towards technological developments and megastructure, a main difference between Zenetos’s view and the perspectives of his peers is his rejection of a generalised enthusiasm concerning increasing mobility of people. In opposition with Archigram, Zenetos insisted in minimizing citizens’ mobility and supported the replacement of daily transport with the use advanced information technologies, using terms such as “tele-activity”. Zenetos was convinced that “Electronic Urbanism” would help citizens save the time that they normally used to commute to work, and would allow them to spend this time on more creative activities, at or near their homes. The main interest of “Electronic Urbanism” lies in the fact that it not only constitutes an artistic contribution to experimental architecture, but is also characterized by a new social vision, promising to resynchronize practices of daily life. An aspect that is also examined is the relationship of Zenetos’s ideas and those of the so-called Metabolists in the 1960s in Japan, including Kenzo Tange’s conception of megastructures. Zenetos’s thought is very topical considering the ongoing debates about the advanced information society, especially regarding the social concerns of surveillance, governance, and sovereignty within the context of Big Data. His conception of “tele-activities” provides a fertile terrain for reflecting on potential implications and insights concerning home-office conditions not only within the context of the current pandemic situation but beyond it as well.

Feminism, Pragmatism or Both? Czech Radical Nationalism and the Woman Question, 1898–1914

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-552
Author(s):  
T. Mills Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Women's Rights ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Socialist Party ◽  
Woman Question ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
National Society ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
The Social

During a debate on the franchise reform bill in the Austrian Reichsrat on 12 September 1906, the Czech National Socialist Party deputy Václav Choc demanded that suffrage be extended to women as well as men. Otherwise, Choc asserted, the women of Austria would be consigned to the same status as “criminals and children.” Choc was certainly not the only Austrian parliamentarian to voice his support for votes for women during the debates on franchise reform. However, his party, the most radical of all the Czech nationalist political factions, was unique in that it not only included women's suffrage in its official program, as the Social Democrats had done a decade earlier, but also worked hard to change the political status of women in the Monarchy while the Social Democrats generally paid only lip service to this goal. Moreover, Choc and his colleagues in the National Socialist Party helped change the terms of the debate about women's rights by explicitly linking the “woman question” to the “national question” in ways entirely different from the prevailing discourse of liberalism infin-de-siècleAustria. In the last decades of the nineteenth century, liberal reformers, whether German or Czech, tried to mold the participation of women in political life to fit the liberal view of a woman's “proper” role in society. By contrast, the radical nationalists who rose to prominence in Czech political culture only after 1900, attempted to recast the debate over women's rights as central to their two-pronged discourse of social and national emancipation, while at the same time pressing for the complete democratization of Czech political life at all levels, not merely in the imperial parliament. In so doing, and with the active but often necessarily covert collaboration of women associated with the party, these radical nationalists helped extend the parameters of the debate over the place Czech women had in the larger national society.

Rewriting the Body: Aida Overton Walker and the Social Formation of Cakewalking

1996 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Krasner
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
West African ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Social ◽  
Anna Julia Cooper ◽  
And Gender

Although Aida Overton Walker (1880–1914) belonged to the same generation of turn-of-the-century African American performers as did Bob Cole, J. Rosamond Johnson, Bert Williams, and George Walker, she had a rather different view of how best to represent her race and gender in the performing arts. Walker taught white society in New York City how to do the Cakewalk, a celebratory dance with links to West African festival dance. In Walker's choreography of it, it was reconfigured with some ingenuity to accommodate race, gender, and class identities in an era in which all three were in flux. Her strategy depended on being flexible, on being able to make the transition from one cultural milieu to another, and on adjusting to new patterns of thinking. Walker had to elaborate her choreography as hybrid, merging her interpretation of cakewalking with the preconceptions of a white culture that became captivated by its form. To complicate matters, Walker's choreography developed during a particularly unstable and volatile period. As Anna Julia Cooper remarked in 1892.

Feminism in the French Theatre: a Turn-of-the-Century Perspective

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 237-242
Author(s):  
Elaine Aston
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Social Drama ◽  
The Social ◽  
French Theatre

Even to sympathetic theatrical observers, ‘feminism’ in France at the turn of the century was often regarded as merely incidental to the larger concerns of the ‘social’ drama; and dramatic debate tended to focus on the issue of a woman's assertion of ‘freedom’ versus her presumably ‘natural’ functions as wife and mother. In this article, Elaine Aston illuminates such attitudes, utilizing both the texts of contemporary plays and discussion in journals current at the time. But she also detects early theatrical evidence of a slow shift towards a questioning of prevailing assumptions – and a belief (which today strikes her as enviable) in the power of theatre to effect social change.

scholarly journals Introduction: Some ponderings on the use of the law in the writing of histories

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-175
Author(s):  
NIMROD HURVITZ ◽  
EDWARD FRAM
Keyword(s):  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Partial Reconstruction ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Hours ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

Professional jurists are often inquisitive about the subject matter of their calling and in the course of their careers may well develop fascinating insights into the law and those who interpret it. Their employers, however, be they governments, corporations, firms, or private clients, rarely show similar enthusiasm for such insights unless the hours spent pondering the social or historical significance of this or that legal view have a contemporary value that justifies the lawyer's fee.Thankfully, other members of society are rewarded for mining the legal records of the past. For legal historians, the search often focuses on the changing legal ideas and how legal doctrine develops over time to meet the changing needs of societies. Yet because the law generally deals with concrete matters – again, because jurists are paid by people who are unlikely to remunerate those who simply while away their hours making up legal cases – it offers a reservoir of information that can be used, albeit with caution, in fields other than just the history of the law.A partial reconstruction of the law of any given time and place is among the more obvious historical uses of legal documents but statutes, practical decisions, and even theoretical texts can be used to advance other forms of the historical endeavour. Legal works often reflect the values both of jurists and society-at-large, for while the law creates social values it is not immune to changes in these very values.

The role of the social partners in the European employment strategy

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Foden
Keyword(s):  
Trade Union ◽  
European Council ◽  
Employment Policy ◽  
European Level ◽  
The Core ◽  
Amsterdam Treaty ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Implementation ◽  
Social Partners

This article considers the part played by the social partners in the development of the European employment strategy over recent months, and in particular their role with reference to the European employment policy guidelines for 1999. The guidelines and national implementation reports are central to the "Luxembourg process" defined in the Employment Title of the Amsterdam Treaty (which has been in force since May 1999, though the Employment Title was largely implemented by political agreement from 1997 onwards). Much of the European-level debate on employment during 1999 has concerned the "European pact for employment", which was heralded by the Vienna European Council of December 1998, and which all the relevant actors were urged to support. Agreement on the pact was reached at the June 1999 European Council in Cologne. This article begins, therefore, by describing the different elements which constitute the pact. The role of the social partners in relation to these components, including the Luxembourg process where it is most developed, is set out in the core of the article, with greater emphasis on trade union than employer involvement. The concluding section provides an overview.

Modernité et néo-clercs

1982 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josianne Bodart
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Worker ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Reference Models ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
And Training

While mutual aid is secular, social work as a profession is not yet a hundred years old, and training in this field only began at the turn of the century. Neither priest nor doctor, but equally devoted and competent, the social worker is half-way between the two. His relay function is mediatized by a salary received not from his client, but from an institution which acknowledges he has a cer tain effectiveness. Social work thus reminds us at one and the same time of the priest's priesthood and the doctor's specializa tion. This neo-cleric treats the soul as well as the body and he has ambiguous relations with spelialized institutions which are in pur suit of the sacred or in pursuit of health. The social worker tries to find reference models both in the religious world and in the medi cal world. Furthermore, an analysis of his discourse reveals that he mobilizes items of counter-legitimacy with respect to both the religious and the medical field. This intentionally marginal belonging to two worlds leads him to constantly have doubts about the objectives to be pursued and the decisions to be taken. It is probably in this perspective that the feeling of uneasiness which persuades the world of social work and which prevents these professionals from getting away from vagueness and uncertainty, should be understood.

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