Entre “lomear de lo que sea” y “hacer la plata fácil”. Significaciones de legimitidad y reconocimiento en jóvenes de un barrio popular de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. / Between “lomear of what is” and “making easy silver”. Signs of legitimit and ...

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 79-99
Author(s):  
Julieta Rocio Arancio
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Educational Settings ◽  
Research Project ◽  
La Plata ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The City

Este artículo es parte de los resultados parciales de un estudio desarrollado en el marco del proyecto de investigación “Jóvenes de sectores populares y búsquedas de reconocimiento en ámbitos educativos y escenarios urbanos de la ciudad de Córdoba” que se planteó como objetivo conocer las significaciones juveniles construidas en torno a prácticas sociales reconocidas como legítimas en las experiencias de socialización de jóvenes. La metodología utilizada combinó observación participante e historias de vida con jóvenes varones cordobeses en un rango de edad entre 16 y 24 años. This article is part of the partial results of a study developed in the framework of the research project “Young people from popular sectors and reconnaissance searches in educational settings and urban settings in the city of Córdoba”. The objective was to know the meaning of youths constructed around social practices recognized as legitimate in the experiences of socialization of young people. The methodology used combined participant observation and Life Stories with young men from Cordoba in a age range between 16 and 24 years.

scholarly journals Trends in the provision of residential educational placements available for young people with learning disabilities/autism in England

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Rose Louisa Tomlinson ◽  
Peter McGill ◽  
Nick Gore ◽  
Jessie Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Residential Home ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Educational Settings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Charitable Organisation ◽  
Project Data ◽  
Educational Placements ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Residential Educational

Purpose Little is known about the characteristics of residential educational settings for young people with intellectual or developmental disabilities (IDD) in England. Previous research has focussed on the characteristics and experiences of the young people attending such settings rather than the setting itself; therefore, an overview of national provision is needed. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach As part of a larger project, data were collected for all residential schools and colleges in England. Data relate to settings offering residential provision for at least 4 nights per week for 30 weeks per year, either at the school/college itself, or in an associated residential home. Due to the remit of the main project, settings offering placements only to young people aged under 16 were excluded. Data were collected from a range of sources, including school/college websites, Ofsted and Department for Education resources, and liaison directly with the setting. Findings In total, 342 residential educational settings were identified with 57 of these offering post-16 provisions only. A range of data is presented about these settings, including location, placement numbers and types available, age range catered for, special educational needs categories registered for, governance arrangements (e.g. LA maintained, privately owned, and charitable organisation), and Ofsted educational ratings. Originality/value These data provide a national overview of residential educational settings for young people with IDD. This enables a clearer picture of the location and type of provision offered and allows comparisons both within and between areas.

scholarly journals Prácticas culturales alternativas de un colectivo juvenil

2015 ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Adriana Zaffaroni
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
National Network ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Social ◽  
Alternative Culture ◽  
La Red ◽  
The City

Categoría: EstudioFecha de recepción: 20 de julio de 2011Fecha de aprobación: 27 de julio de 2011ResumenEste artículo aborda las prácticas sociales de los jóvenes desde el encuadre de la categoría jóvenes/juventudes, aunque cuestionándola como universal teórico acordado con la Red Nacional de Investigadores en Juventudes, en que no alcanzan los años de escolarización obligatoria y moratoria para participar de la condición juvenil. Esta comunicación tiene como objetivo analizar si pueden apreciarse prácticas de resistencia, oposición y líneas de fuga en el accionar juvenil a través del caso del Centro Cultural Rodante ALPARGATA que desarrolla sus actividades en diferentes barrios de la Ciudad de Salta y en municipios linderos tales como La Caldera y Vaqueros de la Provincia de Salta, Noroeste argentino (NOA).Palabras clave: Jóvenes, prácticas de resistencia y oposición, líneas de fuga, cultura alternativa.SummaryThis article approaches the social practices of the young persons from the setting of the category young women and men/ youths, though questioning it like universally theoretically agreeing with the Investigators’ National Network in Youths, in which they do not reach the years of obligatory education and moratorium to take part of the juvenile condition.This communication has as aim analyze if they can appreciate practices of resistance, opposition and lines of escape in to drive juvenile across the case of the Cultural Rolling Center ALPARGATA that develops his activities in different neighborhoods of the City of Salta and in such adjoining municipalities as La Caldera, Vaqueros of the Province of Salta, Argentine Northwest (NOA).Keywords: Young people, resistance and opposition practices, getaway lines, alternative culture.

scholarly journals COMUNICALAB: uma ponte entre Sorocaba e as pesquisas em Comunicação da Uniso

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-196
Author(s):  
Leila Gapy ◽  
Mara Rovida ◽  
Monica Martinez ◽  
Paulo Celso da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
Graduate Program ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Historia De Vida ◽  
The University ◽  
The City

Este trabalho consiste no relato do projeto de pesquisa, extensão e ensino do Laboratório de Experimentação Comunicacional (Comunicalab), realizado em 2018 pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Cultura da Universidade de Sorocaba (Uniso). O projeto consistiu na produção de vinte narrativas audiovisuais da trajetória pessoal e profissional de sorocabanos, tendo sido desenvolvido a partir de pesquisa das histórias de vida e entrevistas. O trabalho de coleta e gravação de dados foi dividido em três blocos, com respectivas equipes três professores e alunos responsáveis. O resultado final será disponibilizado à comunidade por meio digital gratuito.   PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Projeto de extensão; Narrativa midiática; História de vida; Cidades; Sorocaba.     ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to report the research project conducted by the Communicational Experimentation Laboratory (Comunicalab), in 2018, at the Graduate Program in Communication and Culture of the University of Sorocaba (Uniso). The project consisted in the production of twenty audiovisual narratives of personal and professional trajectory of inhabitants of the city of Sorocaba, using as methodological approach life histories and interviews. The work of data collection and recording was divided into three blocks, with respective teams represented by three professors and respective students. The final result will be made available to the community through free digital means.   KEYWORDS: Extension project; Media narrative; Life stories; Cities; Sorocaba.     RESUMEN Este trabajo consiste en el relato del proyecto de investigación, extensión y enseñanza del Laboratorio de Experimentación Comunicacional del Laboratorio de Comunicación (Comunicalab), realizado en 2018 por el Programa de Postgrado en Comunicación y Cultura de la Universidad de Sorocaba (Uniso). El proyecto consistió en la producción de veinte narrativas audiovisuales de la trayectoria personal y profesional de sorocabanos, habiendo sido desarrollado a partir de investigación de las historias de vida y entrevistas. El trabajo de recolección y grabación de datos fue dividido en tres bloques, con sus respectivos equipos tres profesores y alumnos responsables. El resultado final se pondrá a disposición de la comunidad por medio digital gratuito.   PALABRAS CLAVE: Proyecto de extensión; Narrativa mediática; Historia de vida; ciudades; Sorocaba.

The Phenomenon of Anti-Café or New Places for Leisure Time Activities of Young People in the Context of Virtualization of the Urban Space (The Case Study of Rubikovʼs Cube Smart Place in the City of Saransk)

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-729
Author(s):  
Tatiana M. Dadaeva ◽  
Tatiana A. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
The City

Introduction. New places for leisure time activities in the format of anti-café, created by initiative townsmen, have been gaining popularity in the urban space over the past ten years, which has made the study of this topic relevant. The article studies the leisure time activities of young people, identifies the features of the structure, content, and functions in the conditions of an anti-café, and conceptualizes the causes and potential of the phenomenon of anti-café in the urban space. Materials and Methods. Data from unstructured interviews with visitors and the management, as well as participant observation of Rubikov’s Cube Smart Place in the city of Saransk were used as the empirical basis for this study. Using analytical methods and research techniques (analysis, generalization, induction, deduction, as well as the systemic approach) made it possible to substantiate the authors’ point of view on the causes, functions and potential of new places for leisure time activities of young people in the urban space. Results. The authors have raised the theoretical problem of the emergence of new places for leisure time activities of young people in the context of hypermodernity and the development of media technologies in urban spaces. Based on the data from a case-study of the anti-café, popular leisure time activities have been identified, as well as structure, content, and functions of the anti-café, and motivations for visiting such places and socio-demographic characteristics of the main anti-café customers. The authors have also identified the contradictions in the reasons for the popularity of anti-cafés in the context of hypermodernity, emphasizing that anti-cafés create new forms of loneliness and the need for the “third place”, multi-layered, hybrid spaces (where public turns into private, private into public, and online and offline communications intersect) in collective practices, which the city satisfies. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the conducted research, the authors have drawn a conclusion about the role of anti-cafés (time clubs, coworking spaces) in the formation of the future creative class, without which an effective economy is impossible. The difficulties in studying this topic were due to the lack of statistical data on the problem. The materials of this article will be useful for public authorities, entrepreneurs, specialists engaged in creating places for leisure time activities in the urban space, as well as when elaborating such training courses as “Sociology of the City” and “Sociology of Culture”.

scholarly journals Imagens da cidade: o projeto ArteUrbe

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neiva De Assis
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Intervention Research ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Urban Art ◽  
Photographic Images ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The City ◽  
Project Intervention

Este artigo discute imagens da cidade produzidas por jovens participantes de um projeto de pesquisa-intervenção, o ArteUrbe, que visa investigar as relações com a cidade e eventuais modificações decorrentes da participação em oficinas estéticas. Estas contam com a mediação de variadas linguagens artísticas, dentre elas a fotografia, eleita em virtude de sua contribuição ímpar ao processo de transformação dos olhares sobre a cidade. Os vários produtos que resultam das atividades propostas aos jovens no decorrer do projeto caracterizam-se como produtos-obras, diálogos travados naquele espaço-tempo com os colegas, com a equipe de pesquisadores, com a cidade. Elegemos para este artigo, as imagens fotográficas que dão visibilidade aos olhares dos jovens sobre a cidade e que possibilitam a escuta de algumas vozes sociais que ali se fazem ouvir.  Olhar para essas produções e um modo de dar visibilidade ao processo e a intensidade dos encontros que caracterizaram a pesquisa como intervenção, como movimento a problematizar, transformar seus partícipes.Palavras-chave: pesquisa-intervenção; cidade; fotografia; arte urbanaAbstract This article discusses the city images produced by young participants in a research project-intervention, the ArteUrbe, which aims to investigate the relationships with the city and possible changes arising from participation in aesthetic workshops. These rely on the mediation of various artistic languages, among them the photo, elected by virtue of its unique contribution to the process of transformation of the glimpses of the city. Various products resulting from proposed activities to young people in the course of the project are characterized as products-articles, dialogues that space-time with colleagues, with the team of researchers, with the city. We have chosen for this article, the photographic images that give visibility to young looks over the city and that make it possible to listen to some social voices are heard there.  Look for these productions and a way to give visibility to the process and the intensity of the encounters that characterised the research as intervention, as the movement to problematize, transform your participants. Keywords: intervention research; city; photography; urban art  Abstracto Este artículo aborda las imágenes ciudad producidas por los jóvenes participantes en un proyecto de investigación-intervención, la ArteUrbe, cuyo objetivo es investigar las relaciones con las ciudad y posibles cambios que surjan de la participación en talleres de estéticas. Éstos dependen de la mediación de varios lenguajes artísticos, entre ellos la foto, elegida en virtud de su contribución al proceso de transformación de las visiones de la ciudad. Varios productos resultantes de las actividades propuestas a los jóvenes en el curso del proyecto se caracterizan por ser productos-artículos, diálogos eso espacio-tiempo con colegas, con el equipo de investigadores, con la ciudad. Hemos elegido para este artículo, las imágenes fotográficas que dar visibilidad a las jóvenes miradas sobre la ciudad y que sea posible escuchar algunas voces sociales se escuchan allí.  Busque estas producciones y una forma de dar visibilidad al proceso y la intensidad de los encuentros que ha caracterizado la investigación como intervención, como el movimiento para problematizar, transformar su partícipes. Palabras clave: investigación de la intervención; ciudad; fotografía; arte urbano. 

scholarly journals Prácticas culturales alternativas de un colectivo juvenil

2015 ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Adriana Zaffaroni
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
National Network ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Social ◽  
Alternative Culture ◽  
La Red ◽  
The City

Categoría: EstudioFecha de recepción: 20 de julio de 2011Fecha de aprobación: 27 de julio de 2011ResumenEste artículo aborda las prácticas sociales de los jóvenes desde el encuadre de la categoría jóvenes/juventudes, aunque cuestionándola como universal teórico acordado con la Red Nacional de Investigadores en Juventudes, en que no alcanzan los años de escolarización obligatoria y moratoria para participar de la condición juvenil. Esta comunicación tiene como objetivo analizar si pueden apreciarse prácticas de resistencia, oposición y líneas de fuga en el accionar juvenil a través del caso del Centro Cultural Rodante ALPARGATA que desarrolla sus actividades en diferentes barrios de la Ciudad de Salta y en municipios linderos tales como La Caldera y Vaqueros de la Provincia de Salta, Noroeste argentino (NOA).Palabras clave: Jóvenes, prácticas de resistencia y oposición, líneas de fuga, cultura alternativa.SummaryThis article approaches the social practices of the young persons from the setting of the category young women and men/ youths, though questioning it like universally theoretically agreeing with the Investigators’ National Network in Youths, in which they do not reach the years of obligatory education and moratorium to take part of the juvenile condition.This communication has as aim analyze if they can appreciate practices of resistance, opposition and lines of escape in to drive juvenile across the case of the Cultural Rolling Center ALPARGATA that develops his activities in different neighborhoods of the City of Salta and in such adjoining municipalities as La Caldera, Vaqueros of the Province of Salta, Argentine Northwest (NOA).Keywords: Young people, resistance and opposition practices, getaway lines, alternative culture.

scholarly journals Communication determinants for the development of markets that target the young men of Villavicencio, Colombia / Elementos de la comunicación que ayudan al desarrollo de mercados juveniles en Villavicencio, Colombia

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Cristina Otero Gómez ◽  
Wilson Giraldo Pérez ◽  
Iván Darío Giraldo Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Direct Marketing ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
The City

This research[1] aims to identify communication factors that help in the development of markets for young people. To accomplish this, we use instrumental variables that closely relate to communication with young people from Villavicencio: direct marketing, promotion, sales, public relations, advertising and digital media. Using SPSS, we present data in two blocks. The first corresponds to the analysis of all the young people in the city while the second makes a comparison between young people from low socio-economic level with those in medium to high levels.   [1] Artículo resultado de la investigación “Determinación de los factores de innovación que el consumidor valora como estrategias de posicionamiento y desarrollo de mercados” financiada por la Universidad de los Llanos. Fecha de inicio 7 de octubre de 2013 – Fecha de finalización 8 de septiembre de 2014.  Se circunscribe al grupo de investigación Dinámicas de Consumo de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia.  

scholarly journals Sociabilidades, racialidad y sexualidad entre jóvenes de sectores populares de Cali

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Fernando Urrea Giraldo ◽  
Mary Lily Congolino
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Daily Behavior ◽  
The City ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Made In

Resumen: El presente artículo incluye un análisis delos resultados obtenidos en diferentes investigacionesrealizadas entre 1999 y 2003, con el objetivo de determinary tipificar los patrones de sociabilidad y la construcciónde identidades femeninas y masculinas enhombres y mujeres jóvenes, a partir del conocimiento desus comportamientos cotidianos y especialmente delejercicio de la sexualidad. Los hábitos de interés sonobservados empíricamente y analizados a través dehistorias de vida. El estudio se realizó en sectores popularesurbanos de la ciudad de Cali, por lo que los individuosentrevistados son en su mayoría negros que vivenen situación socioeconómica de extrema pobreza. De lapoblación total entrevistada (70 sujetos) se escogieron6 hombres y 6 mujeres para analizar y documentar losresultados de las entrevistas en profundidad a través debiografías sexuales.Palabras clave: Sociabilidades, racialidad, sexualidad,jóvenes, sectores populares, CaliAbstract: The present article includes an analysis of theresults obtained in different investigations made between1999 and 2003, aimed at determining types and patternsof sociability and the construction of feminine and masculineidentities in young men and women, on the basisof reports of their daily behavior, especially about theexercise of their sexuality. Their habits are observedempirically and analyzed through their life-stories. Thestudy was made in urban low-class sectors of the city ofCali, for which reason the individuals interviewed aremostly black and live in situations of extreme poverty. Ofthe total population interviewed (70 subjects), 6 menand 6 women were chosen to analyze and document theresults of in-depth interviews through sexual biographies.Key Words: Sociabilities, raciality, sexuality, youth, lowclass,Cali

scholarly journals Pedagogia Hospitalar: a relevância da atuação do pedagogo

2017 ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Alanne Cruz Sousa ◽  
Damares Araujo Teles ◽  
Maria Perpétua do Socorro Beserra Soares
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Pedagogical Practices ◽  
Young Student ◽  
Health Treatment ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Regular School ◽  
The City

O presente artigo traz os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre a relevância da atuação do pedagogo por meio de práticas pedagógicas que auxiliem no desenvolvimento de crianças, que por motivos de tratamento de saúde se encontram hospitalizadas, e por isso não podem frequentar a escola regular. Entretanto, com a atuação do pedagogo no hospital esta situação muda e o jovem estudante passa novamente a ter acesso aos estudos. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi refletir sobre como ocorre a prática do pedagogo como agente educador, reconhecendo de que forma esse trabalho tem colaborado no processo de ensino e aprendizagem de crianças em um hospital na cidade de Parnaíba-PI. Esta pesquisa está embasada nos seguintes teóricos: Cunha (2001), Covic (2011), Matos e Mugiatti (2011), entre outros. A metodologia utilizada para a realização da pesquisa é do tipo qualitativa e como procedimentos de coleta de dados utilizamos a observação, a entrevista e o questionário. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram duas pedagogas que trabalham no hospital e que realizam importantes atividades, tanto na brinquedoteca quanto nos leitos. Os resultados do estudo revelam que as práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas pelas pedagogas ultrapassam os muros da escola e contribuem na educação de crianças e jovens hospitalizados, colaborando com a autoestima dessas crianças, bem como possibilitando que elas retornem aos estudos de uma maneira diferenciada, que as estimula à aprendizagem.Palavras-Chave: Pedagogia Hospitalar. Pedagogo. Prática Pedagógica.Hospital Pedagogy: the relevance of the pedagogue's performanceAbstractThis article presents the results of a research on the relevance of the pedagogue 's performance through pedagogical practices that help the development of children who are hospitalized for health treatment and therefore cannot attend regular school. However, with the performance of the pedagogue in the hospital this situation changes and the young student again has access to the studies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to reflect on how the practice of the educator occurs as an educating agent, recognizing how this work has collaborated in the teaching and learning process of children in a hospital in the city of Parnaíba-PI. This research is based on the following theorists: Cunha (2001), Covic (2011), Matos and Mugiatti (2011), among others. The methodology used to conduct the research is of the qualitative type, and as data collection procedures we used the participant observation, the interview and the questionnaire. The subjects of the research were two pedagogues who work in the hospital and who carry out important activities, both in the toy library and in the beds. The results of the study reveal that the pedagogical practices developed by the pedagogues go beyond the walls of the school and contribute to the education of children and young people hospitalized, collaborating with the children's self-esteem, as well as allowing them to return to their studies in a different way. Stimulates learning.Keywords: Hospital Pedagogy. Pedagogue. Pedagogical Practice.La pedagogía hospitalaria: la relevancia de la obra del pedagogoResumenEste artículo presenta los resultados de una encuesta sobre la relevancia de la actuación del profesor a través de prácticas pedagógicas que ayudan en el desarrollo de los niños por razones de cuidado de la salud son hospitalizados, y por lo tanto no pueden asistir a la escuela regular. Sin embargo, con el papel del profesor en el hospital esta situación cambia y el joven estudiante pasa de nuevo para tener acceso a los estudios. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue reflexionar sobre cómo funciona la práctica del profesor como agente educador, reconociendo que este trabajo ha colaborado en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los niños en un hospital de la ciudad de Parnaíba-PI. Esta investigación se basa en la siguiente teórico: Cunha (2001), Covic (2011), Matos y Mugiatti (2011), entre otros. La metodología utilizada para la investigación es del tipo cualitativo, y cómo los procedimientos de recopilación de datos utilizan la observación participante, entrevistas y cuestionarios. Los sujetos fueron dos pedagogos que trabajan en el hospital y llevar a cabo actividades importantes tanto en el juguete como en camas. Los resultados del estudio muestran que las prácticas pedagógicas desarrolladas por pedagogos, más allá de las paredes de la escuela y contribuyen a la educación de los niños hospitalizados y los jóvenes, colaborando con la autoestima de estos niños, así, lo que les permite regresar a sus estudios de una manera diferente que estimula el aprendizaje.Palabras Clave: Hospital de la pedagogía. Pedagogo. La práctica docente.

scholarly journals Browsers and phone girls: the intricate socialities of friendship, trust and cyberlove in Nima (Accra)

Africa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 88 (S1) ◽  
pp. S72-S89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Cassiman
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
The City

AbstractThe young men of Nima, a popular neighbourhood in Accra, organize themselves in small age groups that meet almost daily in a specific spot, to chat, play and ‘wait’, while dreaming together of a better future in a distant elsewhere. The friendships that find root in these so-called bases, which often have names such as ‘Chicago’ or ‘Brooklyn’, lead to hope and specific modes of action through which these young people engage with the city, the wider world and their own aspirations. Taking these bases as an ethnographic vantage point, this article looks into relations of proximity, friendship and trust and the agency of the young men. The article's focus then turns to the virtual world of the same young men – and their girlfriends – in order to analyse the new modes of friendship that are shaped by their internet browsing. It shows how the modalities and intricacies of online, often deceitful, friendship and love rely on vital localized friendship bonds, defined by trust, of browsers in the zongo. Browsing opens up new possibilities but also challenges, and erodes existing moral socialities between friends.

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