scholarly journals Weather – based crop protection stewardship at Pattambi, Kerala

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-508
Author(s):  
R. P. SAMUI ◽  
J. P. SABALE ◽  
K. KARTHIKEYAN
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
System Approach ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Rice Pests ◽  
Synoptic Conditions ◽  
Forewarning System

Kerala, a bowl of rice is continuously facing problem of using maximum pesticide for controlling outbreak of major rice pests. Weather data, synoptic conditions have been used to predict outbreaks of certain important tropical rice pests. Weather influences on the bionomics of pests is examined the context of forecasting outbreaks.  The synoptic situations as well as weather based indices are considered to forewarn the outbreaks of stem borer and leaf folder at and around Pattambi, Kerala. An attempt is made to work out optimal time of pesticide application using weather based forewarning system approach with an aim to reduce the pesticide consumption and environmental pollution.

Developments in pesticide application for the small-scale farmer in the tropics

1981 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 345-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
G A Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Crop Protection ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Peasant Farmer ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Spinning Disc ◽  
Small Scale Farmer

Hydraulic sprayers, which have reached a high degree of sophistication, have long been seen as inappropriate for use in many countries where crops are most at risk from pest, disease and weed competition. ULV application by spinning-disc sprayer may have overcome problems of inadequate water supply, but, for many, costs are still too high. Recent developments in electrostatic sprayers could remove this final constraint to adequate crop protection for the peasant farmer.

scholarly journals The Attitude of Vegetable Growers towards Mitigating the Adverse Effects of Agricultural Chemicals

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
G. Manunayaka ◽  
S. Ganesamoorthi ◽  
N. D. Chethan Patil ◽  
Rahul D. Bellagi
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Agricultural Chemicals ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Fresh Vegetables ◽  
Karnataka State ◽  
The World ◽  
Necessary Evil ◽  
Growing Population

India is the world's second-largest producer of vegetables next to China, but the annual loss of fresh vegetables on an average is about 12 per cent in India which is significantly affecting the agricultural economy. Thus, crop protection is very much essential to prevent losses and feed the growing population. Chemical crop protection in India began in the year 1947-48 with the introduction of Benzene Hexa Chloride (BHC). Today India is the fourth largest producer of pesticide in the world. But over the years pesticides are being used more indiscriminately and unscientifically which has led to a negative impact on humans, soil, water and the environment as a whole. Due to the unscientific pesticide application, the pests gradually develop resistance to the poison that normally kills them. Even with all these ill-effects, it is inevitable to use pesticides to grow the crops and therefore they can be called as a necessary evil. The present study was conducted in Kolar district of Karnataka state in India during 2018-19 to ascertain the attitude of vegetable growers towards mitigating the ill-effects of agricultural chemicals. The data was collected from 120 vegetable growers using a pretested interview schedule. It was found that more than half of the vegetable growers (52.50%) had highly favourable attitude towards mitigating the ill-effects of agricultural chemicals; sixty per cent of the vegetable growers were undecided whether to spray pesticides in the opposite direction of the wind or along the direction of the wind. The study facilitates the agriculture and horticulture departments to train farmers enabling them to safely use, handle and store the agricultural chemicals.

scholarly journals Variability in Isolated Convective Activity between Louisville, Kentucky, and Nearby Rural Locations

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
Jason Naylor ◽  
Aaron D. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Early Morning ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Convective Activity ◽  
Comparison Site ◽  
Synoptic Patterns ◽  
Early Evening ◽  
Synoptic Conditions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Convective Cells

AbstractThis study analyzes the frequency of strong, isolated convective cells in the vicinity of Louisville, Kentucky. Data from the Severe Weather Data Inventory are used to compare the frequency of convective activity over Louisville with the observed frequency at nearby rural locations from 2003 to 2019. The results show that Louisville experiences significantly more isolated convective activity than do the rural locations. The difference in convective activity between Louisville and the rural locations is strongest during summer, with peak differences occurring between May and August. Relative to the rural locations, Louisville experiences more isolated convective activity in the afternoon and early evening but less activity after midnight and into the early morning. Isolated convective events over Louisville are most likely during quiescent synoptic conditions, whereas rural events are more likely during active synoptic patterns. To determine whether these differences can be attributed primarily to urban effects, two additional cities are shown for comparison—Nashville, Tennessee, and Cincinnati, Ohio. Both Nashville and Cincinnati experience more isolated convective activity than all five of their nearby rural comparison areas, but the results for both are statistically significant at four of the five rural locations. In addition, the analysis of Cincinnati includes a sixth comparison site that overlaps the urbanized area of Columbus, Ohio. For that location, differences in convective activity are not statistically significant.

scholarly journals Cooperative herbivory between two important pests of rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingsong Liu ◽  
Xiaoyun Hu ◽  
Shuangli Su ◽  
Yuese Ning ◽  
Yufa Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Host Plant Quality ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Rice Pests ◽  
Egg Parasitism ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Parasitoid Attraction

AbstractNormally, when different species of herbivorous arthropods feed on the same plant this leads to fitness-reducing competition. We found this to be different for two of Asia’s most destructive rice pests, the brown planthopper and the rice striped stem borer. Both insects directly and indirectly benefit from jointly attacking the same host plant. Double infestation improved host plant quality, particularly for the stemborer because the planthopper fully suppresses caterpillar-induced production of proteinase inhibitors. It also reduced the risk of egg parasitism, due to diminished parasitoid attraction. Females of both pests have adapted their oviposition behaviour accordingly. Their strong preference for plants infested by the other species even overrides their avoidance of plants already attacked by conspecifics. This cooperation between herbivores is telling of adaptations resulting from the evolution of plant-insect interactions, and points out mechanistic vulnerabilities that can be targeted to control these major pests.

scholarly journals Peak Outpatient and Emergency Department Visit Forecasting for Patients With Chronic Respiratory Diseases Using Machine Learning Methods: Retrospective Cohort Study (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junfeng Peng ◽  
Chuan Chen ◽  
Mi Zhou ◽  
Xiaohua Xie ◽  
Yuqi Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Adaptive Boosting ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases

BACKGROUND The overcrowding of hospital outpatient and emergency departments (OEDs) due to chronic respiratory diseases in certain weather or under certain environmental pollution conditions results in the degradation in quality of medical care, and even limits its availability. OBJECTIVE To help OED managers to schedule medical resource allocation during times of excessive health care demands after short-term fluctuations in air pollution and weather, we employed machine learning (ML) methods to predict the peak OED arrivals of patients with chronic respiratory diseases. METHODS In this paper, we first identified 13,218 visits from patients with chronic respiratory diseases to OEDs in hospitals from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2017. Then, we divided the data into three datasets: weather-based visits, air quality-based visits, and weather air quality-based visits. Finally, we developed ML methods to predict the peak event (peak demand days) of patients with chronic respiratory diseases (eg, asthma, respiratory infection, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) visiting OEDs on the three weather data and environmental pollution datasets in Guangzhou, China. RESULTS The adaptive boosting-based neural networks, tree bag, and random forest achieved the biggest receiver operating characteristic area under the curve, 0.698, 0.714, and 0.809, on the air quality dataset, the weather dataset, and weather air quality dataset, respectively. Overall, random forests reached the best classification prediction performance. CONCLUSIONS The proposed ML methods may act as a useful tool to adapt medical services in advance by predicting the peak of OED arrivals. Further, the developed ML methods are generic enough to cope with similar medical scenarios, provided that the data is available.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Supply Alters Rice Defense Against the Striped Stem Borer Chilo suppressalis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yueqin Zheng ◽  
Xiyong Zhang ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Ningning Qin ◽  
Kaifang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Chilo Suppressalis ◽  
Constitutive Defense ◽  
Rice Pests ◽  
Herbivore Defense ◽  
Rapid Accumulation

Plant nutrition status is closely associated with plant defense against insect herbivores. However, the way nitrogen supply regulates rice anti-herbivore is not clear. This study investigated the effects of low (LN, 0.3 mM) and high (HN, 3 mM) nitrate levels on rice resistance against the striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis (SSB), one of the major destructive rice pests. Seven-day-old rice seedlings were cultured with different nitrate levels for 30 days and then inoculated with third instars of SSB. LN significantly enhanced rice anti-herbivore defense and lowered the total nitrogen content in the plants, but increased the content of free amino acids after SSB infestation. Additionally, LN significantly increased the accumulation of phenolic acids and flavonoids, especially lignin, resulting in enhanced constitutive defense in SSB-infested plants. SSB feeding led to a rapid accumulation of secondary metabolites. HN application led to the accumulation of metabolites derived from cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-coumaric CoA, feruloyl CoA, and apigenin, while LN led to the accumulation of metabolites derived from 3-dehydroquinic acid, phenylalanine, acetyl CoA, and aspartic acid. Collectively, our finding suggests that nitrogen deficiency enhances rice anti-herbivore defense via constitutive defense by the accumulation of phenolic acids and flavonoids.

Use of pesticide by the vegetables farmers and occupational health hazards posed by pesticide application in Mymensingh district

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Al Emran ◽  
Fahad Bin Moshiur ◽  
Md Abu Tarek ◽  
Md Mirajul Islam ◽  
Rifat Farjana Ritu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Vegetable Farmers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Application Frequency ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

In Bangladesh, the use of different types of pesticides has increased in crop protection purposes. These pesticides may affect farmers’ health and contaminate the aquatic environment. The objectives of the current study were to assess the use of pesticide by the vegetable farmers and their associated health hazards caused by pesticide application. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from fifty vegetable farmers of three different villages at Mymensingh Sadar Upazila during February and March of 2019. Results showed that the mostly used pesticide was Mefonexam (used by 40% interviewed farmers), followed by Thiamethoxam + Chlorantraniliprole (24%), Profenofos + Cypermethrin (20%), and Propineb (10%). The highest application frequency was reported as 30 times for Ebamectin. The present study recorded Chlorpyrifos as the highest using dose (7.5 kg/ha) in vegetable farms. Approximately 42% of the farmers were reported to increase the amount of applying pesticide in the last 5 years where 46% continued same. More than half of the respondents (56%) were reported to use at least one protective measure during pesticide application. Most of the interviewed farmers (56%) reported no health risk while applying pesticides. Sixty percent of the interviewed farmers were claimed to have faced some negative health symptoms. Respondents were reported to face headache (31%), eye irritation (27%), vomiting (20%), dizziness (12%), and skin irritation (7%). The study indicates that the farmers of Mymensingh are not conscious about the proper use of pesticide, thus this kind of injudicious use of pesticide causes serious occupational health hazards. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(1): 165-174, April 2020

scholarly journals MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIATIO OF THE RICE YELLOW STEM BORER, Scirpophaga incertulas, (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) IN JAVA, INDONESIA

TREUBIA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari Sutrisno
Keyword(s):  
Deleterious Mutation ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Scirpophaga Incertulas ◽  
Yellow Stem Borer ◽  
Rice Pests ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Diversity ◽  
Ecological Races

Scirpophaga incertulas is one of economically important rice pests in South East Asia, including Indonesia. Systematic investigation on biological characteristics of ecological races based on recently changed of agricultural practiced and environment has been conducted  in order to asses knowledge on genetic variation of population of S. incertulas in Indonesia. A 685 bp segment of mitochondrialDNA COII was amplified from 42 different yellow stem borer samples from five locations in Java. The objectives of this study were to generate mitochondrial CO II  sequences for all available yellow stem borer  samples and to define haplotypes and nucleotide sequence diversity of the different yellow stem borer populations. Six different haplotypes (YSB1, YSB2, YSB3, YSB4, YSB5 and YSB6) were identified in yellow stem borer populations. The majority of the sampled individuals caried haplotype YSB2. Overall, the results of Tajima’s test statistic indicated that the population of Java was D= 0.85201, which suggests that there was no indicative of purifying selection or there was no presence of deleterious mutation segregating in the population. However, the results were not significant (P> 0:10) and additional studies are required to confirm this finding.Key words: Scirpophaga incertulas, yellow stem borer, MitochondrialDNA COII 

scholarly journals Weather Sensitivity of Downy Mildew and Alternaria Blight of Mustard in the Gangetic West Bengal, India

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 77-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Banerjee ◽  
I Bhattacharya ◽  
SA Khan ◽  
AKS Huda
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Alternaria Blight ◽  
Weather Sensitivity ◽  
Percent Disease Index ◽  
Forewarning System ◽  
Average Minimum Temperature

The infestation of disease-pest poses a considerable threat to rapeseed-mustard production in India. Alternaria blight [A. brassicicola (Schw.)] and downy mildew [Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Kuntze] are the major diseases in lower Gangetic plains of India. As the rate of disease increase are dependent on weather factors, weather-based forewarning system may enable to guide farmers to take protection measures timely. The paper aims at to find the effect of weather on alternaria blight and downy mildew infestations. The weather data were compared with Percent Disease Index and the prevailing weather condition during peak disease intensity has been sorted out. It was observed that an increasing trend of last seven days average minimum temperature and relative humidity indicates more Alternaria blight and downy mildew infestation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14629 J. Sci. Foundation, 8(1&2): 77-81, June-December 2010

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