Production and nutritional value of the wheat silage managed with different cutting systems

Winter cereals are mainly used for human and animal nutrition and several studies are now exploring their potential as conserved forage (hay and silage). Among the winter cereal species available for cultivation in the south of Brazil, which is major winter cereals producer in the country, the wheat cv. BRS Umbu has attracted special attention. However, few studies have investigated the potential of this cultivar for silage production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and quality of silage from the dual-purpose wheat, BRS Umbu, subjected to different cut managements treatments: T1 - without cut (control), T2 - one cut and T3 - two cuts. Each plot represented an experimental unit in a randomized block design, with 5 replicates per treatment. Two representative samples were collected from each plot to determine morphological segmentation (stem, leaf and ear) and dry matter (DM) content of the whole plant and its morphological components. At the time of opening of the silos, food chemical analysis and pH determination were performed. Forage mass production decreased by 26.88% and 67.82%, respectively, with one and two cuts, compared to control. The DM content of the ensiled plant was 49.9 g kg-1 for the control, 54.7 g kg-1 with one cut and 63.2 g kg-1 with two cuts, at the time of ensiling. Management cuts changed the morphological components of the plants, with a lower proportion of stem (28%) in plants subjected to two cuts. The control treatment showed fewer leaves in ensiled plant (9.6%) and intermediate amount of stalk (52.8%), and was significantly different (p < 0.05) to treatment of a cut. Regarding feed chemistry evaluations, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed for mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP) and hemicellulose (HEM) between the different cutting regimens. However, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) decreased (p < 0.05) as the number of cuts increased. The control treatment showed higher NDF and ADF content (563.2 and 357.9 g kg-1 DM, respectively) and lower amount of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and net energy of lactation (NEL). However, the estimated milk production (EMP) was superior for this treatment (22,447 l ha-1), demonstrating the high impact of reduced forage mass production with increased number of cuts.

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Adaptation of winter cereal species to shade and competition in a winter/spring cereal forage mixture

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps96-045 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 76 (2) ◽

pp. 251-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

V. S. Baron ◽

E. A. de St Remy ◽

D. F. Salmon ◽

A. C. Dick

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Dark Respiration ◽

Dominant Factor ◽

Carbon Exchange ◽

Area Index ◽

Winter Cereal ◽

Winter Triticale ◽

Winter Cereals ◽

Cereal Species ◽

Shoot Weight

Spring planted mixtures of spring and winter cereals maximize dry matter yield and provide fall pasture by regrowth of the winter cereal. However, delay of initial harvest may reduce the winter cereal component and therefore subsequent regrowth yield. Research was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta to investigate the effect of time of initial cut (stage), winter cereal species (species) and cropping system (monocrop and mixture) on winter cereal shoot weight, leaf carbon exchange efficiency and shoot morphology. These parameters may be related to adaptation of winter cereals to growth and survival in the mixture. Winter cereal plants were grown in pails embedded in monocrop plots of fall rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and in binary mixtures with Leduc barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The plants were removed when the barley reached the boot (B), heads emerged (H), H + 2, H + 4 and H + 6 wk stages. Shoot weight was generally smaller in the mixture than in the monocrop and wheat was reduced more than fall rye and triticale in the mixture compared to the monocrop. Dark respiration rate (r = −0.54) and carbon exchange (r = 0.36) under low light intensity were correlated (P < 0.05) to shoot size in the mixture. Fall rye and winter triticale had lower dark respiration rates than winter wheat. Leaf area index (LAI) was closely correlated (r = 0.83 and 0.84) with shoot weight in both the mixture and monocrop. While species failed to exhibit clear cut differences for LAI, fall rye and winter triticale were reduced less than winter wheat in the mixture relative to the monocrop. Stage was the dominant factor affecting winter cereal growth in both cropping systems, but fall rye and triticale exhibited superior morphological features, and their carbon exchange responses to light were more efficient than wheat, which should allow them to be sustained longer under the shaded conditions of a mixture. Key words: Delayed harvest, shade, spring and winter cereal mixtures, adaptation, carbon exchange, respiration

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Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Due to Grafting in Solanaceae of Different Species

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v11n3p188 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 188

Author(s):

João Lucas Moraes Vieira ◽

Rogério Eiji Hanada

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Tomato Cultivar ◽

Tomato Crop ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Four Blocks

The present work had as objective to evaluate the physical-chemical characteristics of commercial tomato fruits grafted on different solanaceous species. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized complete block design, with four blocks and six treatments, being the rootstocks: cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum); two cultivars of eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum), Long Light Green and Big Hill; jurubebão (Solanum lycocarpum) and jurubeba juna (Solanum stramonifolium), grafted with the tomato cultivar Santa Cruz Kada, and the control treatment was represented by the self-grafted tomato. Three consecutive harvests were spaced seven days after the production stabilization, and the characteristics fruits analyzed were Total Soluble Solids (ºBrix), pH, Titratable Acidity (percentage of citric acid) and TSS/TA. A statistically significant difference was found in the Tukey’s test at 5% probability in the titratable acidity, pH and fruit pulp flavor, among the evaluated treatments, while the soluble solids content did not differ between treatments in any of the harvests, but the values remained within the considered adequate for the tomato in natura in the current literature. There was a decrease in fruit flavor in all treatments, and fruit pH drop in all treatments with the exception of jurubebão, with the advancement of plant age, while the titratable acidity had an inverse behavior. The evaluated rootstocks can be used in the tomato crop, without prejudice to the quality of the tomato fruit produced.

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Agronomic and nutritional responses of Carajas elephant grass fertilized with protected and non-protected urea

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n5p2181 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

pp. 2181 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Francisco Gleyson da Silveira Alves ◽

Maria Socorro de Souza Carneiro ◽

Ricardo Loiola Edvan ◽

Magno José Duarte Cândido ◽

Rafael Nogueira Furtado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Block Design ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Optimal Dose ◽

Matter Content ◽

Additional Treatment ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Mineral Matter ◽

Elephant Grass

The objective of this study was to assess the agronomic and nutritional responses of the elephant grass cultivar Carajas when subjected to fertilization with protected and conventional urea. A randomized block design with 4×2+1 factorial arrangement was adopted. The treatments consisted of four doses (100, 200, 400, and 800 kg N ha-1), two nitrogen sources (conventional and protected urea), and one additional treatment without fertilization. The experiment was carried out from October 2015 to March 2016, in a semi-arid region with a dystrophic yellow latosol type soil. The application of conventional urea was done with each of the multiple cuts performed per year, whereas the protected urea was applied in a single dose. Total senescence rate (TSR), leaf and stem elongation, height, tiller density, total forage biomass, green leaf and stem biomass, and dry matter all increased with increasing N doses. However, the phyllochron, live material/dead material ratio, and agronomic efficiency all decreased with N increasing dose. Plants fertilized with protected urea presented greater TSR and phyllochron. Mineral matter content was higher in plants fertilized with conventional urea. Neutral detergent fiber content was maximized at a dose of 437.63 kg N ha-1. The protected urea resulted in a higher value of leaf/stem ratio at the 400 kg N ha-1 dose, whereas ether extract and crude protein at the 800 kg N ha-1. With application of conventional urea, the highest crude protein value occurred at a dose of 100 kg N ha-1. The morphogenesis, structure, production, and chemical composition of elephant grass ‘Carajas’ were all positively influenced when nitrogen doses were increased, with the recommended optimal dose for use being 400 kg N ha-1 for both sources. The use of protected urea is recommended because of its slow release and need for only a single application.

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Effect of glycerin on digestibility of diets for pigs determined with different methodologies

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4supl1p2803 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽

pp. 2803

Author(s):

Guiomar Helena Verussa ◽

Anderson Corassa ◽

Ana Paula Silva Ton ◽

Cláudia Marie Komiyama ◽

Douglas Dos Santos Pina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Block Design ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Mineral Matter ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Proportional Relationship ◽

Inclusion Level

Glycerin is a by-product from the biodiesel chain whose energy value can be beneficial to pig diets. In this study, eight barrows were distributed individually into metabolic cages in a completely randomized block design. The animals were fed diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% glycerin from soybean oil and subjected to the methods of total feces and urine collection and chromic oxide marker. We determined the digestibility coefficients (DC); the dietary levels of digestible dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), an neutral detergent fiber (NDF); digestible energy (DE); metabolizable energy (ME); and these last two variables corrected for the nitrogen content (DEn and MEn). Digestible OM values increased linearly with glycerin inclusion in the diets. The digestible CP of the diets showed an inversely proportional relationship with glycerin inclusion levels. Digestible MM decreased linearly when determined by the total collection method and quadratically when determined by the marker method. There was a linear increase in the digestible and metabolizable coefficients of energy, DE, DEn, ME and MEn of the diets as the glycerin inclusion level was increased. Inclusion of up to 15% glycerin obtained from soybean oil production increased the digestible fractions of organic matter and energy of the diets.

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Nutritional quality of massai grass fertilized with phosphorus and nitrogen and its influence on intake and weight gain of sheep under rotational grazing on quartzipsamment soil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n3p1417 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 1427

Author(s):

Thais Valéria Souza Silva ◽

Luciano Fernandes Sousa ◽

Antônio Clementino dos Santos ◽

Ana Cristina Holanda Ferreira ◽

Rebeca Rocha Cardoso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Nutritional Quality ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Management Practice ◽

Block Design ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Significant Difference

The effects of phosphate and nitrogen fertilization on aspects of forage composition and ruminal fermentation were separately evaluated pre- and post-grazing, in addition to the dry matter intake and weight gain of sheep grazing Panicum maximum cv. Massai under a rotational system on Quartzipsamment soil. The aim was to evaluate the effect of fertilization with different levels of phosphorous (50 and 200 kg P2O5/ha) and nitrogen (100 and 400 kg N/ha) compared to unfertilized control soil. The experiment was conducted at the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at Universidade Federal do Tocantins – UFT, in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in a factorial 2 × 2 design. The study area consisted of 32 paddocks (301 m²), each of which had previously been sown with Panicum maximum cv. Massai. The experimental area was managed under intermittent stocking with a variable stocking rate. Twenty-eight crossbreed sheep were used for grazing management. Evaluations were made before and after grazing, including forage evaluation and measurement of ruminal degradability and intake (using titanium dioxide as the external marker). Regarding the forage composition, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between the control and fertilizer treatments for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, crude protein, lignin and phosphorous content. Fertilization was found to alter the nutritional quality of Panicum maximum cv. Massai grass. Among the nutritional aspects evaluated, fertilization influenced NDF, grass digestibility and dry matter intake. The forage composition of Massai grass is improved by fertilization with nitrogen at 100 kg N/ha and phosphate up to 50 kg P2O5/ha, which represents a relevant management practice for increasing quantity and quality.

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Effect of glycerin on digestibility of diets for pigs determined with different methodologies

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4suplp2803 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽

pp. 2803

Author(s):

Guiomar Helena Verussa ◽

Anderson Corassa ◽

Ana Paula Silva Ton ◽

Cláudia Marie Komiyama ◽

Douglas Dos Santos Pina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Block Design ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Mineral Matter ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Proportional Relationship ◽

Inclusion Level

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Nutritional value of cottonseed meal for swine in the finishing phase

Scientific Electronic Archives ◽

10.36560/13320201024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

J. R. Silva ◽

N. T. Pereira ◽

R. V. Andrade ◽

M. V. A. Cabral ◽

A. Corassa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cottonseed Meal ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Block Design ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Mineral Matter ◽

Initial Weight ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Nutritional Components ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design

The aim of this study was to determine the digestibility coefficients of the nutritional components of cottonseed meal for pigs in the finishing phase. Fourteen castrated male commercial pigs with average initial weight of 56.29 ± 2.49 kg were used. The animals were housed individually in cages for metabolic study (experimental unit) in a randomized complete block design (defined by initial weight) with two treatments and seven replications per treatment. The treatments consisted of a reference diet, formulated to meet the minimum nutritional requirements of pigs in the finishing phase, and a test diet, consisting of 75% of the reference diet and 25% of cottonseed meal. The total feces collection method was used. The values of chemical and digestible composition of cottonseed meal were 88.78; 93.82; 6.18; 21.11; 19.26; 4.29 and 44.09%; and 57.78; 48.62; 0.48; 2.82; 5.83; 2.58 and 28.86% for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), mineral matter (MM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE) and protein (CP) respectively. The values are close to those found in the literature, exception for the protein that presented higher value, however the digestibility was relatively low. Cottonseed meal has high nutritional value, but with low digestible values.

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578 How Much Cover Crop Affects Plant Growth and Yield Components in `Selva' and `Totem' Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) in the Establishment Year

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.546c ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 546C-546

Author(s):

Braja B. Datta ◽

Ray D. William

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Block Design ◽

Total Yield ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Treatment Comparison ◽

Significant Difference

Field experiment on production systems of `Selva' day-neutral and `Totem' June-bearing strawberry was established in 1995 on the spring-killed cover crop mulched plots using randomized complete-block design. Seven soil cover treatments consisted of `Wheeler' rye (Secale cereale) and `Micah' and `Steptoe' barley (Hordium vulgare), `Micah' residue applied on soil surface, a wedge of perlite (artificial medium) placed next to strawberry row, perlite with `Wheeler' rye, and no treatment were used. During the early summer, cover crops were replanted between strawberry rows and mowed down after 6 weeks. In both cultivars, plant growth doubled during mid-summer, and `Micah'on surface produced better growth than the growth in other treatments. No significant difference was found on CO2 assimilation rate (mmol·m–2·s–1), leaflet length, and number of leaves and runners among treatments (P ≥ 0.1). Yield of `Totem' was ignored during the establishment year. In `Selva', `Micah' residue on surface produced 36% more crowns per plant and the greatest total yield than that of any other treatment. `Micah' on surface produced 50% more shoot biomass and 45% greater yield compared to `Micah' barley planted in the plot. Total `Selva' yield was 61% greater in perlite treatment than the yield in perlite with `Wheeler' rye and 31% greater than the control treatment. Comparison of `Selva' strawberry total yield and average fruit production between cover crops vs. control treatment using non-orthogonal contrast indicated no significant difference might suggests no detrimental interaction between cover crops and strawberry.

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Influence of different nitrogen inhibitors on maize yield

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9859 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Heiling ◽

Mahdi Shorafa ◽

Rayehe Mirkhani ◽

Elden Willems ◽

Arsenio Toloza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Nitrification Inhibitor ◽

Maize Yield ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Nitrification Inhibitors ◽

Stable Form ◽

N Losses ◽

N Fertilizers ◽

Significant Difference

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer management is challenging due to the many factors and have low N use efficiency (NUE). Heavy N losses from soil reduce plant yield and have negative impacts on the environment. Nitrogen processes inhibitors, such as urease and nitrification inhibitors (UI and NI), are chemical compounds which reduce urea hydrolysis and nitrification respectively. By coating ammonium based chemical fertilizers with N process inhibitors allows N to stay in a more stable form of ammonium (NH4+) thus minimising N losses as well as improving NUE and consequently enhancing crop yield.A field experiment was established at the Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition Laboratory (SWMCNL) in Seibersdorf, Austria to determine the effect of different N fertilizers coated with N process inhibitors on maize yield in summer 2020. The field site is characterised by a moderately shallow Chernozem soil with significant gravel content. Three combinations of N fertilizer (urea or NPK) with N process inhibitors (UI and/or NI)) were tested and compared with a control treatment (without N fertilizer) and a urea application without any inhibitor. All treatments received 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 146 kg ha-1 K2O. The amount of N added to each treatment receiving N fertilizer was 120 kg N ha-1. The inhibitors used were (i) UI (2-NPT: N-(2-nitrophenyl) phosphoric acid triamide), (ii) NI-1 (MPA: N-[3(5)-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) methyl] acetamide), and (iii) NI-2 (DMPP: 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate). DMPP, a nitrification inhibitor, was used in combination with NPK fertilizer. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used in this study. Treatments were: T1 (control treatment - without N fertilizer), T2 (Urea only), T3 (Urea + UI), T4 (Urea + UI + NI-1), and T5 (NPK + NI-2). Urea was applied through two split applications in the T2 treatment. In T3, T4, and T5 treatments, N fertilizers were applied only once. Supplemental irrigation was only applied in the early stages of growth, to ensure that the crop could establish. Harvest was carried out at 98 days after planting.The yield data showed that different fertilizer treatments had a significant (p &#8804; 0.01) effect on maize yield (dry matter production). There was no significant difference between treatments 4 and 5, which had the highest yield followed by treatments 2 and 3. The comparison between T2 and T3 showed that the application of a urease inhibitor avoids the need for a split application of urea, which decreases labour costs. Adding NI-1 (under T4) further increases the yield. Also, the package of NPK, a common choice by farmers in Austria, in combination with the nitrification inhibitor NI-2 showed equally good results as urea combined with two inhibitors. Based on the yield results, it can be concluded that N process inhibitors play a significant role in enhancing maize yields.

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The potential of tropical grass as a feed in ruminant by using an in vitro gas production

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201819706005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 197 ◽

pp. 06005

Author(s):

Nevyani Asikin ◽

Anuraga Jayanegara ◽

Muhamad Ridla ◽

Anjas Asmara Samsudin

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Block Design ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Gas Production ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

In Vitro Gas Production ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tropical Grass

Pennisetum purpoides is one of the most widely cultivated tropical forages and it is often used as animal feed in Indonesia. However, grass feeding could not fulfill the need of nutrients if served as single feed because it contained of high crude fiber and low protein. In terms of nutritional adequacy, animal feed should contain complete nutritional value in order to achieve an optimum productivity. This experiment aimed to elucidate the potential of tropical grass as a feed in ruminant by using an in vitro gas production technicque. The grasses were determined for proximate analysis, Van Soest fiber fractions (neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin), and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. This study was conducted from January until April 2018 at Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. This study used a randomized block design with 3 replications. There were three treatments tested in this study, i.e. (1) Pennisetum purpoides (T1), (2) Setaria splendida (T2), (3) Setaria anceps (T3). Parameters measured in the in vitro study is total gas production. Data were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan test if there was a significant difference among treatments. The data showed that gas production is not significantly different (P>0,05).

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