Chemical characteristics and digestibility of forage maize hybrids associated with foliar fungicide application

Maize forage is commonly used as silage in milk and beef cattle livestock production systems. Despite the wide variety of maize hybrids with high potential for grain production, few available hybrids have been developed exclusively for forage aptitude. The present study aimed to select S3 maize progenies derived from the single hybrid AS1572 based on the combining ability of forage traits in topcrosses with testers AG8025, 70.H26.1, and MLP102. The 135 resulting topcross hybrids were assessed in partial diallel in Guarapuava and Rio Bonito do Iguaçu, Paraná State, Brazil. Were evaluated the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF, %DM) and acid detergent fiber (ADF, %DM), forage dry matter yield (DMY, t ha-1), and in situ digestibility of forage dry matter (DIG, %DM). For all evaluated traits, the variability allowed us to select superior progenies. Progenies 3.1, 22.1, and 39.1stood out in terms of NDF, ADF, and DIG, whereas progenies 47.1, 73.1, 79.1, and 90.2 were efficient in increasing the forage dry matter yield. The testers AG8025 and 70.H26.1, of narrow genetic base, are the best to explore genetic variability among progenies.

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Degradability study of neutral detergent fiber of coast cross (Cynodon dactylon x Cynodon nlemfunensis)

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/s1413-70542007000400035 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 1184-1190 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Taciana Villela Savian ◽

Joel Augusto Muniz ◽

Luiz Henrique de Aquino ◽

Vera Lúcia Banys ◽

Daniel Furtado Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Confidence Intervals ◽

Incubation Time ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Block Design ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Parameter Estimates ◽

Degradation Model ◽

Early Stages ◽

Plot Design

The objective of this work was to fit the degradation model proposed by Orskov & McDonald (1979) to data of an in situ degradability trial. Neutral detergent fiber degradations (NDF) of coast cross grass (Cynodon dactylon x Cynodon nlemfunensis) were submitted to twelve cutting ages (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330 and 360 days) in a complete block design. At each cutting age, NDF degradation was investigated using nine incubation times (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours) in a split-plot design, taking cutting age as main plots and incubation time as subplots. Each plot comprised a non-lactating cow with a permanent ruminal fistula. Variances of the parameter estimates were also obtained, as well as expressions for the estimation of confidence intervals for parameters in the model. A good fit of the model to the data of neutral detergent fiber degradability in the most cutting ages was found. The cutting ages of the coast cross grass influenced the degradability of different fractions, benefiting early stages. In advanced cutting ages the parameters estimates were less precise.

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EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF BOTRYTIS SOIL LINE ROT IN SEED ONIONS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.6.917a ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 917A-917

Author(s):

Marvin D. Butler ◽

Fred J. Crowe

Keyword(s):

Foliar Application ◽

Block Design ◽

Untreated Seed ◽

Visual Rating ◽

Fungicide Application ◽

Significant Control ◽

Plastic Bags ◽

Treated Seed ◽

Botrytis Allii ◽

Foliar Fungicide

Fungicides, including Topsin M, Rovral, Ronilan, Ridomil/Bravo, TD 2350-1, CGA 219417, and a combination of Topsin M and TD 2350-1, were evaluated for control of Botrytis allii in a commercial field of hard, yellow, seed onions near Madras, Ore. The 10 × 25-ft split-plots were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design, with half the plot planted with Topsin M-treated seed prior to planting. Plots received a single fall fungicide application on 30 Sept. 1994, and two spring applications on 3 May and 13 May 1995. Stand counts were taken 4–6 Nov. 1994 and 21 Apr. 1995 to evaluate reduction in plant population over winter. Three row-foot of plants grown from untreated seed were removed and examined for lesions and sporulation 15–19 June 1995. Thirty-plant samples were taken from both plots with treated and untreated seed 17–21 July 1995. Botrytis was considered present if lesions plus sporulation were observed on the bulb at the time of sampling, or if sporulation developed on previously non-sporulating lesions within 3 days of storage in plastic bags at room temperature. A visual rating of plants that remained standing due to adequate root systems was conducted 24 July 1995. Bulb evaluation of non-seed-treated plots on 15–19 June indicated significant control of botrytis with TD 2350-1 over plots not receiving foliar fungicide application. Evaluation of non-seed-treated plots on 17–21 July indicated Topsin M, TD 2350-1, and a combination of the two fungicides provided significant disease control compared to plots without foliar application of fungicides. There were no significant differences between fall and spring stand counts, or between treated and untreated seed.

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Evaluation of different inclusion levels of dry live yeast impacts on various rumen parameters and in situ digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber in growing and finishing beef cattle

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz342 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (12) ◽

pp. 4987-4998 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Caitlyn M Cagle ◽

Luiz Fernando D Batista ◽

Robin C Anderson ◽

Mozart A Fonseca ◽

Matt D Cravey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Random Effect ◽

Gas Production ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Beneficial Result ◽

Ch4 Concentration ◽

Live Yeast

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of supplementing dry live yeast (LY; Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on in vitro gas production (IVGP) fermentation dynamics, pH, and CH4 concentration at 48 h, and in situ rumen parameters and digestibility of DM (DMD) and NDF (NDFD) of growing cattle during 3 feeding phases: grower (GRW) for 17 d (38% steamed-flaked corn; SFC), transition (TRANS) for 15 d (55.5% SFC: 1.2 Mcal/kg NEg), and finisher (FIN) for 13 d (73% SFC: 1.23 Mcal/kg NEg). Twenty British-crossbred, ruminally cannulated steers (183 kg ± 44 kg) 6 mo of age were blocked by weight into 5 pens containing Calan gate feeders and received a control (CON) diet (17.2% CP, 35.8% NDF, 86.7% DM) without LY on days −12 to 0. After that, animals were randomly assigned to treatments (TRT), 5 animals per TRT: CON or LY at inclusion rates of 5 g/d (LY1), 10 g/d (LY2), or 15 g/d (LY3) top dressed every morning at 0800 for 45 d. The DMD and NDFD were assessed during 7 separate collection days using in situ nylon bags containing 5 g of GRW, TRANS, or FIN diets, incubated at 1200 for 48 h. Protozoa counts (PC) were determined during 5 collection periods. Data were analyzed as a repeated measure within a randomized complete block design, assuming a random effect of the pen. For GRW, TRT altered the total gas production of the nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC; P = 0.045) and the fractional rate of degradation (kd) of the fiber carbohydrate (FC) pool (P = 0.001) in a cubic pattern (P ≤ 0.05): LY2 had the most gas production and fastest kd. TRT also influenced DMD (P = 0.035) and NDFD (P = 0.012) with LY2 providing the greatest digestibility. For TRANS, TRT tended to affect the NFC kd (P = 0.078) and influenced pH (P = 0.04) and DMD (P < 0.001) in which LY2 yielded the fastest kd, highest pH, and greatest DMD. For FIN, there was an effect of TRT on total gas production (P < 0.001) and kd (P = 0.004) of the NFC pool, FC kd (P = 0.012), in vitro CH4 concentration (P < 0.001), PC (P < 0.001), DMD (P = 0.039), and NDFD (P = 0.008). LY1 had the highest PC and provided the greatest DMD and NDFD. LY2 had the fastest kd of both the NFC and FC pools and had the least CH4 concentration. LY3 had the greatest NFC gas production. No specific dose–response pattern was observed, but 10 g/d provided the most beneficial result for all diets. We concluded that supplementation with LY affected IVGP as well as ruminal parameters and digestibilities.

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55 The influence of kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) age on in situ rumen degradation

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz053.194 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 85-85

Author(s):

Joseph Gulizia ◽

Kevin Downs ◽

Song Cui

Keyword(s):

Incubation Time ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Degradation Rate ◽

Block Design ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Late Season ◽

Rumen Degradation ◽

Pueraria Montana

Abstract Early and late season kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) leaves were collected to analyze dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in situ rumen disappearance to assess kudzu quality. Four studies were conducted during different growing seasons [2 repeated early season (ES); 2 repeated late season (LS) to determine age variability effects. Kudzu collected from 7 middle Tennessee counties were incubated in the rumen for designated lengths of time (0.25, 1, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h) to determine total rumen degradation (%) and rate of disappearance (% / h). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with repeated measures. Regression analysis was used to determine degradation rate. Overall season effects (across incubation times) for dry matter disappearance (DMD) were significantly different (P < 0.0001). Significant season by incubation time interactions were exhibited for total DMD at 12 (P < 0.0001), 24 (P = 0.0004), 36 (P = 0.0055), 48 (P = 0.0209), and 72 h (P = 0.0384) incubation, with an average rumen degradability of ES kudzu being 9.75% higher than LS between 12 and 72 h. Slope regression between 1 and 24 h determined a rumen degradation rate of 2.41% / h across both seasons, with no significant seasonal difference (P = 0.3396). These results are indicative that ES kudzu is more highly rumen degradable than LS, as evidenced by the significant season by incubation time interactions between 12 and 72 h of incubation. Although there are significant seasonal effects on kudzu DMD during certain incubation times, DMD overall for ES and LS is still indicative of high rumen degradability with an average of 81.45% at 72 h across both seasons. Season effects were minimal for NDF, ADF, and CP rumen disappearance.

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148 The influence of kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) age on in situ rumen degradation

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz053.085 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 38-38

Author(s):

Joseph Gulizia ◽

Kevin Downs ◽

Song Cui

Keyword(s):

Incubation Time ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Degradation Rate ◽

Block Design ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Late Season ◽

Rumen Degradation ◽

Pueraria Montana

Abstract Early and late season kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) leaves were collected to analyze dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in situ rumen disappearance to assess kudzu quality. Four studies were conducted during different growing seasons [2 repeated early season (ES); 2 repeated late season (LS) to determine age variability effects. Kudzu collected from 7 middle Tennessee counties were incubated in the rumen for designated lengths of time (0.25, 1, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h) to determine total rumen degradation (%) and rate of disappearance (% / h). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with repeated measures. Regression analysis was used to determine degradation rate. Overall season effects (across incubation times) for dry matter disappearance (DMD) were significantly different (P < 0.0001). Significant season by incubation time interactions were exhibited for total DMD at 12 (P < 0.0001), 24 (P = 0.0004), 36 (P = 0.0055), 48 (P = 0.0209), and 72 h (P = 0.0384) incubation, with an average rumen degradability of ES kudzu being 9.75% higher than LS between 12 and 72 h. Slope regression between 1 and 24 h determined a rumen degradation rate of 2.41% / h across both seasons, with no significant seasonal difference (P = 0.3396). These results are indicative that ES kudzu is more highly rumen degradable than LS, as evidenced by the significant season by incubation time interactions between 12 and 72 h of incubation. Although there are significant seasonal effects on kudzu DMD during certain incubation times, DMD overall for ES and LS is still indicative of high rumen degradability with an average of 81.45% at 72 h across both seasons. Season effects were minimal for NDF, ADF, and CP rumen disappearance.

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IRRIGATED MAIZE CROP: GRAIN YIELD IN TWO SOWING SEASONS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF TERESINA, PIAUÍ

Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo ◽

10.18512/rbms2020v19e1129 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

MILTON JOSÉ CARDOSO ◽

HÉLIO WILSON LEMOS CARVALHO ◽

LEONARDO MELO PEREIRA ROCHA ◽

LAURO MOREIRA GUIMARÃES ◽

PAULO EVARISTO GUIMARÃES

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Block Design ◽

Sprinkler Irrigation ◽

Maize Crop ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Sowing Season

The objective of this work was to evaluate commercial maize hybrids, under conventional sprinkler irrigation, in two sowing seasons (July and August 2017), in the municipality of Teresina, Piauí. A randomized block design was used, with two replications and 39 treatments (commercial maize hybrids). The characteristics evaluated were grain yield, water use efficiency, number of ears and number of grains per area. For the experiment with sowing done in July 2017, the average grain yield was 9.82 Mg ha-1 and the water use efficiency was 1.9 kg m-3, which are, respectively, 4.7 % and 15.8 % higher in relation to the experiment with sowing done in August 2017. Regardless of the sowing season, grain yields over 10.0 Mg ha-1 of three hybrids (LG 6418, CD 3880 PW and 2A 401 PW) stand out. The yield components, number of kernels per ear and grain mass per ear, show high values of correlation (over 0.80) with grain yield.

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Effect of variety and stage of maturity at harvest on nutrient and neutral detergent fiber digestibility of forage barley grown in western Canada

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2017-0060 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 98 (2) ◽

pp. 299-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jayakrishnan Nair ◽

Aaron D. Beattie ◽

David Christensen ◽

Peiqiang Yu ◽

Tim McAllister ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Starch Content ◽

Block Design ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Fiber Digestibility ◽

In Vitro Incubation ◽

Harvest Maturity ◽

Dough Stage

This study evaluated the effect of variety (V; CDC Cowboy, CDC Copeland, and Xena) and stage of harvest maturity (M; milk, early-, mid-, and hard-dough) on nutrient and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) characteristics of barley forage using a randomized complete block design with 3 × 4 factorial treatment arrangement. Barley varieties had similar crude protein, but CDC Cowboy had greater (P < 0.01) acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and lignin, and lower (P < 0.01) total digestible nutrient (TDN) content relative to Xena. Starch content of CDC Cowboy was lower (P < 0.01) than Xena at all stages of maturity with CDC Copeland intermediate at early- and mid-dough stages. Crude protein, ADF, NDF, and lignin content decreased (P < 0.01) while starch and TDN content increased (P < 0.01) with advancing maturity. Xena had greater (P < 0.01) NDFD, as determined by 6 h in vitro incubation using DaisyII system (NDFD6h), at milk, mid- and hard-dough stages of maturity than CDC Cowboy with CDC Copeland intermediate at mid-dough. However, CDC Cowboy had greater (P < 0.01) NDFD, as determined by 30 h in vitro incubation using DaisyII system (NDFD30h), at early-dough stage than Xena and greater NDFD30h at hard-dough stage than CDC Copeland. Xena had the lowest (P < 0.01) indigestible NDF based on 288 h ruminal in situ incubation (INDF288h), relative to CDC Copeland. These results indicate that to optimize NDFD30h, variety should be considered when deciding the timing of harvest.

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Botanical Composition and In Situ Dry Matter Degradability of Legume- Grass Mixture Pasture Fertilized with Different Amounts of Nitrogen

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v6i1.16-21.1413 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 16 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Numan Kılıçalp ◽

Mustafa Avcı ◽

Hatice Hızlı ◽

Rüştü Hatipoğlu ◽

Tugay Ayaşan

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Block Design ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Net Energy ◽

Botanical Composition ◽

Randomized Block Design

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilizer levels on botanical composition, dry matter (DM) yield, chemical composition, in situ ruminal DM and NDF degradability and net energy lactation (NEL) of a native legume-grass mixture pasture. Field and degradability trials were arranged in a Complete Randomized Block Design with three replicates. Pasture was fertilized at six levels of N fertilizer (ammonium nitrate, N0, N50, N100, N150, N200 and N250 kg/ha). Three rumen cannulated Holstein Friesian heifers (3-4 year old) were used. Feed samples were incubated for 0, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. Application of nitrogen fertilizer results indicated that nitrogen fertilizer decreased the legumes ratio (LR) of pasture, approximately 22.4%, Although N fertilizer increased the grass ratio (GR) of pasture approximately 55.8%. Dry matter (DM), Net energy lactation (NEL, Mcal/kg) and ash contents of pasture were increased by increasing N fertilizer level. However, when N fertilizer level increased acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentration of pasture decreased. Application of the different rate of nitrogen fertilizer had no effect on in situ rumen degradability of DM and NDF of pasture. It was also found that there was the significant positive relationship between effective NDF degradability at 48 h. rumen incubation period and different level of N fertilizer. In addition, it was determined that there was a linear and quadratic positive relationship between DM yield and different nitrogen doses. In conclusion, different rates of nitrogen application changed botanical composition, decreased ADF content and increased NEL and effective rumen degradability of neutral detergent fiber (EDNDF 48 h.) of pasture.

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In situ degradability of corn stover and elephant-grass harvested at four stages of maturity

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162008000600005 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 595-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Luis Felipe Prada e Silva ◽

Laerte Dagher Cassoli ◽

Luiz Carlos Roma Júnior ◽

Ana Carolina de Oliveira Rodrigues ◽

Paulo Fernando Machado

Keyword(s):

Corn Stover ◽

Block Design ◽

Leaf Sheath ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Pennisetum Purpureum ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Tropical Forages

Among tropical forages, corn silage is largely used by farmers trying to explore the maximum genetic potential from the animals. However, other tropical forages, such as elephant-grass (Pennisetum purpureum), are more productive and therefore cheaper to use than corn silage. Our objective was to compare the in situ degradability of elephant-grass with that from corn hybrids, all harvested at four stages of maturity. The experimental design followed a randomized block design with nested subplots. Two corn hybrids: AG5011, ZN8392 were harvested with 25, 30, 35, and 40% dry matter (DM) in the whole plant, and separated in stem + leaf sheath + leaf blade (stover), and cobs. Elephant-grass was harvested with 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after a leveling cut. Dried and ground samples were incubated in nylon bags inside the rumen for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h to estimate the kinetics of ruminal DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation. The advance of maturity increased the NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content in elephant-grass, and reduced its DM degradability. However, maturity had little or no effect on fiber content and DM degradability of corn stover. Elephant-grass had a higher NDF degradability than corn stover, and there was no effect of maturity on NDF degradability of either elephant-grass or corn stover. Fiber degradability of elephant-grass was not worse than that of corn stover, and therefore the choice of forage should be made on economical analysis rather than assuming an intrinsic low production potential for elephant-grass based diets.

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