TRANSITIONS FROM RICH-TO-LEAN SCHEDULES INCREASE ATTACK IN A LABORATORY MODEL OF SOCIAL AGGRESSION IN PIGEONS: I. FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULES

Two pigeons key pecked under a two-component multiple fixed-ratio (FR) FR schedule. Each component provided a different reinforcer magnitude (small or large) thatwhich was signaled by the color of the key light. Large- (rich) and small- (lean) reinforcer components randomly alternated to produce four different types of transitions between the size of the immediately preceding reinforcer and the size of the upcoming reinforcer: lean-to-lean, lean-to-rich, rich-to-lean, and rich-to-rich. During probe sessions, a mirror (which was covered during baseline sessions) was uncovered and attack responses toward the mirror were measured, along with the force of individual mirror attacks. The pigeons paused the longest, and attacked most frequently during the rich-to-lean transitions. The pigeons also exhibited some attacksh during lean-to-lean transitions, and pauses were longer during these transitions than during the lean-to-rich and rich-to-rich transitions. Pauses were short and attack infrequent during these last two transition types. In addition, attacks were more forceful during the rich-to-lean transitions thaen during the other transition types. These data are consistent with the view that rich-to-lean transitions function aversively and, as such, generate behavior patterns, including aggression, commonly produced by other aversive stimuli.

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TRANSITIONS FROM RICH-TO-LEAN SCHEDULES INCREASE ATTACK IN A LABORATORY MODEL OF SOCIAL AGGRESSION IN PIGEONS: II. FIXED-INTERVAL SCHEDULES.

Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta ◽

10.5514/rmac.v45.i2.75582 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 519-546

Author(s):

Raymond C. Pitts ◽

Christine E. Hughes ◽

Dean C. Williams

Keyword(s):

Aggressive Behavior ◽

Fixed Ratio ◽

Social Aggression ◽

Fixed Interval ◽

Laboratory Model ◽

Reinforcer Magnitude ◽

Reinforcement Interval ◽

Two Component ◽

The Rich ◽

Lean Conditions

Pigeons key pecked under two-component multiple fixed-interval (FI) schedules. Each component provided a different reinforcer magnitude (small or large), signaled by the color of the key light. Attacks toward a live, protected target pigeon were measured. Large- (rich) and small- (lean) reinforcer components alternated irregularly such that four different interval types (transitions) between the size of the immediately preceding reinforcer and the size of the upcoming reinforcer occurred within each session: lean-to-lean, lean-to-rich, rich-to-lean, and rich-torich transitions. The FI for each component was the same within each phase, but was manipulated across phases. For all pigeons, more attack occurred following the presentations of the larger reinforcer (i.e., during rich-to-lean and rich-to-rich transitions). For 2 of the 3 pigeons, this effect was modulated by the size of the upcoming reinforcer; attack following larger reinforcers was elevated when the upcoming reinforcer was small (i.e., during rich-to-lean transitions). This rich-to-lean effect on attack diminished or disappeared as the length of the FI schedule was increased (i.e., control over attack by the upcoming reinforcer size diminished with increases in the inter-reinforcement interval). For all pigeons and at all FIs, however, postreinforcement pauses were longest during the rich-to-lean transitions. These data (1) are consistent with the notion that postreinforcement periods during intermittent schedules function aversively and, thus, can precipitate aggressive behavior, and (2) suggest that rich-to-lean conditions may be especially aversive. They also indicate, however, that aversive effects of rich-to-lean transitions may differ across fixed-ratio (FR) and FI schedules, and that variables controlling attacking and pausing may not be isomorphic between these different schedule types.

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Samian Ware and Society in Roman Britain and Beyond

Britannia ◽

10.1017/s0068113x11000602 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 167-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Steven Willis

Keyword(s):

Large Body ◽

The Other ◽

Roman Britain ◽

Special Position ◽

Different Types ◽

The Rich ◽

Source Of Information ◽

The Way

AbstractSamian ware being widely present, of striking quality, and highly useful to the archaeologist has a special position within Roman studies. This article brings a large body of samian ware data together to explore the nature of its incidence at settlements and in graves. The examination shows how the nature of samian ware distribution is highly structured between different types of site and between different consumers. This is shown to be so in the case of both Britain and the other Western provinces. The findings raise issues around the use of samian ware in society and point the way to harnessing the rich potential of samian as a source of information as understanding of its utility for the archaeologist expands.

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Comparative Surface Imaging Study of Multifocal Diffractive Intraocular Lenses

Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde ◽

10.1055/a-1328-2550 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hyeck Soo Son ◽

Jung Min Lee ◽

Ramin Khoramnia ◽

Chul Young Choi

Keyword(s):

Imaging Study ◽

The Other ◽

Intraocular Lenses ◽

Optical Surface ◽

Diffractive Optic ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Acceptable Range ◽

Different Types ◽

Concentric Pattern

Abstract Purpose To analyse and compare the surface topography and roughness of three different types of diffractive multifocal IOLs. Methods Using scanning electron microscope (SEM, Inspect F, 5.0 KV, maximum magnification up to 20,000) and atomic force microscope (AFM, Park Systems, XE-100, non-contact, area profile comparison, 10 × 10 µm, 40 × 40 µm), the surface quality of the following diffractive IOLs was studied: the AcrySof IQ PanOptix (Alcon, USA), the AT LARA 829MP (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany), and Tecnis Symfony (Johnson&Johnson Vision, USA). The measurements were made over three representative areas (central non-diffractive optic, central diffractive optic, and diffractive step) of each IOL. Roughness profile in terms of mean arithmetic roughness (Ra) and root-mean-squared roughness (Rq) values were obtained and compared statistically. Results In SEM examination, all IOLs showed a smooth optical surface without any irregularities at low magnification. At higher magnification, Tecnis Symfony showed unique highly regular, concentric, and lineate structures in the diffractive optic area which could not be seen in the other studied diffractive IOLs. The differences in the measured Ra and Rq values of the Tecnis Symfony were statistically significant compared to the other models (p < 0.05). Conclusion Various different topographical traits were observed in three diffractive multifocal IOLs. The Ra values of all studied IOLs were within an acceptable range. Tecnis Symfony showed statistically significant higher surface Ra values at both central diffractive optic and diffractive step areas. Furthermore, compared to its counterparts, Tecnis Symfony demonstrated highly ordered, concentric pattern in its diffractive surfaces.

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RADIATION EXPOSURE TO THE BACK WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF APRONS

Radiation Protection Dosimetry ◽

10.1093/rpd/ncab044 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Seung Wan Hong ◽

Tae Won Kim ◽

Jae Hun Kim

Keyword(s):

Radiation Exposure ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Exposure Time ◽

The Other ◽

Lead Apron ◽

Type Group ◽

Air Kerma ◽

Different Types ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Physicians and nurses stand with their back towards the C-arm fluoroscope when using the computer, taking things out of closets and preparing drugs for injection or instruments for intervention. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the type of lead apron and radiation exposure to the backs of physicians and nurses while using C-arm fluoroscopy. We compared radiation exposure to the back in the three groups: no lead apron (group C), front coverage type (group F) and wrap-around type (group W). The other wrap-around type apron was put on the bed instead of on a patient. We ran C-arm fluoroscopy 40 times for each measurement. We collected the air kerma (AK), exposure time (ET) and effective dose (ED) of the bedside table, upper part and lower part of apron. We measured these variables 30 times for each location. In group F, ED of the upper part was the highest (p < 0.001). ED of the lower part in group C and F was higher than that in group W (p = 0.012). The radiation exposure with a front coverage type apron is higher than that of the wrap-around type and even no apron at the neck or thyroid. For reducing radiation exposure to the back of physician or nurse, the wrap-around type apron is recommended. This type of apron can reduce radiation to the back when the physician turns away from the patient or C-arm fluoroscopy.

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MITOTIC CROSSING OVER AND NONDISJUNCTION IN TRANSLOCATION HETEROZYGOTES OF ASPERGILLUS

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/82.4.605 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 82 (4) ◽

pp. 605-627

Author(s):

Etta Käfer

Keyword(s):

Selective Advantage ◽

The Other ◽

Translocation Chromosome ◽

Crossing Over ◽

Selective Marker ◽

Reciprocal Translocations ◽

Poor Growth ◽

Different Types ◽

Diploid Genotype ◽

One Step

ABSTRACT To analyze mitotic recombination in translocation heterozygotes of A. nidulans two sets of well-marked diploids were constructed, homo- or heterozygous for the reciprocal translocations T1(IL;VIIR) or T2(IL;VIIIR) and heterozygous for selective markers on IL. It was found that from all translocation heterozygotes some of the expected mitotic crossover types could be selected. Such crossovers are monosomic for one translocated segment and trisomic for the other and recovery depends on the relative viabilities of these unbalanced types. The obtained segregants show characteristically reduced growth rates and conidiation dependent on sizes and types of mono- and trisomic segments, and all spontaneously produce normal diploid sectors. Such secondary diploid types either arose in one step of compensating crossing over in the other involved arm, or—more conspicuously—in two steps of nondisjunction via a trisomic intermediate.—In both of the analyzed translocations the segments translocated to IL were extremely long, while those translocated from IL were relatively short. The break in I for T1(I;VII) was located distal to the main selective marker in IL, while that of T2(I;VIII) had been mapped proximal but closely linked to it. Therefore, as expected, the selected primary crossover from the two diploids with T2(I;VIII) in coupling or in repulsion to the selective marker, showed the same chromosomal imbalance and poor growth. These could however be distinguished visually because they spontaneously produced different trisomic intermediates in the next step, in accordance with the different arrangement of the aneuploid segments. On the other hand, from diploids heterozygous for T1(I;VII) mitotic crossovers could only be selected when the selective markers were in coupling with the translocation; these crossovers were relatively well-growing and produced frequent secondary segregants of the expected trisomic, 2n+VII, type. For both translocations it was impossible to recover the reciprocal crossover types (which would be trisomic for the distal segments of I and monosomic for most of groups VII or VIII) presumably because these were too inviable to form conidia.—In addition to the selected segregants of expected types a variety of unexpected ones were isolated. The conditions of selection used favour visual detection of aneuploid types, even if these produce only a few conidial heads and are not at a selective advantage. For T2(I;VIII) these "non-selected" unbalanced segregants were mainly "reciprocal" crossovers of the same phenotype and imbalance as the selected ones. For T1(I;VII) two quite different types were obtained, both possibly originating with loss of the small VII-Itranslocation chromosome. One was isolated when the selective marker in repulsion to T1(I;VII) was used and, without being homo- or hemizygous for the selective marker, it produced stable sectors homozygous for this marker. The other was obtained from both coupling and repulsion diploids and showed a near-diploid genotype; it produced practically only haploid stable sectors of the type expected from monosomics, 2n-1 for the short translocation chromosome.

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Development of Speech Recognition Systems in Emergency Call Centers

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym13040634 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 634

Author(s):

Alakbar Valizada ◽

Natavan Akhundova ◽

Samir Rustamov

Keyword(s):

Speech Recognition ◽

Markov Model ◽

Hidden Markov ◽

Call Centers ◽

The Other ◽

Language Models ◽

Emergency Call ◽

Acoustic Model ◽

Different Types ◽

Recognition Systems

In this paper, various methodologies of acoustic and language models, as well as labeling methods for automatic speech recognition for spoken dialogues in emergency call centers were investigated and comparatively analyzed. Because of the fact that dialogue speech in call centers has specific context and noisy, emotional environments, available speech recognition systems show poor performance. Therefore, in order to accurately recognize dialogue speeches, the main modules of speech recognition systems—language models and acoustic training methodologies—as well as symmetric data labeling approaches have been investigated and analyzed. To find an effective acoustic model for dialogue data, different types of Gaussian Mixture Model/Hidden Markov Model (GMM/HMM) and Deep Neural Network/Hidden Markov Model (DNN/HMM) methodologies were trained and compared. Additionally, effective language models for dialogue systems were defined based on extrinsic and intrinsic methods. Lastly, our suggested data labeling approaches with spelling correction are compared with common labeling methods resulting in outperforming the other methods with a notable percentage. Based on the results of the experiments, we determined that DNN/HMM for an acoustic model, trigram with Kneser–Ney discounting for a language model and using spelling correction before training data for a labeling method are effective configurations for dialogue speech recognition in emergency call centers. It should be noted that this research was conducted with two different types of datasets collected from emergency calls: the Dialogue dataset (27 h), which encapsulates call agents’ speech, and the Summary dataset (53 h), which contains voiced summaries of those dialogues describing emergency cases. Even though the speech taken from the emergency call center is in the Azerbaijani language, which belongs to the Turkic group of languages, our approaches are not tightly connected to specific language features. Hence, it is anticipated that suggested approaches can be applied to the other languages of the same group.

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Plausibility and Aesthetic Interpretation

Canadian Journal of Philosophy ◽

10.1080/00455091.1977.10717022 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 327-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Denis Dutton

Keyword(s):

Scientific Inquiry ◽

The Other ◽

Inquiry Science ◽

Works Of Art ◽

Different Types ◽

Logical Structures ◽

The One

If a catalogue were made of terms commonly used to affirm the adequacy of critical interpretations of works of art, one word certain to be included would be “plausible.” Yet this term is one which has received precious little attention in the literature of aesthetics. This is odd, inasmuch as I find the notion of plausibility central to an understanding of the nature of criticism. “Plausible” is a perplexing term because it can have radically different meanings depending on the circumstances of its employment. ln the following discussion, I will make some observations about the logic of this concept in connection with its uses in two rather different contexts: the context of scientific inquiry on the one hand, and that of aesthetic interpretation on the other. In distinguishing separate senses of “plausible,” I shall provide reason to resist the temptation to imagine that because logical aspects of two different types of inquiry—science and criticism—happen to be designated by the same term, they may to that extent be considered to have similar logical structures.

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Ironic Reprise in Galdós' Novels

PMLA ◽

10.2307/460354 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

pp. 233-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Monroe Z. Hafter

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Comparison of two types of inocula during acclimation and stable operation for nitrophenol biodegradation in an anaerobic-aerobic SBR

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2006.801 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 54 (10) ◽

pp. 39-45

Author(s):

A. Vargas ◽

D. González ◽

A. Estival ◽

G. Buitrón

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

The Other ◽

Stable Operation ◽

Reaction Phase ◽

Toxic Compound ◽

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Different Types ◽

Batch Bioreactors

This work presents a comparison of two inocula used for the acclimation of two anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch bioreactors used for toxic wastewater treatment. The bioreactors were acclimated with different types of sludge: one coming from an anaerobic wastewater treatment plant and the other one from a conventional aerobic activated sludge plant. The model toxic compound was p-nitrophenol, which is reduced to p-aminophenol during the initial anaerobic phase of the reaction, and later mineralized during a posterior aerated reaction phase. Biodegradation of the compounds was monitored using UV/Vis spectrophotometry. After acclimation stabilization of the sludge and of the process was also monitored. Results show that there is no significant difference in acclimation times and stability of the process between the two employed inocula, and thus an originally anaerobic inoculum presents no apparent advantage over a more easily accessible aerobic one.

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Escherichia coli O157:H7 SURVIVAL IN TRADITIONAL AND LOW LACTOSE YOGURT DURING FERMENTATION AND COOLING PERIODS

Ciência Animal Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1089-6891v18e-39554 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Camila Sampaio Cutrim ◽

Raphael Ferreira de Barros ◽

Robson Maia Franco ◽

Marco Antonio Sloboda Cortez

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

The Other ◽

Lactose Hydrolysis ◽

Escherichia Coli O157 ◽

E Coli ◽

Gas Formation ◽

Whole Milk ◽

Milk Contamination ◽

Different Types ◽

Fermentation Period

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the behavior of E. coli O157:H7 during lactose hydrolysis and fermentation of traditional and low lactose yogurt. It also aimed to verify E. coli O157:H7 survival after 12 h of storage at 4 ºC ±1 ºC. Two different types of yogurts were prepared, two with whole milk and two with pre-hydrolyzed whole milk; in both groups one yogurt was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and the other one was not inoculated. The survival of E. coli and pH of yogurt were determined during fermentation and after 12-h refrigeration. The results showed that E. coli O157:H7 was able to grow during the fermentation period (from 4.34 log CFU.mL-1 to 6.13 log CFU.mL-1 in traditional yogurt and 4.34 log CFU.mL-1 to 6.16 log CFU.mL-1 in low lactose yogurt). The samples with E. coli O157:H7 showed gas formation and syneresis. Thus, E. coli O157:H7 was able to survive and grow during fermentation of traditional and low lactose yogurts affecting the manufacture technology. Moreover, milk contamination by E. coli before LAB addition reduces the growth of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus especially when associated with reduction of lactose content.

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