scholarly journals Archimedes’ Principle and the Concept of Gravitation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Cavazzini
Keyword(s):  
Physical Interpretation ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
Material Body ◽  
Liquid Body ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Material Volume ◽  
The Difference

Simple experimental evidence shows that the current physical interpretation of the phenomenon of a solid material body floating on the surface of a liquid body - known as ‘Archimedes’ Principle’ - is not correct. As this interpretation is a consequence of the assumption that a volume of material, when immersed in a fluid, does not ‘lose’ its ‘weight’, what we believe of gravitational mechanical action is also not correct. A material volume immersed in a fluid is currently believed to be subjected to two mechanical actions, ‘gravitational mechanical action’ or ‘weight of the material volume’ and ‘Archimedes’ force’. This is not in fact correct: the material volume is subjected to only one mechanical action, proportional to volume and to the difference in density between the matter of the material volume and that of the fluid. We propose to call this mechanical action the ‘weight of the material volume in that fluid’, ceteris paribus. At the Earth’s surface, floating of a solid material volume B on the surface of a liquid volume is the result of the concurrent action of two ‘weights’, the ‘weight in air’ of the part of volume B which is immersed in air, directed downwards, and the ‘weight in the liquid’ of the part of volume B which is immersed in the liquid, directed upwards.

scholarly journals The Floating of a Body on the Surface of a Liquid: A Synthesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Cavazzini
Keyword(s):  
Physical Interpretation ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
Sign Changes ◽  
Material Volume ◽  
The Difference

The current physical interpretation of the phenomenon of floating of a body on the surface of a liquid - the so-called ’Archimedes’ Principle’ - is not correct. It is based on a assumption which is false, because it leads to contradict observed facts. A different physical interpretation is the correct interpretation, which is equivalent to the current one from the quantitative viewpoint, but significantly different from the physical viewpoint. When a volume of matter – a body - is immersed in a fluid, it 'loses' its own weight, i.e., it is no longer home to the downward-directed mechanical action of which the volume is home when it is immersed in a vacuum. Therefore, a material volume immersed in a fluid does not host two mechanical actions - the 'weight' of the volume itself, directed downwards, and the 'Archimedes' force', directed upwards – but a single mechanical action. The intensity of this action is proportional to the volume of the body and to the difference in density between the matter which constitutes the body and the matter which constitutes the fluid. The direction of this action is related to the sign of the difference between the two values of density, reversing as the sign changes from positive to negative and vice-versa. Since the intensity of this mechanical action is proportional to the difference in density between the matter which constitutes the body and the matter which constitutes the fluid, there is no mechanical action – i.e., the mechanical action ceases – if there is equilibrium in density between the matter of the body and the matter of the fluid. This indicates that the main cause of this mechanical action is a physical disequilibrium between the matter which constitutes the body and the matter which constitutes the fluid, i.e., a physical disequilibrium/relationship between matter which is in contact.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon Beyond this World

Radiocarbon ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Timothy Jull ◽  
Devendra Lal ◽  
George S Burr ◽  
Philip A Bland ◽  
Alexander W R Bevan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Material ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Parent Body ◽  
Secondary Alteration ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Extraterrestrial Materials ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
Terrestrial Material ◽  
Terrestrial Age

In this paper, we review the production of radiocarbon and other radionuclides in extraterrestrial materials. This radioactivity can be produced by the effects of solar and galactic cosmic rays on solid material in space. In addition, direct implantation at the lunar surface of 14C and other radionuclides can occur. The level of 14C and other radionuclides in a meteorite can be used to determine its residence time on the Earth's surface, or “terrestrial age”. 14C provides the best tool for estimating terrestrial ages of meteorites collected in desert environments. Age control allows us to understand the time constraints on processes by which meteorites are weathered, as well as mean storage times. Third, we discuss the use of the difference in 14C/12C ratio of organic material and carbonates produced on other planetary objects and terrestrial material. These differences can be used to assess the importance of distinguishing primary material formed on the parent body from secondary alteration of meteoritic material after it lands on the earth.

scholarly journals Archimedes’ Principle and Gravitation as a Spontaneous Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Cavazzini
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Physical Interpretation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
Essential Characteristic ◽  
Spontaneous Process ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Moving Bodies

A different physical interpretation of floating of bodies - the so-called “Archimedes’ Principle” - relates the gravitational process to its essential characteristic: its spontaneity. Gravity is a spontaneous physical process - similar, for example, to the process we interpret as ‘heat transfer’ between bodies at different temperature; similar to the process which occurs when masses of gas in contact with each other are at different pressures; similar to the process we call ‘friction’. Gravitation has all the characteristics shown by other spontaneous processes, and, like them, its cause is disequilibrium, between matter in contact, in a ‘quality’ of that matter. In the case of gravitation, the quality of matter is related to its intensive property we call ‘density’. Just as the process we call ‘heat transfer’ is the spontaneous process by means of which the Universe reduces and eliminates disequilibria that exist between its parts, due to differences in ‘temperature’, what we call ‘gravitation’ is the spontaneous process by means of which the Universe reduces and eliminates disequilibria between its parts, due to differences in ‘density’. This is achieved by moving bodies. Ceteris paribus, the process moves a body in the direction in which the difference in density between the matter of the body and the matter of the fluid surrounding the body is reduced.

The Origin of the Moon

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Ruskol
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solar System ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Origin Of The Moon

The difference between average densities of the Moon and Earth was interpreted in the preceding report by Professor H. Urey as indicating a difference in their chemical composition. Therefore, Urey assumes the Moon's formation to have taken place far away from the Earth, under conditions differing substantially from the conditions of Earth's formation. In such a case, the Earth should have captured the Moon. As is admitted by Professor Urey himself, such a capture is a very improbable event. In addition, an assumption that the “lunar” dimensions were representative of protoplanetary bodies in the entire solar system encounters great difficulties.

Selbstdifferenz in Praktiken

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Bedorf
Keyword(s):  
Practice Theory ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Lived Body ◽  
Material Body ◽  
Theories Of Practice ◽  
The Difference

The materiality of bodies is crucial for establishing theories of practice. To unfold the ‘black box’ of the performing body some theorists have implemented the difference between the lived body and the material body (Leib/Kçrper) in practice theory. This corporeal difference finds one systematic origin in phenomenology. It has come under attack for naturalising and subjectivising the lived body as a primordial category, and thus being unable to integrate to practice theory. It will be argued that critics can be refuted insofar as the corporeal difference is taken serious as a bodily experienced difference which is never to be reduced to some kind of objectivity.

III. On the figure, dimensions, and mean specific gravity of the Earth, as derived from the ordnance trigonometrical survey of Great Britain and Ireland

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

The Trigonometrical Survey of the United Kingdom commenced in the year 1784, under the immediate auspices of the Royal Society; the first base was traced by General Roy on the 16th of April of that year, on Hounslow Heath, in presence of Sir Joseph Banks, then President of the Society, and some of its most distinguished Fellows. The principal object which the Government had then in view, was the connexion of the Observatories of Paris and Greenwich by means of a triangulation, for the purpose of determining the difference of longitude between the two observatories.

Data Fusion of Total Solar Irradiance Composite Time Series Using 40 years of Satellite Measurements: First Results 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Montillet ◽  
Wolfgang Finsterle ◽  
Werner Schmutz ◽  
Margit Haberreiter ◽  
Rok Sikonja
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Data Fusion ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Total Solar Irradiance ◽  
Maunder Minimum ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Climate Reconstructions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
First Results ◽  
The Difference

<p><span>Since the late 70’s, successive satellite missions have been monitoring the sun’s activity, recording total solar irradiance observations. These measurements are important to estimate the Earth’s energy imbalance, </span><span>i.e. the difference of energy absorbed and emitted by our planet. Climate modelers need the solar forcing time series in their models in order to study the influence of the Sun on the Earth’s climate. With this amount of TSI data, solar irradiance reconstruction models  can be better validated which can also improve studies looking at past climate reconstructions (e.g., Maunder minimum). V</span><span>arious algorithms have been proposed in the last decade to merge the various TSI measurements over the 40 years of recording period. We have developed a new statistical algorithm based on data fusion.  The stochastic noise processes of the measurements are modeled via a dual kernel including white and coloured noise.  We show our first results and compare it with previous releases (PMOD,ACRIM, ... ). </span></p>

Violencia de (L) género: “Hacia una sofística de la materialidad de los cuerpos” / Violent gender: “To a sophistry of the materiality of bodies”

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (09) ◽  
pp. 83-97
Author(s):  
Claudio Reyes Lozano
Keyword(s):  
Gender Studies ◽  
Material Body ◽  
Aristotelian Logic ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Critical Gender Studies

Los estudios críticos de género sustancialistas desconocen su posición teórico-política en el momento de explayar algunas de sus hipótesis fundamentales. El presente estudio intenta dar cuenta de las consecuencias éticas que asume llevar hasta el final algunas de estas posiciones teóricas. Advertimos así que obras fundamentales de estos estudios se apropian con claridad, y sin saberlo, de una lógica aristotélica para tratar la asunción material del cuerpo, el sujeto y el género ¿Qué encontramos específicamente en esta lógica? Esta última se caracteriza por tener su raíz en una ontología inamovible, en donde cualquier intento de desbaratar el “ser” tiene como respuesta inmediata la exclusión violenta de la diferencia: concretamente observamos esto, dialogando tanto con colegas como legos, en la “violencia académica” pero también en la “violencia cotidiana” ¿Cómo salir del cierre metafísico que ha mantenido durante décadas la violencia y exclusión de aquello que se generó en primera instancia, paradójicamente, como argumentación de tolerancia y emancipación? Pensamos que deconstruyendo el discurso de género aristotélico podremos vislumbrar nuevas hipótesis y posiciones ético-políticas que no recurran, para validarse, a la exclusión violenta de nuevos cuerpos-sujetos-géneros. Some critical gender studies do not know their theoretical and political position at the time to developing some of their basic assumptions. This study attempts to explain the ethical consequences that lead to the end some of these theoretical positions. We realize that fundamental works of these studies clearly appropriating, and without knowing it, an aristotelian logic to justify the assumption of material body, the subject and gender. What specifically found in this logic? It is characterized to found on an immovable ontology, where any attempt to disrupt the “being” has as an immediate violent response to exclude the difference: specifically we observe this, dialoguing with colleagues and laymen, in the “academic violence” but also “everyday violence”. How to get out of the metaphysical closure that maintained for decades the violence and exclusion of what is generated in the first place, paradoxically, as argument of tolerance and emancipation? We think deconstructing the aristotelian discourse of gender can warn new hypotheses and ethical positions that not based, to validate, on a violent exclusion of new bodies-subject-genres positions.

INVESTIGATION OF THE ABSOLUTENESS OF TIME

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
S. Tiguntsev
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Gravitational Potential ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Relativistic Effect ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Clock Frequency ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Flow Of Time ◽  
The Difference

In classical physics, time is considered absolute. It is believed that all processes, regardless of their complexity, do not affect the flow of time The theory of relativity determines that the flow of time for bodies depends both on the speed of movement of bodies and on the magnitude of the gravitational potential. It is believed that time in space orbit passes slower due to the high speed of the spacecraft, and faster due to the lower gravitational potential than on the surface of the Earth. Currently, the dependence of time on the magnitude of the gravitational potential and velocity (relativistic effect) is taken into account in global positioning systems. However, studying the relativistic effect, scientists have made a wrong interpretation of the difference between the clock frequency of an orbiting satellite and the clock frequency on the Earth's surface. All further studies to explain the relativistic effect were carried out according to a similar scenario, that is, only the difference in clock frequencies under conditions of different gravitational potentials was investigated. While conducting theoretical research, I found that the frequency of the signal changes along the way from the satellite to the receiver due to the influence of Earth's gravity. It was found that the readings of two high-precision clocks located at different heights will not differ after any period of time, that is, it is shown that the flow of time does not depend on the gravitational potential. It is proposed to conduct full-scale experiments, during which some high-precision clocks are sent aboard the space station, while others remain in the laboratory on the surface of the earth. It is expected that the readings of the satellite clock will be absolutely identical to the readings of the clock in the Earth laboratory.

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