Livelihood Strategies for Coping with Land Loss among Households in Vietnam's Sub-Urban Areas

The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of household income following the loss of land owing to urban expansion in central Vietnam. Using data mainly from household surveys in the peri-urban areas of Hue city, the regression model indicates that demographic factors and livelihood strategy choices have important impacts on household income; financial compensation and support packages do not appear to be strong determinants of household income after the loss of land. This implies a failure of the current compensation programmes in the process of compulsory land acquisition, because the government believes that compensation packages make important contributions to livelihood reconstruction. This study suggests that investing in education and skill training for household members affected by land loss as well as assistance in converting compensation money into an adequate livelihood should be taken into consideration.

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Resilience through Adaptation: Innovations in Maasai Livelihood Strategies

Nomadic Peoples ◽

10.3197/np.2021.250206 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 278-311

Author(s):

Jacques Pollini ◽

John G. Galaty

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Small Towns ◽

Economic Stress ◽

Livelihood Strategies ◽

Land Loss ◽

Economic Resilience ◽

Territorial Expansion ◽

Livelihood Systems ◽

Increase Productivity ◽

Adaptive Cycles

This article examines strategies adopted by Maasai and other pastoralists in Kenya to adapt to climate change, population growth, land loss, decreasing livestock holdings and land degradation, aimed at achieving greater socio-economic resilience. Using case studies mostly from Narok County and reviewing the increasingly rich literature on pastoralism and conservation in East Africa, we show that pastoralists employ three main strategies to adapt their livelihood systems: intensification (changes in land use systems to increase productivity per hectare); extensification (through territorial expansion into unoccupied areas or territories of neighbouring communities in our cases); and diversification (the combination of pastoralism with other livelihood strategies, mainly farming, conservation, tourism, business and wage jobs, often through migration to small towns or urban centres). Maasai communities have been quick to adopt these strategies, individually or in combination, in order to overcome ecological and socio-economic stress and to pursue opportunities as they arise. Since these strategies are generally compatible with extensive pastoralism, this land use will continue to play a key role in sustaining the livelihoods of people living in semi-arid and arid rangelands. However, when intensification and diversification through the adoption of ranching and farming occur, the rangeland becomes fragmented, with severe impacts on wildlife. In such cases, incentives for sustaining conservation and wildlife tourism will need to increase to compensate land holders for foregoing these more intensive land uses, thus moving towards reconciliation of ecological sustainability and strengthened livelihoods. These findings are illuminated by Gunderson and Holling's (2002) panarchy model and its nested adaptive cycles, where resilience is achieved by providing for change through loosening and reorganising connections between elements in the system.

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Exploring the Livelihoods of Internally Displaced Persons in Kachin State, Myanmar

10.26686/wgtn.17148899.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Htu Tawng Lazum

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Partial Solution ◽

Livelihood Strategies ◽

Internally Displaced Persons ◽

Displaced Persons ◽

Short Term ◽

Internally Displaced ◽

Long Run ◽

Emergency Assistance

The issue of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) is a global crisis yet little research has been focused on the issue of the livelihoods of IDPs. Providing short-term emergency assistance is not enough when the period of displacement becomes permanent or longer than expected. IDPs need long-term solutions in order to resume a normal life. Pursuing appropriate livelihoods in urban areas is a big challenge yet constructing potential livelihoods is fundamental to achieving decent living not only for short-term situations but also for the long run. The lack of access to livelihoods is one of the most serious obstacles to durable solutions for IDPs, and long-term livelihood strategies are needed to lay the foundation for future development. This study explores Kachin IDPs in Myanmar and their livelihood strategies and activities in urban camps by applying qualitative methods, the study focuses on how IDPs have been building their livelihoods during their displacement and who has been involved in supporting their livelihoods. This research also seeks insight into the effectiveness and sustainability of those livelihood activities and other potential strategies. Results show that most livelihood activities are supported by both local and international humanitarian and development agencies and are mainly undertaken through local organisations. Agriculture and livestock rearing are preferred livelihoods of IDPs although getting appropriate land is challenging in urban areas. Income-generating programmes such as food processing, carpentry and bamboo handicrafts are also popular and successful activities. Moreover, tailoring, brick making, and pig rearing are also effective and helpful livelihoods for individuals. Those who are involved in livelihood support activities receive benefits and advantages for their family and daily needs while the majority of IDPs are working in day labouring. Respondents believe current livelihood activities can become sustainable as long as they maintain the quality of the products. Some IDPs have adapted to the city environment quite well by applying their capacity and the skills they learnt from humanitarian organisations. Supporting livelihood strategies may not resolve the problems of IDPs, however, it is an effective partial solution.

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Market Gardening as a Livelihood Strategy: a Case Study of Rural-Urban Migrants in Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia

10.26686/wgtn.16920949 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Sarah Wong

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Livelihood Strategies ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Urban Centre ◽

Alternative Employment ◽

Urban Migrants ◽

Fresh Vegetables ◽

Market Gardening

This research investigates the role market gardening plays in the livelihood strategies of rural-urban migrants. It contributes to the literature on market gardening, livelihood strategies and migration by positioning market gardening as a highly flexible and adaptable mechanism for managing the rural-urban transition among households with few labour alternatives. Such perspective elevates market gardening from simply being a land use category to being an active instrument in the management of rural-urban migration processes. The expanding urban centre of Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia is used as a case study of a rapidly expanding small town in a predominantly rural domain. Market gardening emerges as an important source of income for both individuals and households as rural-urban migrants negotiate the transition between farming and urban settlement. Many rural-urban migrants adopt market gardening or associated market selling as their first employment in urban centres. First generation migrants often have low off-farm skills which limit their ability to take on alternative occupations. While a rise in market gardening activity is enabled by a growth in demand for fresh vegetables, in the context of Sarawak it is also heavily influenced by the involvement of the state that actively encourages participation, provides advice to farmers and offers subsidies. The expansion of roads from rural to urban areas also plays an important role in improving market gardeners access to urban markets, as well as their access to material inputs. At the same time, increased access has heightened competition by attracting new entrants to urban vegetable markets. Interviews with 10 sellers and 30 market gardeners from Kapit were conducted in 2004. In contrast to market gardening in larger centres documented in the literature, this small isolated town case identifies market gardeners as typically middle-aged, rural-urban migrant women with limited education and employment skills other than subsistence farming. Market gardening and associated selling is adopted because they are unable to acquire alternative employment to support their household and children’s education. As such, market gardening in the urban setting is a logical extension of the woman’s role as the primary farmer in rural areas.

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Market Gardening as a Livelihood Strategy: a Case Study of Rural-Urban Migrants in Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia

10.26686/wgtn.16920949.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Sarah Wong

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Livelihood Strategies ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Urban Centre ◽

Alternative Employment ◽

Urban Migrants ◽

Fresh Vegetables ◽

Market Gardening

This research investigates the role market gardening plays in the livelihood strategies of rural-urban migrants. It contributes to the literature on market gardening, livelihood strategies and migration by positioning market gardening as a highly flexible and adaptable mechanism for managing the rural-urban transition among households with few labour alternatives. Such perspective elevates market gardening from simply being a land use category to being an active instrument in the management of rural-urban migration processes. The expanding urban centre of Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia is used as a case study of a rapidly expanding small town in a predominantly rural domain. Market gardening emerges as an important source of income for both individuals and households as rural-urban migrants negotiate the transition between farming and urban settlement. Many rural-urban migrants adopt market gardening or associated market selling as their first employment in urban centres. First generation migrants often have low off-farm skills which limit their ability to take on alternative occupations. While a rise in market gardening activity is enabled by a growth in demand for fresh vegetables, in the context of Sarawak it is also heavily influenced by the involvement of the state that actively encourages participation, provides advice to farmers and offers subsidies. The expansion of roads from rural to urban areas also plays an important role in improving market gardeners access to urban markets, as well as their access to material inputs. At the same time, increased access has heightened competition by attracting new entrants to urban vegetable markets. Interviews with 10 sellers and 30 market gardeners from Kapit were conducted in 2004. In contrast to market gardening in larger centres documented in the literature, this small isolated town case identifies market gardeners as typically middle-aged, rural-urban migrant women with limited education and employment skills other than subsistence farming. Market gardening and associated selling is adopted because they are unable to acquire alternative employment to support their household and children’s education. As such, market gardening in the urban setting is a logical extension of the woman’s role as the primary farmer in rural areas.

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Geospatial Analysis of Agriculture Land Loss in Qena City, Upper Egypt

International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research ◽

10.4018/ijagr.2021100103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 40-57

Author(s):

Mostafa Kamal Kamel Mosleh ◽

Khaled Mohmmad Amin Hazaymeh

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Support Vector ◽

Land Loss ◽

Landsat Images ◽

Index Set ◽

Upper Egypt ◽

Agriculture Land ◽

Local Decision

Although urbanization presents opportunities for new urban developments, it may have serious problems on environment and land use/cover patterns. The present study aims to evaluate the performance of built‑up delineation index set (BDIS) for mapping agricultural land loss in Upper Egypt. Three Landsat images were obtained for the years 1986, 2000, and 2016 and utilized as inputs to calculate the BDIS variables. Then a supervised classification technique (i.e., support vector machine) was used to classify the images. The findings showed that urban areas have witnessed a dramatic expansion at a growing rate of 44.1% during the 30 years. As a result, the loss of the agricultural land was found to be approximately 64.83 ha, which represents -4%, during the same period because of the urban expansion and the illegal construction of settlements. These findings would support the local decision makers in urban and agriculture land management authorities to develop sustainable development plans that control the spatiotemporal urban expansion and agricultural land loss.

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Telecoupled Sustainable Livelihoods in an Era of Rural–Urban Dynamics: The Case of China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11092716 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 2716

Author(s):

Wenjia Peng ◽

Brian E. Robinson ◽

Hua Zheng ◽

Cong Li ◽

Fengchun Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Policy Development ◽

Livelihood Strategies ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Sustainable Livelihood ◽

Urban Dynamics ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Rural Livelihood ◽

Future Policy

Recently, increasingly sophisticated studies have investigated the relationship between agrarian livelihoods and the environment, as well as rural–urban interactions in developing countries. The policies developed to respond to these dynamics can constrain livelihood options or provide additional opportunities. In the present study, using a modified version of the telecoupled sustainable livelihood framework to generalize dynamic livelihood strategies in the context of rural–urban transformation and by focusing on recent research in China, we review important factors that shape rural livelihood strategies as well as the types of strategies that typically intersect with livelihood and environmental dynamics. We then examine telecoupled rural–urban linkages given that the dynamics of the livelihood strategies of farmers can cause flows of labor, capital, ecosystem services, and other processes between rural and urban areas, thereby placing livelihood strategies in a dynamic context, which has not been considered widely in previous research. We show that most previous studies focused on the reduction of environmental impacts via livelihood diversification and rural–urban migration. We propose several areas for future policy development and research.

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Sustainable Livelihood Strategies: How Urban Community Resilient Towards Disaster?

Indonesian Journal of Geography ◽

10.22146/ijg.50530 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 246

Author(s):

Navila Ulfi Fauziyanti ◽

Dyah Rahmawati Hizbaron

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Disaster Risk ◽

Livelihood Strategies ◽

Disaster Risk Management ◽

Sustainable Livelihood ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Sustainable Livelihood Approach ◽

Small Medium Enterprises ◽

Medium Enterprises

It has been more than a decade after 5.9 SR earthquakes hit one of the most destructed area Tembi Hamlet, Bantul District, Yogyakarta Province. Amidst the wreaking havoc, the area gained its resilient in no time. This research, aimed to 1) explore what are the factors influential towards local resilient, especially micro-small-medium enterprises; and 2) analyze strategies to tackle disaster. It employed mix method, while the key questions were developed using “Sustainable Livelihood Approach” by DFID, geared with “Pentagram Asset” mapping for each spatial and temporal unit. The result revealed that 1) the micro-small-medium enterprises in urban area are resilient towards earthquake due to fair physical, natural and financial assets management and abundant social, human and political assets. These assets have created enabling environment towards behavioral change of urban society; 2) Despite various livelihood strategies existed in urban areas, the research highlighted three types of livelihood strategies within disaster risk management perspective, i.e. survival (disaster), consolidation by no-change plan mechanism and accumulation strategies by change plan mechanism (post disaster). Critically, pentagram assessment is able to identify feasible local assets and activities, however it left the policy, institution, interaction and multi sector aspects from the spotlight. Herewith, the research proposes evaluation scan to rethinking sustainable livelihood approach within disaster risk management by adding these aspects into the observation. It also revealed that local autonomous initiatives to extend urban based economic activities and supported by abundant political interest play pivotal role in disaster management at developing countries.

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Exploring the Livelihoods of Internally Displaced Persons in Kachin State, Myanmar

10.26686/wgtn.17148899 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Htu Tawng Lazum

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Partial Solution ◽

Livelihood Strategies ◽

Internally Displaced Persons ◽

Displaced Persons ◽

Short Term ◽

Internally Displaced ◽

Long Run ◽

Emergency Assistance

The issue of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) is a global crisis yet little research has been focused on the issue of the livelihoods of IDPs. Providing short-term emergency assistance is not enough when the period of displacement becomes permanent or longer than expected. IDPs need long-term solutions in order to resume a normal life. Pursuing appropriate livelihoods in urban areas is a big challenge yet constructing potential livelihoods is fundamental to achieving decent living not only for short-term situations but also for the long run. The lack of access to livelihoods is one of the most serious obstacles to durable solutions for IDPs, and long-term livelihood strategies are needed to lay the foundation for future development. This study explores Kachin IDPs in Myanmar and their livelihood strategies and activities in urban camps by applying qualitative methods, the study focuses on how IDPs have been building their livelihoods during their displacement and who has been involved in supporting their livelihoods. This research also seeks insight into the effectiveness and sustainability of those livelihood activities and other potential strategies. Results show that most livelihood activities are supported by both local and international humanitarian and development agencies and are mainly undertaken through local organisations. Agriculture and livestock rearing are preferred livelihoods of IDPs although getting appropriate land is challenging in urban areas. Income-generating programmes such as food processing, carpentry and bamboo handicrafts are also popular and successful activities. Moreover, tailoring, brick making, and pig rearing are also effective and helpful livelihoods for individuals. Those who are involved in livelihood support activities receive benefits and advantages for their family and daily needs while the majority of IDPs are working in day labouring. Respondents believe current livelihood activities can become sustainable as long as they maintain the quality of the products. Some IDPs have adapted to the city environment quite well by applying their capacity and the skills they learnt from humanitarian organisations. Supporting livelihood strategies may not resolve the problems of IDPs, however, it is an effective partial solution.

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Multilevel Modeling of Rural Livelihood Strategies from Peasant to Village Level in Henan Province, China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10092967 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 2967 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Le Zhang ◽

Chuanqing Liao ◽

Huan Zhang ◽

Xiaobo Hua

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Henan Province ◽

Livelihood Strategies ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Young Generation ◽

Farm Work ◽

Village Level ◽

Rural Livelihood ◽

Multi Level

With the rapid development of China’s economy, Chinese peasants now have a growing number of livelihood choices. Rural livelihood strategies are primarily a matter of choice, while the characteristics of the household and village may affect the decision-making process. However, until now, there has been a lack of empirical studies that have been carried out for the identification of the multi-level determinants of rural livelihood strategies. To fill this gap, this paper applies multi-level modeling approach to model rural livelihood strategies in Henan Province, China. The results show that rural livelihood strategies have insignificant between-group variability at the household level, and significant between-group variability at the village level, with the variance at the peasant level accounting for the largest proportion of the total variance. Younger peasants who are male and have a higher education level are more likely to engage in only off-farm work, while peasants with the opposite characteristics are more likely to engage in only on-farm work. Pluriactive peasants integrate the characteristics of the other two groups, and generally live closer to urban areas than the others. In order to reduce rural income inequality and sustain agricultural production, the Chinese government should design effective policies to make farming an appealing livelihood choice, particularly for the young generation.

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