Anaphylactic shock in children and adolescents

Modern views about the various causes of the development of anaphylactic shock in children and adolescents, the classification of anaphylactic shock based on the pathophysiological mechanisms of the development are observed in the survey. The algorithm of the diagnosis of anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock, the emergency assistance and further management of patients with anaphylactic shock, as well as the issues of its prevention are presented.

Exploring the Livelihoods of Internally Displaced Persons in Kachin State, Myanmar

<p>The issue of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) is a global crisis yet little research has been focused on the issue of the livelihoods of IDPs. Providing short-term emergency assistance is not enough when the period of displacement becomes permanent or longer than expected. IDPs need long-term solutions in order to resume a normal life. Pursuing appropriate livelihoods in urban areas is a big challenge yet constructing potential livelihoods is fundamental to achieving decent living not only for short-term situations but also for the long run. The lack of access to livelihoods is one of the most serious obstacles to durable solutions for IDPs, and long-term livelihood strategies are needed to lay the foundation for future development. This study explores Kachin IDPs in Myanmar and their livelihood strategies and activities in urban camps by applying qualitative methods, the study focuses on how IDPs have been building their livelihoods during their displacement and who has been involved in supporting their livelihoods. This research also seeks insight into the effectiveness and sustainability of those livelihood activities and other potential strategies. Results show that most livelihood activities are supported by both local and international humanitarian and development agencies and are mainly undertaken through local organisations. Agriculture and livestock rearing are preferred livelihoods of IDPs although getting appropriate land is challenging in urban areas. Income-generating programmes such as food processing, carpentry and bamboo handicrafts are also popular and successful activities. Moreover, tailoring, brick making, and pig rearing are also effective and helpful livelihoods for individuals. Those who are involved in livelihood support activities receive benefits and advantages for their family and daily needs while the majority of IDPs are working in day labouring. Respondents believe current livelihood activities can become sustainable as long as they maintain the quality of the products. Some IDPs have adapted to the city environment quite well by applying their capacity and the skills they learnt from humanitarian organisations. Supporting livelihood strategies may not resolve the problems of IDPs, however, it is an effective partial solution.</p>

Exploring the Livelihoods of Internally Displaced Persons in Kachin State, Myanmar

<p>The issue of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) is a global crisis yet little research has been focused on the issue of the livelihoods of IDPs. Providing short-term emergency assistance is not enough when the period of displacement becomes permanent or longer than expected. IDPs need long-term solutions in order to resume a normal life. Pursuing appropriate livelihoods in urban areas is a big challenge yet constructing potential livelihoods is fundamental to achieving decent living not only for short-term situations but also for the long run. The lack of access to livelihoods is one of the most serious obstacles to durable solutions for IDPs, and long-term livelihood strategies are needed to lay the foundation for future development. This study explores Kachin IDPs in Myanmar and their livelihood strategies and activities in urban camps by applying qualitative methods, the study focuses on how IDPs have been building their livelihoods during their displacement and who has been involved in supporting their livelihoods. This research also seeks insight into the effectiveness and sustainability of those livelihood activities and other potential strategies. Results show that most livelihood activities are supported by both local and international humanitarian and development agencies and are mainly undertaken through local organisations. Agriculture and livestock rearing are preferred livelihoods of IDPs although getting appropriate land is challenging in urban areas. Income-generating programmes such as food processing, carpentry and bamboo handicrafts are also popular and successful activities. Moreover, tailoring, brick making, and pig rearing are also effective and helpful livelihoods for individuals. Those who are involved in livelihood support activities receive benefits and advantages for their family and daily needs while the majority of IDPs are working in day labouring. Respondents believe current livelihood activities can become sustainable as long as they maintain the quality of the products. Some IDPs have adapted to the city environment quite well by applying their capacity and the skills they learnt from humanitarian organisations. Supporting livelihood strategies may not resolve the problems of IDPs, however, it is an effective partial solution.</p>

Policy Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Food Insecurity in Rural America: Evidence from Appalachia

Rural communities are disproportionally affected by food insecurity, making them vulnerable to the consequences of supply disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. While access to food was initially diminished due to food supply disruptions, little is known about the mechanisms through which federal emergency assistance programs impacted food access in rural populations. Through a series of five focus groups in spring 2021, we examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food access in a rural Appalachian community in Kentucky. Data were analyzed using a Grounded Theory Approach. Findings revealed the following four primary themes: food scarcity in grocery stores; expanded federal food assistance; expanded community food resources; and expanded home gardening. Participants provided details regarding the way increased federal assistance, especially expanded benefits within the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, allowed them to purchase greater quantities of nutritious food. This study unveils the specific impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on one rural population, including the influence of some social determinants of health on food insecurity. Policymakers and stakeholders should recognize the layered protection of multiple federal emergency assistance programs against food insecurity and the potential for long-term population health promotion in rural areas.

Strengthening External Emergency Assistance for Managing Extreme Events, Systemic, and Transboundary Risks in Asia

External emergency assistance (EEA) provided in the aftermath of a disaster has costs and benefits to the donor and recipient countries. Donors benefit from quick recovery feedback effects from the trade and cultural links, and recipient countries have additional resources to manage the emergency. However, EEA costs could outweigh the benefits. Costs include dependency, low development of risk reduction capacity, and staff burdened with managing the assistance as opposed to managing the recovery. Current efforts to reduce dependency on EEA are not sufficient; they are based on limited past experiences with extreme events and are not based on the understanding of future risks. In this article, we present the concept of a climate fragility risk index showing factors that affect a country’s predisposition to be fragile to climate change threats and we suggest that countries with a high climate fragility risk index tend to depend on EEA. Further, the article presents the concept of critical thresholds for extreme events as a metric to identify possible dependency on EEA. In addition, based on expert and policy consultations organized in the Philippines and Pakistan, we identify measures that can enhance the effectiveness of EEA including targeted EEA provision, better integration of lessons learned from the relief stage into the rest of the DRR operations, proper documentation of past assistance experiences and consideration of these lessons for the improvement of EEA in the future, as well as developing tools such as critical threshold concepts that can better guide the donor and recipient countries on more effective delivery of EEA.

The World Food Programme

The World Food Programme (WFP) has emerged as the world’s largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security. The chapter explores how the need for emergency assistance has increased to meet growing humanitarian needs, and particularly its relationship to conflicts. We explore the evolution of WFP’s objectives from internationalizing US food aid, as a pilot program in FAO, into a full-fledged, multilateral organization, delivering emergency assistance while addressing the disincentive effects of food aid on domestic food production, with substantial evolution from aid in-kind to cash transfers, and from emergency aid to building capacity of developing countries to address their own emergencies. WFP has filled a void that would have existed had it not responded rapidly and innovatively to meet the growing needs of emergency assistance, now serving the largest displaced and refugee population in the world. The chapter also demonstrates the differences between development aid and emergency assistance. For its achievements, WFP was awarded the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize. The Nobel Prize has also highlighted the need to address the underlying issues of peace and security, without which, the need for emergency aid will continue to grow. The chapter shows how cooperation across international and bilateral organizations has evolved and where it needs to go in the future.

On the functioning of the «System of emergency assistance to the population on a single telephone number 112»: foreign experience and opportunities for its use in Ukraine.

The article analyzes the positive foreign experience of the emergency assistance system to the single telephone number 112. It has been established that the main purpose of implementing the system of emergency assistance to the single telephone number 112 in Ukraine is to provide timely assistance to European level with the ability to communicate in foreign languages, prompt involvement of necessary emergency services, which is a decisive factor in providing assistance, emergency response. The study examines the structure of emergency response centers and their main powers. The main function of any emergency response center is to receive calls to the emergency number 112 and to refer the relevant units to assist the applicant or other persons who find themselves in an emergency. The functions of regional centers also include providing information to the public on issues that are not classified as emergency. The article also considers the issues of training employees who receive calls to the single emergency number 112, their interaction with each other during the performance of duties at emergency response centers, as well as their interaction with employees who directly provide assistance to scene. It is established that the training of operators who organize the rescue operation is carried out at the police academy. An appropriate operator training center has been set up for their training at the academy. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that the use of positive foreign experience allows to quickly and effectively achieve international standards of emergency care.

"Let's Consider What has Been Done" — the Limits of Admissibility in Simulation Learning

Practical preparation for primary specialized accreditation is not always available to the trainees of the professional retraining cycle. Most of the specialists undergo independent training using video tutorials posted on Internet resources. The analysis of the quality of the video manuals created according to the passport of the OSCE "emergency medical aid" station in the most cases showed the formality of the implementation of practical skills in the provision of emergency assistance. As a result, the accredited did not demonstrate the fulfillment of practical skills, but only indicated it, being guided by the principle "Let's consider that has been done".

ENDOSCOPIC CORRECTION OF IATROGENIC TRACHEA INJURIES IN SMALL PETS

Today, the veterinarian is increasingly in veterinary practice began to use new modern technologies for the treatment of small pets, using modern equipment for medical manipulations. At present, a modern operating room can no longer be imagined without a ventilator and a device for giving inhalation anesthesia. But, even new modern equipment and modern drugs for performing anesthesia cannot protect against medical errors. One of the most important manipulations is the ability to correctly place the endotracheal tube to perform resuscitation or give inhalation anesthesia. The percentage of iatrogenic injuries during this procedure reaches 2.5 % and is complicated by bleeding and blood aspiration, which requires emergency assistance, primarily with the use of endosoepic technologies.

MEDICAL DRONES — AN INNOVATION OF THE PUBLIC DISASTER MEDICINE SERVICE

Summary. Purpose. Investigate the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the interests of providing emergency assistance to the population. Consider unmanned aerial vehicles as a tool for medical protection of victims in emergency situations. Materials and methods. The study used regulatory documents, scientific publications. The analysis of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for medical protection of the population in Ukraine and the leading countries of the world is carried out. Results. On the basis of the analysis, the advantages of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles as a tool for the medical protection of victims have been determined. The prospects for the further development of unmanned aircraft for work in the emergency zone are considered.