scholarly journals Pragmatic Empathy as a Grand Strategy in Business Letter Writing

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Xu Zhanghong ◽  
Wang Qian
Keyword(s):  
Mitigation Strategy ◽  
Letter Writing ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Manual Analysis ◽  
Business Discourse ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Pragmatic Strategies

This paper examines the employment of pragmatic empathy as a grand strategy in business letter writing. To account for the realization of pragmatic empathy in business letters, we make a corpus-based manual analysis of four types of business letters. It is found that (1) the choice of deixis is a major concern in most letters: while second person is often used in competitive letters, first or third person frequently appears in other three types of letters; (2) conventionalized indirectness strategy is often used in competitive business letters while mitigation strategy is preferred in conflictive business letters; (3) the employment of different strategies is an adaptation to various empathetic concerns in business letter writing. It is concluded that different types of business letters are characterized by different pragmatic strategies to achieve empathy. This paper, which is an attempt to investigate business letters from the empathy perspective, sheds light on business discourse research in general and business letter writing in particular.

Playing with pronouns in French maternal speech to prelingual infants

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Rabain-Jamin ◽  
Emilie Sabeau-Jouannet
Keyword(s):  
Free Play ◽  
Semantic Context ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Meaningful Activity ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Maternal Speech ◽  
The Third Person

ABSTRACTConventional and displaced uses of pronouns in maternal speech to refer to the baby were investigated in a developmental study of six mother—infant dyads using video-recordings of their free play at three, seven and ten months. These pronominal uses were analysed in a number of semantic contexts to determine how interactive situations influence the use of different types of pronouns. Results show that third- and first-person pronouns occur significantly more often in the semantic context of affect-oriented activities than in the semantic context of goal-directed activities. For second-person pronouns the results are the opposite. The contrast found between these two contexts, i.e. where the child is presented as the agent of a meaningful activity or not, shows how the place constructed for the baby as an interlocutor in maternal speech evolves with age. This study underlines the part the third person plays with its descriptive value in the acquisition of the system of pronouns.

scholarly journals Polish Personal Pronouns: [PersPPers [NumPNum [n]]] and [NumP Num [n]]1

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Ruda
Keyword(s):  
Structural Difference ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Short Contribution ◽  
Morphological Complexity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Reduced Forms

W niniejszym krótkim artykule argumentujęza przyjęciem założenia, że zaimki osobowe w języku polskim majądo dyspozycji dwa warianty strukturalne: zaimki w pierwszej i drugiej osobie to PersP, a zaimki w trzeciej osobie to PersP lub NumP. Ta różnica strukturalna jest odpowiedzialna za dostępnośćnie tylko określonej, ale także nieokreślonej (w tym nieszczegółowej) interpretacji zaimków osobowych w języku polskim, bez względu na ich złożonośćmorfologiczną(tzn. zarówno formy pełne, jak i zredukowane mogąmiećróżne interpretacje). Wyjaśnia to założenie, że fraza NumP może byćinterpretowana jako anafora własności. ABSTRACT In this short contribution I suggest that Polish personal pronouns have two available representations: first and second person pronouns are PersPs, whereas third person pronouns are either PersPs or NumPs. This structural difference is responsible for the availability of not only definite, but also indefinite (including unspecific) readings of personal pronouns in Polish, regardless of their morphological complexity (i.e., both full and reduced forms can have different types of interpretations). This follows on the assumption that NumPs can be interpreted as property anaphora.

AN ANALYSIS DEIXIS IN “NOM NOM’S ENTOURAGE” MANUSCRIPT ON WE ARE BARE BEARS MOVIE SEASON

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Arni Rahmah Wasdili ◽  
Iman Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Social Deixis ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The tittle of this research is An AnalysisDeixis in “Nom nom’s Entourage” Manuscript on We are Bare BearsMovie Seaso. Deixis is one of branch from pragmatics that shown relation between language and context in that language it self. The aim from this research is to know and identify the type of deixis in Nom nom’s Entourage movie season. That have some steps to collecting the data firs is watching the We Are Bare Bears movie season with Nom nom’s Entourage title. Second is reading the script of that movie. Third, selecting and collect the data. Fourth is classifying the type of deixis and the last is produce the conclution. This research using descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data. The result from this research is that have five type of deixis there are person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis. Person deixis divided to three part there are firs person as speaker, second person as hearer and third person as other, with 195 word in that movie. Time deixis shows a certain period of time, consist of 10 word in that movie. Place deixis describe the location in a conversation, consist of  26 word in that movie. Social deixis is show how the social differences when talking with other, consist of 18 word in that movie. Discourse deixis is show deitic expressions which point to prior succeeding parts of the discourse with 4 word in that movie. Keywords:  Pragmatics, Deixis, Movie

scholarly journals 431 - DEMENTIA IN PRIMARY CARE AND DOCTOR-PATIENT-CARER INTERACTIONS: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
pp. 147-147
Author(s):  
Conceição Balsinha ◽  
Steve Iliffe ◽  
Sónia Dias ◽  
Manuel Gonçalves-Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Family Carer ◽  
Family Carers ◽  
Medical Encounter ◽  
Triadic Interactions ◽  
Patient Interactions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Ongoing Project

INTRODUCTION: Primary care visits of persons with dementia involve different types of communication, bringing together the patient, the family carer and the general practitioner (GP). A particular challenge is the necessary involvement of a third person (the carer) in patient-doctor encounters (or the patient in carer-doctor encounters, as dementia advances). These triad dynamics should be better understood, as health outcomes are expected to result from or be mediated by them.OBJECTIVE: Our aim is to explore triadic dynamics in Portuguese primary care consultations with persons with dementia, their family carers and GPs.METHODS: This is the first part of an ongoing project (Dementia in Primary Care: the Patient, the Carer and the Doctor in the Medical Encounter - Bayer Investigation Grant | NOVAsaúde Ageing 2018). Consultations with persons with dementia, their carers and GPs (purposive sampling) are audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. We report the analysis of interactions of the first six consultations, using NVIVO® software.RESULTS: The most frequent type of interaction was between GPs and carers, followed by interactions involving the whole triad. The patients who had more recent relationships with their GPs tended to participate less, irrespective of the stage of dementia. Carers were the ones most often initiating triadic interactions, and GPs the ones most often terminating them by directly addressing the patients. Doctor-carers interactions were very sparse in some consultations.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings suggest that doctor-patient interactions may be limited in a number of GPs’ consultations, seemingly compromising patient-centred approaches. Nevertheless, even when GPs were involved in triadic interactions they often tried to address the patient directly. We are looking forward to complete this part of the project: to our knowledge, there is practically no evidence from live-recorded primary care consultations about these triadic dynamics.

Lexicographer’s Lacunas or How to Deal with Missing Representative Dictionary Forms on the Example of Czech

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Kováříková ◽  
Michal Škrabal ◽  
Václav Cvrček ◽  
Lucie Lukešová ◽  
Jiří Milička
Keyword(s):  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Manual Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Frequency Threshold

Abstract When compiling a list of headwords, every lexicographer comes across words with an unattested representative dictionary form in the data. This study focuses on how to distinguish between the cases when this form is missing due to a lack of data and when there are some systemic or linguistic reasons. We have formulated lexicographic recommendations for different types of such ‘lacunas’ based on our research carried out on Czech written corpora. As a prerequisite, we calculated a frequency threshold to find words that should have the representative form attested in the data. Based on a manual analysis of 2,700 nouns, adjectives and verbs that do not, we drew up a classification of lacunas. The reasons for a missing dictionary form are often associated with limited collocability and non-preference for the representative grammatical category. Findings on unattested word forms also have significant implications for language potentiality.

scholarly journals THE FUNCTIONAL ASPECT OF THE ZERO NAME IN THE STORIES BY VLADIMIR NABOKOV

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Boris V. Kovaliov ◽  
◽  
Vadim E. Pugach ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Vladimir Nabokov ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Functional Aspect ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Third Person

The article is devoted to the analysis of the functions of the zero name of proper characters in V. V. Nabokov's short prose. The factors are highlighted on the basis of which an attempt can be made to classify zero names in Nabokov's texts. The first factor is the grammatical person from whom the story is told. Particular cases related to narration from the first and third person are analyzed. The second factor is who in the text is the bearer of the zero name: the main character or the minor one? The authors pay special attention to antonomazia as a way of replacing a proper name with a null name. In the course of the study, it turns out that antonomazia can be used as a means of characterizing a character, as well as a reference not to a specific image, but to a certain class. The third factor is the possible taboo of the name as a technique. In the course of the research, two types of tabooing of a proper name are distinguished: religious and sociopsychological. The second part of the article analyzes V. V. Nabokov's story «The Razor» as an example of a text, on the basis of which one can prove the assertion about the polyfunctionality of a null name. The nomination of each character is studied in detail. The authors conclude that the opposition of full and null names plays a key role in building conflict in the plot. Moreover, the opposition of different types of nominations is a technique that determines the structure of the text, its semantic and associative levels. Based on a review of a number of Nabokov's texts and a detailed analysis of «The Razor» story, eleven functions of the zero name of V. V. Nabokov's own characters are formulated.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS USING “BEAUTY AND THE BEAST” MOVIE SCRIPT

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 413
Author(s):  
Elisa Fadlilah ◽  
Rika Septyani
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
First Person ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Beauty And The Beast ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Movie Script ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This study deals with the English deixis. The objectives of this study are to analyze type of deixis and to find out the frequency of each deixis in the movie entitled Beauty and The Beast. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research. The source of data was taken from the movie script of Beauty and The Beast. Documentary technique is used in collecting data. The findings showed that there are three types of deixis found in the Beauty and The Beast movie script and there are nine frequencies of deixis, namely person deixis in greater occurrences than another. Type of person deixis is used 128 times or (84,21%), which consists of first person used 53 times or (34,86 %), second person used 52 times or (34,21 %), and third person used 23 times or (15,13 %). The next, spatial (place) deixis is used 12 times or (7,89 %) and the last, temporal (time) deixis is used 12 times or (7,89 %) which consists of present used 5 times or (3,28 %), past used 5 times or (3,28 %), future used 2 times or (1,31 %). The least frequently used by the Beast in Beauty and the Beast Speech film`s dialogue was first person deixis used 53 times or (34,86 %). Keywords:  Pragmatic, Movie,  Deixis

AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS EXISTED ON ARTICLES AT JAKARTA POST

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-169
Author(s):  
Maria Ramasari
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Information Research ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Participant Role ◽  
The Moment

The use of deixis on every language has different forms including English because of the various different context, such as grammatical rules and also background of culture or custom in society. This research is conducted to identify and analyze the forms of Deixis existed on Articles at Jakarta Post as contextual information. Research method of analyzing data used was descriptive qualitative research. Human instrument and text analysis are used as instruments of collecting data. Based on the data analyzed, it was found that pronoun of person deixis was most frequently used (existed) as second person deixis, third person deixis, possessive personal plural person deixis, and reflective personal person deixis that was used as reference to participant role of a referent for describing the speaker, the addressee and referent which are neither speaker nor addressee in written forms. In addition, the deixis with focus on time was also existed on Jakarta Post’s articles as the moment of utterance which is the coding time (the time of utterance conveyed by informants) and receiving time (the time of recovery of information by the hearer who got the information). The deixis of place that was existed on articles of Jakarta Post, was deictic reference to describe the current locations of informants indicated.

Introduction to the Special Issue on First-Person Methods in HCI

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Audrey Desjardins ◽  
Oscar Tomico ◽  
Andrés Lucero ◽  
Marta E. Cecchinato ◽  
Carman Neustaedter
Keyword(s):  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
First Person ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Computer Interaction

In this introduction to the special issue on First-Person Methods in (Human-Computer Interaction) HCI, we present a brief overview of first-person methods, their origin, and their use in Human-Computer Interaction. We also detail the difference between first-person methods, second-person, and third-person methods, as a way to guide the reader when engaging the special issue articles. We articulate our motivation for putting together this special issue: we wanted a collection of works that would allow HCI researchers to develop further, define, and outline practices, techniques and implications of first-person methods. We trace links between the articles in this special issue and conclude with questions and directions for future work in this methodological space: working with boundaries, risk, and accountability.

The nominal system

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-101
Author(s):  
D. Gary Miller
Keyword(s):  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Nominal System ◽  
The Third ◽  
Case System ◽  
System P ◽  
Local Case ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
The Third Person

Nouns are inflected for gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), number (singular and plural), and case: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative. Except in -u- stems, the vocative has the form of the accusative and/or is syncretized with the nominative. Demonstratives and pronominals have a residual instrumental, e.g. þe (by this), and ablative, e.g. jáinþro (from there). Adjectives are similarly inflected but also have strong and weak forms. Comparatives and nonpast participles are weak. The precise syntactic status of D-words (demonstratives, determiners, and articles) is impossible to test. Personal pronouns of the first and second person are inflected for singular, plural, and dual, and have no gender distinction. The third person pronoun has all three genders but only singular and plural number. Interrogative and indefinite pronouns are morphologically identical. Gothic has a rich negative polarity system. Numerals are partly inflected and partly indeclinable. Deictic adverbs belong to an old local case system.

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