Cryptanalysis of Some Self-Synchronous Chaotic Stream Ciphers and Their Improved Schemes

In this paper, a cryptanalysis method that combines a chosen-ciphertext attack with a divide-and-conquer attack by traversing multiple nonzero component initial conditions (DCA-TMNCIC) is proposed. The method is used for security analysis of [Formula: see text]-D ([Formula: see text]) self-synchronous chaotic stream ciphers that employ a product of two chaotic variables and three chaotic variables ([Formula: see text]-D SCSC-2 and [Formula: see text]-D SCSC-3), taking 3-D SCSC-2 as a typical example for cryptanalysis. For resisting the combinational effect of the chosen-ciphertext attack and DCA-TMNCIC, several improved chaotic cipher schemes are designed, including 3-D SCSC based on a nonlinear nominal system (3-D SCSC-NNS) and [Formula: see text]-D SCSC based on sinusoidal modulation ([Formula: see text]-D SCSC-SM ([Formula: see text])). Theoretical security analysis validates the improved schemes.

Frequency as a Barrier to Learning Complex Nominal Morphology

Most languages with highly structed morphological systems show some degree of syncretism, where the same affix is used for multiple categories. The typology of syncretism has suggested that syncretism is most likely to occur for structurally and semantically marked categories. In two artificial grammar learning experiments, English-speaking adults were exposed to a 3-gender x 3-number nominal system, where one number category (Singular, Dual, or Plural) showed syncretism across gender. In the experiment, the frequency of the syncretic morpheme was equal to non-syncretic morphemes, but there were 3x fewer items containing the syncretic morpheme. Participants failed to learn the syncretic morpheme, with no biases for marked categories. These results suggest that low frequency of syncretic items significantly impairs learning syncretic categories. Suggestions for design

Synchronization of a Class of Chaotic Systems with Both Uncertainty and Disturbance by the UDE-Based Control Method

In this paper, chaotic synchronization with uncertainties and disturbances is studied. Firstly, a new control method based on UDE control is proposed, which is composed of two controllers: one is the stabilization controller in order to realize the stabilization of nominal system without uncertainties and disturbances and the other is the UDE controller in order to deal with the given controlled system with both uncertainties and disturbances. Then, two examples are studied by the above method. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the method are verified by numerical simulation.

From Bidialectal to Bilingual

The present work examines nominal case marking in Wisconsin Heritage German, based on audio recordings of six speakers made in the late 1940s. Linguistic data provide positive evidence for a four-case nominal system characteristic of Standard German. At the same time, biographical and demographic information show that the heritage varieties acquired and spoken in the home often employed a different nominal system, one that often exhibited dative-accusative case syncretism and lacked genitive case—features that surfaced even when Standard German was spoken. These data strongly suggest that speakers were proficient in both their heritage variety of German, acquired through naturalistic means, as well as in Standard German, acquired through institutional support in educational and religious domains. Over time, these formal German-language domains shifted to externally oriented, English-language institutions. Standard German was no longer supported, while the heritage variety was retained in domestic and social domains. Subsequent case syncretism in Wisconsin Heritage German therefore reflects the retention of preimmigration, nonstandard varieties, rather than a morphological change in a unified heritage grammar. This work concludes by proposing a multistage model of domain-specific language shift, informed by both synchronic variation within the community as well as by social factors affecting language shift over time.

Distribution of Nominal Word-Patterns and Roots in Palestinian Arabic: A Developmental Perspective in Early Childhood

This study investigated the acquisition of word-patterns and roots in the nominal system of the spoken language of Palestinian Arabic (PA) and its distance from Standard Arabic (StA). It described, analyzed, and quantified the nominal system (roots and word-patterns) as reflected in the language corpus of Palestinian-Arab kindergarteners 3 to 6 years old. The results showed that non-linear derived nouns (deverbal nouns) are the most frequently used category (49.5%). Primitive nouns comprise 43.1% of the nouns, whereas linear derived nouns barely exist before children start school (0.3%). Additionally, the results showed that half of the nouns were built from common word-patterns and roots between PA and StA, whereas 30% of the nouns were constructed from different word-patterns with common roots. Although PA and StA have much in common morphologically, there exists a significant degree of divergence.

The nominal system in Wapishana (Aruák), preliminary results

The aim of this paper is to provide a preliminary investigation into the nominal system of Wapishana, focusing on the count vs. mass distinction, which is grammatically encoded in this language. Evidence for this distinction can be identified in the constraints imposed by the presence of numerals, number marking, and quantifiers. Nouns such as wyn ‘water’ do not combine with numerals, whereas other words such as baydkury ‘jaguar’ do. The suffixation of the morpheme -nau/-nhau to express plurality seems to be optional and may even be blocked by the presence of numerals. The language exhibits specialized quantifiers for count, liquid, and non-liquid mass nouns.

Similarity Effects on the Emergence of Default Inflection in Jordanian Arabic

This study investigates the similarity effects that determine the default inflection in the nominal system of Jordanian Arabic (JA). Unlike the single route hypothesis (e.g. Rumelhart and McClelland 1986), the dual-route account assumes that regular and irregular forms are stored and processed in two autonomous systems (e.g. Kim et al. 1994; Pinker 1999, Pinker and Prince 1998, Pinker and Ullman 2002, Clahsen et al. 2015). A Paired Sample t-test was used to measure the effects of similarity on agreement between the inflected forms and the base forms. We used 40 triplicate words designed by analogy to 20 pairs of existing JA nouns (base nouns) given to 20 JA native speakers. The results showed that JA speakers manifested tight matching of inflection among irregular forms which was not observed with regularly inflected forms. The results of the study support the idea that the regular inflection is a default; such observation indicates that the regular inflection applies regardless of the similarity of the target to existing regular tokens. The default inflection is triggered by an ‘elsewhere condition’ upon the failure to activate a similar irregular token in associative memory (Kiparsky 1973). This research also provides evidence on the regular inflection application to non-word targets that show phonological distance from their base nouns. Keywords: Jordanian Arabic, default, similarity, sound feminine, regular inflection.

Robust tube–based model predictive control of piecewise affine systems with enlarging the region of attraction

This study addresses robust regulation problem for piecewise affine systems with bounded additive disturbances. Robust tube–based model predictive control strategy is used to separate the nominal system from the uncertain system and then maintain the disturbed trajectory of the uncertain system in a tube around the nominal system trajectory. Accordingly, an algorithm is proposed based on robust tube–based model predictive control strategy to enlarge the region of attraction without increasing the prediction horizon by changing the terminal constraint set. This algorithm enlarges the region of attraction without computational complexity of increasing receding horizon. Simulation examples, including two different case studies, are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed robust tube–based model predictive control.

A New Mistuning Identification Method Based on the Subset of Nominal System Modes Method

The mistuning problem of quasi-periodic structures has been the subject of numerous scientific investigations for more than 50 years. Researchers developed reduced-order models to reduce the computational costs of mistuning investigations including finite element models. One question which has also high practical relevance is the identification of mistuning based on modal properties. In this work, a new identification method based on the subset of nominal system modes method (SNM) is presented. Different to existing identification methods where usually the blade stiffness of each sector is scaled by a scalar value, N identification parameters are used to adapt the modal blade stiffness of each sector. The input data for the identification procedure consist solely of the mistuned natural frequencies of the investigated mode family as well as of the corresponding mistuned mode shapes in the form of one degree-of-freedom per sector. The reduction basis consists of the tuned mode shapes of the investigated mode family. Furthermore, the proposed identification method allows for the inclusion of centrifugal effects like stress stiffening and spin softening without additional computational effort. From this point of view, the presented method is also appropriate to handle centrifugal effects in reduced-order models using a minimum set of input data compared to existing methods. The power of the new identification method is demonstrated on the example of an axial compressor blisk. Finite element calculations including geometrical mistuning provide the database for the identification procedure. The correct functioning of the identification method including measurement noise is also validated to show the applicability to a case of application where real measurement data are available.