scholarly journals Comparative Study of Functional Food Regulations in Japan and Globally

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Mohamed Farid ◽  
Kota Kodama ◽  
Teruyo Arato ◽  
Takashi Okazaki ◽  
Tetsuaki Oda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Food ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Added Value ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Food Regulations

Since its inception in Japan, functional food has continued to deliver a true added value to a wide spectrum of customers, especially in aging subpopulations. Japanese companies have strong "R&D" capabilities and strong know-how in the field of functional foods. They have the opportunity to grow overseas by promoting and marketing their products. The main challenge is to understand the foreign markets and their regulations to be able to promote Japanese products overseas. To achieve this goal, the study reports a scientific review of the relevant literature and official legislative reports published by the authorized entities in several countries to create a comparison between the rules and regulations in different countries such as China, the European Union, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and the United States. The study results provide suggestions for entry strategies to recommended foreign markets based on regulatory situations. The study also provides a comparison for the different functional food regulations in Japan (FOSHU, FNFC, FFC), along with an introduction for the new local government certification system.

Nutraceutical and functional food regulations in the European Union

2017 ◽  
pp. 309-322
Author(s):  
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi ◽  
Mariano Martini ◽  
Teresa Concetta Saporita ◽  
Daniele Nucci ◽  
Vincenza Gianfredi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Food Regulations

Institutional and Political Antecedents of Interjurisdictional Tax Harmonization: Lessons from Three States

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy M. Hageman ◽  
Donna Bobek Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
State Action ◽  
Institutional Entrepreneurs ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Use Tax

ABSTRACT: Within the United States, the current sales and use tax (SUT) system is riddled with complexity, in part because of the lack of coordination between jurisdictions. One vehicle of cooperative state action is the Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement (SSUTA). This study employs an in-depth qualitative analysis of three states to examine the institutional and political influences on a state's decision to adopt legislation conforming to the provisions of this interjurisdictional tax agreement, and the political strategies and tactics used by supporting and opposing interest groups. Relying on interest group theory and institutional theory, case study results indicate that governmental interest groups, rather than businesses, play an important role in the adoption of inter-jurisdictional tax policy changes. The presence of strong institutional entrepreneurs and normative pressures to adopt are also critical. These findings have significant implications for jurisdictions that seek to adopt a consolidated tax base across member states, including the SSUTA, as well as potential harmonization attempts by the European Union.

On the development of deep grain processing in Russia and abroad: an innovative aspect

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
I.S. Sandu ◽  
◽  
V.G. Bykov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
New Products ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article analyzes the current state and prospects for the development of deep processing of corn and wheat in Russia and abroad – in the United States, the European Union, Brazil and China. It is emphasized that despite the presence of some constraining factors in recent years, the development of this direction in the grain complex has intensified in Russia. This is due to the commissioning of a number of large specialized factories for the production of new products with high added value: starch, gluten, glucose-fructose syrups, amino acids, and others, which reduces the cost of foreign currency funds for their import due to import substitution. The essence of the biotechnological process and its three main fractions in the production of deep grain processing products, as well as its economic component, are considered on the example of the design solution of a plant with a capacity of 500 t/day. Additional measures of the Government of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation to enhance support for the development of deep grain processing in the country and to increase the export of new products are presented.

scholarly journals Crisis Phenomena in the European Union Economy at the Present Stage of its Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
A. B. Sekacheva
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Partner ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Eu

The article reveals the main problems related to the EU economy’s state and the prospects for its further development. This topic is extremely important for Russia since the European Union is its leading foreign trade partner. The article states that the EU is the largest integration grouping globally in terms of its economic potential. Simultaneously, the lack of significant reserves of natural resources and dependence on their external supplies does not allow the EU to realize its economic opportunities fully. At the same time, the export-oriented model of the economies of its leading member countries makes them sensitive to flctuations in the conjuncture of foreign markets, and the growing public debt contributes to the development of disintegration processes. Besides, the growth of migration flws, the increase in socio-economic tensions, especially during the coronavirus period, also do not allow the EU to solve the accumulated problems. Simultaneously, excessive dependence on the United States in geopolitical and geo-economic relations hinders the development of mutually benefiial economic ties with Russia and other countries. The article presents various opinions about the future of the EU and notes that many authoritative political fiures and experts consider that due to these reasons, it cannot be preserved as a whole.

scholarly journals 14 Effect of implant status and non-hormone treated cattle status on sale price of beef calves-Superior Livestock Video Auction

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 7-7
Author(s):  
Esther D McCabe ◽  
Mike E King ◽  
Karol E Fike ◽  
Maggie J Smith ◽  
Kevin L Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Procedure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Added Value ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Sale Price ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
A Value ◽  
Multiple Regression Models ◽  
Growth Promoting

Abstract The objective was to determine the sale prices of beef calf lots enrolled in the non-hormone treated cattle (NHTC) program and those that received implants, sold through summer video auctions from 2010 through 2018. Data analyzed were collected from 67 summer livestock video auctions from 2010 through 2018. There were 40,941 lots of beef calves used in the analyses. All lot characteristics that could be accurately quantified or categorized were used to develop multiple regression models that evaluated the effects of independent factors on sale price each year using a backwards selection procedure. A value of P < 0.05 was used to maintain a factor in the final models. The NHTC program is a USDA-approved program created in 1999, when the European Union and the United States agreed to control measures for trade of non-hormone treated beef. By definition, these cattle could not receive growth-promoting implants. The percentage of lots enrolled in the NHTC program grew from 5.2% to 23.8% from 2010 through 2018 (Table 1). The largest increase was 8 percentage points from 2017 to 2018. For seven of the nine years, premiums were associated with NHTC lots. The added value for a lot of beef calves enrolled in the NHTC program ranged from $1.02/45.36 kg in 2013 to $4.04/45.36 kg in 2014. In the nine years of analysis, implant status did not result in price reduction in any year. While the percentage of NHTC lots grew, we did not see a corresponding decline in the value of implanted lots.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Economic Sanctions: Assessment by Means of a Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-374
Author(s):  
Ruslan S. Grinberg ◽  
Sergey A. Belozyorov ◽  
Olena Sokolovska
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Russian Science Citation Index

In 2014, the United States, the European Union (EU) countries and some other states have imposed economic sanctions against Russia. The overcoming of sanctions requires an understanding of their effectiveness. Thus, we aimed to identify factors of the effectiveness of economic sanctions by reviewing the literature that considers sanctions as a tool for transforming the current national policies. The applied methodology of the systematic literature review (SLR) includes the following stages: 1) determining a basic sample of publications based on a keyword search in Web of Science, Scopus, Russian Science Citation Index, SSRN, EBSCO, Ideas/RePec, Google Scholar, Cambridge University Press, Routledge, De Gruyter JSTOR, Springer, Taylor & Francis; 2) identifying a representative sample based on the authors’ criteria (type of publication, language, character, content and context); 3) synthesising the representative sample; 4) reporting the research results. A method of comparative and graphical analysis was used to present the findings. The analysis of relevant literature allowed us to conclude that economic sanctions are more effective if 1) sanction costs for a target country are higher than for a sender, including those occurring as a result of regional inequality; 2) sanctions are designed as a short-term measure; 3) sanctions are multilateral and imposed by international institutes, including through regional trade agreements; 4) sanctions are targeted at democratic regimes. Moreover, the most preferred type of sanction — targeted (smart) sanctions — are less effective in achieving their goals than traditional comprehensive ones. Further review studies may focus on targeted economic sanctions (first and foremost in Russia) and include publications, analysing case studies of individual countries and industries.

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