scholarly journals Contextual Associations of Interregional Income Gap with Physical Constitution and Dietary Environment in Individual Housebound Elderly

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Fumie Okada ◽  
Takehiko Kaneko ◽  
Satoshi Toyokawa ◽  
Tadashi Furuhata
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Contextual Associations ◽  
Care Family ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND: Much attention has been directed towards the issue of health inequalities associated with Japan’s widening income gap. Focusing on the housebound elderly, we assessed the contextual associations of the interregional income gap with body mass index (BMI). METHOD: A total of 15,200 housebound elderly living in 46 of the country’s 47 prefectures, except for Tokyo, were interviewed face-to-face using a questionnaire that covered age, gender, height, weight, medical history, utilization of nursing care, family, source of income, food consumption, and physical activity. To determine the relationship between BMI and the above-mentioned items, a linear regression analysis was performed. In the multilevel analysis, we assumed a prefecture-level random intercept on the basis of the data on the average income per capita in the 46 prefectures. RESULTS: Valid responses without missing data were obtained from 10,226 respondents (response rate: 67.3%) and used for the analyses; females accounted for 78.5% (n=8,027) of the sample. In the multilevel analysis, prefectural average income showed a significant contextual negative association with BMI in females (-0.846; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Prefectural average income has a significant negative contextual association with individual-level BMI for females; females with a low rate of going out have lower BMI; and females living with children have higher BMI. Social environment may be correlated with BMI in the older population.

scholarly journals Inequality, policy polarization and the income gap in turnout

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406882110119
Author(s):  
Matthew Polacko
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Previous research into the relationship between income inequality and turnout inequality has produced mixed results, as consensus is lacking whether inequality reduces turnout for all income groups, low-income earners, or no one. Therefore, this paper builds on this literature by introducing supply-side logic, through the first individual-level test of the impact that income inequality (moderated by policy manifesto positions) has on turnout. It does so through multilevel logistic regressions utilizing mixed effects, on a sample of 30 advanced democracies in 102 elections from 1996 to 2016. It finds that higher levels of income inequality significantly reduce turnout and widen the turnout gap between rich and poor. However, it also finds that when party systems are more polarized, low-income earners are mobilized the greatest extent coupled with higher inequality, resulting in a significantly reduced income gap in turnout. The findings magnify the negative impacts income inequality can exert on political behavior and contribute to the study of policy offerings as a key moderating mechanism in the relationship.

scholarly journals Bearing the Weight of Imprisonment: The Relationship Between Prison Climate and Well-Being

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1385-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther F. J. C. van Ginneken ◽  
Hanneke Palmen ◽  
Anouk Q. Bosma ◽  
Miranda Sentse
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Unit Level ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Individual Perceptions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Little is known about the relative influence of shared and individual perceptions of prison climate on adjustment to incarceration. This study investigated the relationship between prison climate and well-being among a sample of 4,538 adults incarcerated in the Netherlands. Prison climate dimensions were considered both as prison unit-level variables and as individual-level perceptions. Multilevel analysis results showed that most variance for well-being is found at the individual rather than the unit level. This implies that it does not make much of a difference for well-being in which prison unit someone resides. Positive effects of prison climate on well-being were primarily found for individual perceptions of prison climate, rather than for the aggregate unit measures. More research is needed to determine whether this finding holds true in other countries. The findings confirm the importance of disentangling the contribution of prison climate at the individual and group level.

scholarly journals Evaluation of port workers’ general awareness of dangerous cargo transport

Pomorstvo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-240
Author(s):  
Özge Eski ◽  
Leyla Tavacioglu
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Dangerous Goods ◽  
Cargo Transport ◽  
Explanatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
The Relationship

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code training is mandatory for all shore-side personnel involved in the handling and transport of dangerous cargoes by sea. This study aims to measure and evaluate the port workers’ dangerous cargo transport general awareness level. For this purpose, the “Dangerous Cargo Transport General Awareness Questionnaire” was developed and applied to trained 100 port workers face-to-face. The questionnaire was proven to be valid and reliable by content validity, construct validity, internal consistency reliability, and test-retest reliability analyses. Four factors were determined as a result of Explanatory Factor Analysis. Discriminant analyses were performed using the Student’s t-test and One Way ANOVA test. Pearson correlation analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between factors. Simple linear regression analysis was used for modeling the relationship between factors. SPSS 24.0 was utilized to conduct the analyses. According to analysis results, port workers’ dangerous cargo transport general awareness does not differ depending on age, position, and education. There is a weak positive or a moderate positive correlation between factors. Port workers have an average and above-average level of general awareness. It is highlighted that increasing this level is possible by increasing the frequency of dangerous cargo transport training. Suggestions are offered for more effective training.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Individual-Level and Context-Level Factors and Social Distancing from Patients with Depression in Taiwan: A Multilevel Analysis of National Surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 7109
Author(s):  
Chi-Hsuan Tsai ◽  
Yu-Chen Kao ◽  
Yin-Ju Lien
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Psychiatric Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Services ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Perceived Dangerousness ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depressive Patients

Background: Research on social distancing from patients with depression has primarily focused on individual-level factors rather than context-level factors. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between individual-level and context-level factors and social distancing from depressive patients. Methods: Sample data were collected via computer-assisted telephone interviews with 800 Taiwanese adults aged 20 to 65 years in 2016. All effects were tested using multilevel analysis. Results: With regard to individual-level variables, male sex, older age, people with more perceived dangerousness and those with more emotional reaction of fear were associated with greater social distancing from depressive patients. After controlling for individual-level variables, a positive association was found between the degree of urbanization and social distancing. We also found the interaction between the density of psychiatric rehabilitation services and perceived dangerousness to be associated with social distance. This finding revealed that persons with more perceived dangerousness and living in a region with higher density of psychiatric rehabilitation services were associated with greater social distance. Conclusions: We found that social distancing from depressive patients is not only determined by individual-level factors but influenced by the surroundings. This study provides useful directions for the implementation of optimal anti-stigma interventions for patients with depression.

scholarly journals A Multilevel Analysis of the Returns to Education in Ecuador. The Multifaceted Impact of Human Capital

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (s1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercy Raquel Orellana ◽  
Monica Răileanu Szeles ◽  
Dalia Maritza Argudo Barrera
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper analyses the returns to education in Ecuador based on cross-sectional data collected by a National Survey at the individual- and canton-levels in 2005 and 2015. The multilevel analysis provides the methodological framework that allows capturing the regional peculiarities of data as well as addressing the high regional economic heterogeneity. The two level- random intercept and random slope models are used to examine the impact of individual-level and canton-level characteristics on the labour income. In subsidiary, the paper explains the proportion of variance in individual- level income that is explained by canton- level characteristics.

scholarly journals The Vicious Cycle of Economic Inequality: The Role of Ideology in Shaping the Relationship Between “What Is” and “What Ought to Be” in 41 Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 991-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efraín García-Sánchez ◽  
Jojanneke Van der Toorn ◽  
Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón ◽  
Guillermo B. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

People’s desired levels of inequality are informed by the levels of inequality they perceive to exist. Perceived economic inequality is used as a reference point in determining people’s ideal level of inequality. However, recent research has suggested that the strength of this relationship depends on people’s endorsement of system-justifying beliefs. The current article extends this body of research by replicating these findings across 41 countries ( N = 42,078), showing the impact of system-justifying beliefs at both the individual and the societal levels. We conducted a multilevel analysis and found that the higher the endorsement of equality of opportunity beliefs—both at the individual and the societal levels—and meritocratic beliefs—at the individual level—the stronger the relationship between perceived and ideal economic inequality. These findings are in support of a motivated account of the perceived legitimacy of economic inequality.

scholarly journals INNOVATION IN COMPANIES AND CULTURAL ORIENTATION TO INNOVATION: A MULTILEVEL STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
LEELA L. FRANCISCHETO ◽  
ELAINE R. NEIVA
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Cultural Orientation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Product Service ◽  
Culture Characteristics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Relationships

ABSTRACT Purpose: Test the influence of cultural orientation to innovation on the number of innovations measured in Brazilian companies. Originality/value: The study uses an approach that has not yet been explored in the area, the multilevel analysis. Design/methodology/approach: Five cultural orientation factors for innovation were considered: Rituals and Stories; Innovation strategies; Symbols and Heroes; Autonomy; and Standards and Communication. Innovation has been subdivided into four types: product, service, technology, and administration. The study consisted of a sample of 345 individuals in 60 organizations. The relationship between variables was analyzed using both linear regression and multilevel modeling. Findings: The results of the regression analysis showed positive and negative relationships of all cultural factors with some kind of innovation. The multilevel analysis indicated a relationship between the two variables only in the factors Rituals and Stories and Symbols and Heroes, both at the individual level. The study indicates the existence of organizational culture characteristics that favor and inhibit innovation. In addition, the complexity of the subject and the consequent need for further studies are highlighted.

scholarly journals Moderating Effects of Organizational Climate on the Relationship between Emotional Labor and Burnout among Korean Firefighters

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 914
Author(s):  
Da-Yee Jeung ◽  
Sei-Jin Chang
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Climate ◽  
Emotional Labor ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Good Group ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the association of emotional labor and organizational climate with burnout and elucidated the moderating effect of organizational climate on the relationship between emotional labor and burnout among 18,936 Korean firefighters (male: 17,790, 93.9%, female: 1146, 6.1%). To examine the effects of organizational climate on the relationships between five sub-scales of emotional labor and burnout, four groups were created using various combinations of emotional labor (“normal” vs. “risk”) and organizational climate (“good” vs. “bad”): (1) “normal” and “good” (Group I), (2) “normal” and “bad” (Group II), (3) “risk” and “good” (Group III), and (4) “risk” and “bad” (Group IV). A hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis indicated that firefighters’ burnout was significantly higher in the group with “bad” than “good” organizational climate and was significantly higher among people with “risk” than “normal” emotional labor. Combined effects of organizational climate with emotional labor on burnout were observed in all five sub-scales. Groups II, III, and IV were more likely to experience burnout than Group I (trend p < 0.001). Additionally, the moderating effects of organizational climate on the relationship between the five sub-scales of emotional labor and burnout were observed, except for factor 5. These results emphasize the importance of stress management to alleviate burnout caused by emotional labor at the organizational level and coping strategies to reinforce the personal potentiality suitable to organizational norms at the individual level.

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