scholarly journals The Relationship between Individual-Level and Context-Level Factors and Social Distancing from Patients with Depression in Taiwan: A Multilevel Analysis of National Surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 7109
Author(s):  
Chi-Hsuan Tsai ◽  
Yu-Chen Kao ◽  
Yin-Ju Lien
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Psychiatric Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Services ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Perceived Dangerousness ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depressive Patients

Background: Research on social distancing from patients with depression has primarily focused on individual-level factors rather than context-level factors. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between individual-level and context-level factors and social distancing from depressive patients. Methods: Sample data were collected via computer-assisted telephone interviews with 800 Taiwanese adults aged 20 to 65 years in 2016. All effects were tested using multilevel analysis. Results: With regard to individual-level variables, male sex, older age, people with more perceived dangerousness and those with more emotional reaction of fear were associated with greater social distancing from depressive patients. After controlling for individual-level variables, a positive association was found between the degree of urbanization and social distancing. We also found the interaction between the density of psychiatric rehabilitation services and perceived dangerousness to be associated with social distance. This finding revealed that persons with more perceived dangerousness and living in a region with higher density of psychiatric rehabilitation services were associated with greater social distance. Conclusions: We found that social distancing from depressive patients is not only determined by individual-level factors but influenced by the surroundings. This study provides useful directions for the implementation of optimal anti-stigma interventions for patients with depression.

scholarly journals Bearing the Weight of Imprisonment: The Relationship Between Prison Climate and Well-Being

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1385-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther F. J. C. van Ginneken ◽  
Hanneke Palmen ◽  
Anouk Q. Bosma ◽  
Miranda Sentse
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Unit Level ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Individual Perceptions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Little is known about the relative influence of shared and individual perceptions of prison climate on adjustment to incarceration. This study investigated the relationship between prison climate and well-being among a sample of 4,538 adults incarcerated in the Netherlands. Prison climate dimensions were considered both as prison unit-level variables and as individual-level perceptions. Multilevel analysis results showed that most variance for well-being is found at the individual rather than the unit level. This implies that it does not make much of a difference for well-being in which prison unit someone resides. Positive effects of prison climate on well-being were primarily found for individual perceptions of prison climate, rather than for the aggregate unit measures. More research is needed to determine whether this finding holds true in other countries. The findings confirm the importance of disentangling the contribution of prison climate at the individual and group level.

Adherence to Social-Distancing and Personal Hygiene Behavior Guidelines and Risk of COVID-19 Diagnosis: Evidence From the Understanding America Study

2022 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-178
Author(s):  
Theresa Andrasfay ◽  
Qiao Wu ◽  
Haena Lee ◽  
Eileen M. Crimmins
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Cox Models ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Hygiene Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Health Experts

Objectives. To assess the association between individual-level adherence to social-distancing and personal hygiene behaviors recommended by public health experts and subsequent risk of COVID-19 diagnosis in the United States. Methods. Data are from waves 7 through 26 (June 10, 2020–April 26, 2021) of the Understanding America Study COVID-19 survey. We used Cox models to assess the relationship between engaging in behaviors considered high risk and risk of COVID-19 diagnosis. Results. Individuals engaging in behaviors indicating lack of adherence to social-distancing guidelines, especially those related to large gatherings or public interactions, had a significantly higher risk of COVID-19 diagnosis than did those who did not engage in these behaviors. Each additional risk behavior was associated with a 9% higher risk of COVID-19 diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05, 1.13). Results were similar after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and local infection rates. Conclusions. Personal mitigation behaviors appear to influence the risk of COVID-19, even in the presence of social factors related to infection risk. Public Health Implications. Our findings emphasize the importance of individual behaviors for preventing COVID-19, which may be relevant in contexts with low vaccination. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(1):169–178. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306565 )

scholarly journals Contextual Associations of Interregional Income Gap with Physical Constitution and Dietary Environment in Individual Housebound Elderly

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Fumie Okada ◽  
Takehiko Kaneko ◽  
Satoshi Toyokawa ◽  
Tadashi Furuhata
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Contextual Associations ◽  
Care Family ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND: Much attention has been directed towards the issue of health inequalities associated with Japan’s widening income gap. Focusing on the housebound elderly, we assessed the contextual associations of the interregional income gap with body mass index (BMI). METHOD: A total of 15,200 housebound elderly living in 46 of the country’s 47 prefectures, except for Tokyo, were interviewed face-to-face using a questionnaire that covered age, gender, height, weight, medical history, utilization of nursing care, family, source of income, food consumption, and physical activity. To determine the relationship between BMI and the above-mentioned items, a linear regression analysis was performed. In the multilevel analysis, we assumed a prefecture-level random intercept on the basis of the data on the average income per capita in the 46 prefectures. RESULTS: Valid responses without missing data were obtained from 10,226 respondents (response rate: 67.3%) and used for the analyses; females accounted for 78.5% (n=8,027) of the sample. In the multilevel analysis, prefectural average income showed a significant contextual negative association with BMI in females (-0.846; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Prefectural average income has a significant negative contextual association with individual-level BMI for females; females with a low rate of going out have lower BMI; and females living with children have higher BMI. Social environment may be correlated with BMI in the older population.

Prospective impact of individual, family and community youth assets on adolescent suicide ideation

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Lensch ◽  
Kristen Clements-Nolle ◽  
Roy F Oman ◽  
Minggen Lu ◽  
Amanda Dominguez
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Adolescent Suicide ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Youth Assets

BackgroundStudies have found that youth assets have a protective influence on many risk behaviours. However, the relationship between youth assets and adolescent suicide ideation is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if youth assets were prospectively associated with suicide ideation.MethodsFour waves of data were collected from 1111 youth and their parents living in randomly sampled census tracts that were stratified by income and race/ethnicity using census data. Computer-assisted, in-person data collection methods were used to measure assets at the individual (6 assets), family (4 assets) and community (6 assets) levels. Generalised linear mixed models were used to prospectively assess the relationship between the number of individual-level, family-level and community-level assets and suicide ideation, while controlling for known confounders.ResultsAbout half of the sample was female (53%). Participants were racially/ethnically diverse (white (41%), Hispanic (29%) and black (24%)). Eleven of the 16 assets were associated with reduced odds of suicide ideation. In addition, there was a graded relationship between the number of assets at each level (individual, family and community) and the odds of suicide ideation. For example, compared with youth with 0–2 family assets, those with 3 (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.90) or 4 (OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.51) family assets had lower odds of suicide ideation.ConclusionsThis prospective analysis showed a protective relationship between youth assets and suicide ideation, with the greatest protection among youth with the most assets. Interventions designed to build youth assets may be a useful strategy for reducing adolescent suicide ideation.

scholarly journals The Vicious Cycle of Economic Inequality: The Role of Ideology in Shaping the Relationship Between “What Is” and “What Ought to Be” in 41 Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 991-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efraín García-Sánchez ◽  
Jojanneke Van der Toorn ◽  
Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón ◽  
Guillermo B. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

People’s desired levels of inequality are informed by the levels of inequality they perceive to exist. Perceived economic inequality is used as a reference point in determining people’s ideal level of inequality. However, recent research has suggested that the strength of this relationship depends on people’s endorsement of system-justifying beliefs. The current article extends this body of research by replicating these findings across 41 countries ( N = 42,078), showing the impact of system-justifying beliefs at both the individual and the societal levels. We conducted a multilevel analysis and found that the higher the endorsement of equality of opportunity beliefs—both at the individual and the societal levels—and meritocratic beliefs—at the individual level—the stronger the relationship between perceived and ideal economic inequality. These findings are in support of a motivated account of the perceived legitimacy of economic inequality.

scholarly journals INNOVATION IN COMPANIES AND CULTURAL ORIENTATION TO INNOVATION: A MULTILEVEL STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
LEELA L. FRANCISCHETO ◽  
ELAINE R. NEIVA
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Cultural Orientation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Product Service ◽  
Culture Characteristics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Relationships

ABSTRACT Purpose: Test the influence of cultural orientation to innovation on the number of innovations measured in Brazilian companies. Originality/value: The study uses an approach that has not yet been explored in the area, the multilevel analysis. Design/methodology/approach: Five cultural orientation factors for innovation were considered: Rituals and Stories; Innovation strategies; Symbols and Heroes; Autonomy; and Standards and Communication. Innovation has been subdivided into four types: product, service, technology, and administration. The study consisted of a sample of 345 individuals in 60 organizations. The relationship between variables was analyzed using both linear regression and multilevel modeling. Findings: The results of the regression analysis showed positive and negative relationships of all cultural factors with some kind of innovation. The multilevel analysis indicated a relationship between the two variables only in the factors Rituals and Stories and Symbols and Heroes, both at the individual level. The study indicates the existence of organizational culture characteristics that favor and inhibit innovation. In addition, the complexity of the subject and the consequent need for further studies are highlighted.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Organizational Learning at the Individual Level and Perceived Employability: A Model-Based Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7561
Author(s):  
Sylwia Wiśniewska ◽  
Kamil Wiśniewski ◽  
Robert Szydło
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Organizational Learning ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Incentive Systems ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Perceived Employability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

The challenges of the modern labor market determine increased job insecurity and the growing importance of sustainable employability. Today, in an era of the growth of the world’s knowledge resources, permanent learning is indispensable in order to maintain or strengthen one’s employability. Therefore, this article aims to determine the relationship between organizational learning solutions at the individual level and perceived employability in the modern labor market according to the workers’ opinions. Studies conducted on the subject literature confirm the lack of research in this field. A survey was conducted among 351 employees from a number of organizations based in Poland and was performed using a computer-assisted web interview (CAWI). The study’s results indicate that out of eleven analyzed solutions, people value those connected with sustainable actions the most, such as learning from one’s own mistakes (own mistakes), observing other employees’ work (observing others), self-education, incentive systems (contributing to an increase in the commitment to competency development), and providing employees with feedback on the results of their work (feedback). Moreover, it is important to state that EFA first revealed, and CFA subsequently confirmed, two factors: Factor 1, Practical Aspects, which includes organizational learning that covered such activities as incentive systems, feedback, self-education, modern technologies, and the use of case studies, and Factor 2, Active Learning, which consists of two activities—one’s own mistakes and observing others. The research results lead to the conclusion that Factor 1, Practical Aspects, had a significant impact on perceived employability, while Factor 2, Active Learning, did not have an impact on the general assessment of organizational learning in the context of perceived employability. The authors also present the diamond attempt toward actions that might be taken by organizations in order to enhance the employability of workers in general. The conducted research is considered to be idiographic and exploratory.

“I stay at work for you, you stay at home for us.” Does this Covid-19 campaign work for the youth in Asia?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-175
Author(s):  
Jappy Fanggidae ◽  
Ridolof Batilmurik ◽  
Pieter Samadara
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Asian Context ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
At Home

This study investigated the relationship between guilt appeal and compliance with social distancing measures. We proposed that the relationship is double mediated by empathy and responsibility for the unfortunate people who have suffered from COVID-19. This research is novel to an extent as an experimental method is used in the Asian context. The results exhibited that guilt positively affected compliance with social distancing measures. The respondents were directly or indirectly compliant due to the emotions of empathy and responsibility. The theoretical and practical contributions of this study were presented.

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