scholarly journals Academic Procrastination and Social Anxiety as Predictive Variables Internet Addiction of Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Zeliha Traş ◽  
Gülden Gökçen
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Predictor Variable ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Academic Procrastination ◽  
School Students ◽  
Predictive Variables

This study is aimed to examine the relationship between Internet addiction and academic procrastination and social anxiety. The study group of this research is 599 high school students, 239 (39.9%) female, and 360 (60.1%) male. It is for the Young Internet Addiction Scale, the Academic Procrastination Scale, and the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents. The data were analyzed by Pearson Correlation Analysis and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis techniques. According to the findings of the study, positive correlation between internet addiction and academic procrastination and social anxiety shows a significant relationship. In other findings of the study, it was found that academic procrastination and social anxiety predicted internet addiction. According to the findings, the most powerful predictor variable was academic procrastination. Expanding the number of samples in future researches, reaching students from the region and sociocultural level ensures that the findings can be generalized, and more reliable results are obtained.

scholarly journals Investigating the Role of Information Literacy and Self-directed Learning in Predicting Students’ Academic Motivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-85
Author(s):  
Taghi Akbari ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Information Literacy ◽  
Academic Motivation ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
School Students ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Directed Learning

Objective: The present study aimed to predict academic motivation based on self-directed learning and information literacy. Methods: This was an applied and correlational study. The statistical population of the study includes all high school students in Ardabil City, Iran, in the academic year of 2018-2019. Of them, 360 students from the 11th and12th grades (180 girls and 180 boys) were selected by multistage cluster random sampling. To collect the necessary data, the Self-Directed Learning Scale, the Multidimensional Assessment of School Motivation, and the Information Literacy Assessment of Students were used. Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis were employed to analyze the obtained data in SPSS v. 20. Results: The current research results signified a significant direct relationship between information literacy, self-directed learning, and academic motivation; information literacy also could predict academic motivation in the study subjects (P<0.01). This predictability was significant concerning self-directed learning. Conclusion: The obtained data indicated that self-directed learning skills training and improving information literacy were effective in students’ learning and academic motivation.

scholarly journals PERANAN REGULASI EMOSI, KONTROL DIRI, PENERIMAAN DIRI TERHADAP PERILAKU AGRESIF SISWA SMP DI YOGYAKARTA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Ragil Adi Purnawan ◽  
Nina Zulida Situmurang
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Self Control ◽  
School Students ◽  
Self Acceptance

The aims of the study is to determine whether there is a role for emotional regulation, self-control, and self-acceptance of students' aggressive behavior at SMP X and Y in Yogyakarta. This study uses a quantitative approach and multiple linear regression analysis. This study uses four scales, namely a scale of emotional regulation, self-control, self-acceptance, and a scale of aggressive behavior. The subjects of this study were 140, consisting of 70 junior high school students at each school X and Y in Yogyakarta. The results of this study have a very significant relationship between the variables of emotional regulation, self-control, and self-acceptance of aggressive behavior in students of SMP X and Y in Yogyakarta. This is indicated by the obtained value of F = 13.924 with p = 0.000 (p <0.01). The R square is 0.235 which if proxied (0.235 x 100% = 23.5%) means that the contribution of emotional regulation, self-control and self-acceptance to aggressive behavior is significant. 23.5%, the remaining 76.5% is influenced by other factors not examined in this study. In partial correlation, it shows that the four proposed hypotheses are accepted. There is a very significant relationship between emotional regulation, self-control and self-acceptance of the aggressive behavior of students of SMP X and Y in Yogyakarta, so that the hypothesis can be accepted. The higher the emotional regulation, self-control and self-acceptance, the lower the aggressive behavior, conversely the lower the emotional regulation, self-control and self-acceptance, the higher the aggressive behavior. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada peranan regulasi emosi, Kontrol diri, dan penerimaan diri terhadap perilaku agresif Siswa di SMP X dan Y di Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan analisis regresi linier berganda. Penelitian ini menggunakan empat skala yaitu skala regulasi emosi, skala kontrol diri, skala penerimaan diri, dan skala perilaku agresif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 140, terdiri dari 70 siswa SMP pada masing-masing sekolah X dan Y di Yogyakarta. Hasil dari penelitian ini terdapat hubungan yang sangat signifikan antara variabel regulasi emosi, kontrol diri, dan penerimaan diri terhadap perilaku agresif pada siswa SMP X  dan Y di Yogyakarta. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan dengan diperoleh nilai F = 13,924 dengan p = 0,000 (p<0,01). R square sebesar 0,235 yang apabila diprosentasekan (0,235 x 100% = 23,5%) artinya besar sumbangan regulasi emosi, kontrol diri, dan penerimaan diri terhadap perilaku agresif sebesar 23,5%, sisanya 76,5% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini. Dalam korelasi secara parsial menunjukan ke empat hipotesis yang diajukan dinyatakan diterima. Terdapat hubungan yang sangat signifikan antara regulasi emosi, kontrol diri dan penerimaan diri terhadap perilaku agresif siswa SMP X dan Y di Yogyakarta, sehingga hipotesis dapat diterima. Semakin tinggi regulasi emosi, kontrol diri dan penerimaan diri, maka semakin rendah perilaku agresif, sebaliknya semakin rendah regulasi emosi, kontrol diri dan penerimaan diri, maka semakin tinggi perilaku agresif.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MOTIVASI DAN LINGKUNGAN KELUARGA TERHADAP MINAT BERWIRAUSAHA MAHASISWA (Studi Kasus Pada Mahasiswa Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik Nurdin Hamzah Jambi)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Joli Anggraeni
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
School Students ◽  
Political Sciences ◽  
Test Instrument

Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of variables of entrepreneurship motivation and family environment on student entrepreneur interest. (Case Study In High School Students Social Sciences And Political Sciences Nurdin Hamzah Jambi) The population in this study is a student of the College of Social and Political Science Nurdin Hamzah Jambi with 70 respondents. Data collection techniques used were questionnaires. Analyzer used in this research that is, test instrument consist of test of validity and reliability test, multiple linear regression analysis, f test and t test and coefficient of determination test. The overall analysis was calculated using the SPSS ver 22 program. The results of this study indicate that the motivation of entrepreneurship and family environment has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneur interest. Keywords:     Entrepreneurship Motivation, Family Environment, Interest in Entrepreneurship.

scholarly journals Predictors of Puberty Health Behaviors Based on Integrated Behavioral Model Among Girl’s High School Students in Birjand in 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kobra Abbasi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Miri ◽  
Ensiyeh Norozi ◽  
Abbas Ali Ramazani
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Control Belief ◽  
School Students ◽  
Integrated Behavioral Model

Background: From the beginning of puberty, girls are exposed to many physical-psychological problems that experience for the first time, so it is very important to pay attention to puberty health. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of puberty health behaviors based on application of the Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM) among girls’ high school students. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 265 first grade girls’ high school students in Birjand in 2020 using multi-stags sampling. Data collection tools were a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic information and questions related to IBM constructs that were completed self-administered. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software using Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis. Results: Pearson correlation showed that all IBM constructs except experiential attitude and control belief had a significant correlation with puberty health behaviors (P < 0.04). In total, about 54% of the behavior variance was explained by three variables of intention, self-efficacy, and mother's job, among which intention was the strongest predictor of puberty health behaviors (P = 0.001). Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate the high predictive power of IBM for investigating puberty health behaviors. Therefore, using this model to design educational interventions and improve behaviors in the field of maturity is recommended.

scholarly journals Preferred Internet Content and Social Anxiety as Drivers of Internet Addiction in Teens and Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-140
Author(s):  
E.Yu. Kazarinova ◽  
A.B. Kholmogorova
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
School Students ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Social Assessment ◽  
Distress Scale

The article presents the results of studying the connection between Internet addiction and social anxiety and the preferred types of Internet content among adolescents and young people studying in schools and universities. The sample consisted of 72 high school students of a secondary comprehensive school in Moscow aged 15 to 17 years (M=16), including 36 boys and 36 girls, as well as 72 junior students of Moscow universities aged 18 to 20 years old (M=19), of which 36 were boys and 36 were girls. The methodological complex included an Internet Addiction Test (K. Young), the original author's questionnaire of preferred Internet content, Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS, Watson, Friend, 1969), Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE, Leary, 1983). It was revealed that the indicators of Internet addiction at the tendency level are higher in adolescents compared to students. Of the three components of social anxiety (social avoidance, social distress and fear of negative social assessment), only the indicator of fear of negative social assessment has a significant positive effect on the growth of indicators of Internet addiction in the combined group of respondents. The preference for content related to communication and self-presentation also has a significant impact on the growth of Internet addiction rates. Being overly concerned with other people's evaluations, seeking their approval, and focusing on self-presentation and social media communication all contribute to Internet addiction (increased time spent on the Internet, loss of control over it, as well as cognitive preoccupation with what is happening on the Internet).

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF FACTORS THAT AFFECT EMPLOYABILITY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-254
Author(s):  
Fatwa Tentama ◽  
Netty Merdiaty
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Vocational High School ◽  
School Students

Purpose: This study aimed to empirically examine the role of entrepreneur intention and responsibility on the employability of students who attend State Vocational High School 1 Kalasan Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Methodology: The subjects in this study were students of class XII of State Vocational High School 1 Kalasan Yogyakarta, Indonesia, which amounted to 225 students. The sampling technique was obtained by cluster random sampling. Methods of collecting data used are employability scale, entrepreneurial intention scale, and responsibility scale. The data analysis used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis techniques. Main Findings: The results showed that there was 1) a very significant correlation between entrepreneur intention and responsibility simultaneously on employability with R = 0.608, p = 0.000 (p<0.01). 2) a very significant correlation between entrepreneurial intention and employability with r = 0.171, p = 0.005 (p<0.01). 3) a very significant correlation between responsibility and employability with r = 0.603, p = 0.000 (p<0.01). Applications of this study: This study shows that entrepreneur intention and responsibility has an important role in preparing students to get the knowledge and skills needed to get a job, and then applied in the workplace when graduates have worked. This results study also can throw light on strategies to be adopted to enhance employability in students of Vocational High School. It can also be used as a reference to prepare an entrepreneur's intention and responsibility skill training module to improve employability. Novelty: To the best of our knowledge, psychology research about entrepreneur intention, responsibility, and employability of State Vocational High School students is still rarely done both in Indonesia and abroad. This study focuses on the employability of State Vocational High School students. Previous studies only discussed limited employability for undergraduate and employee graduates, while in this study in vocational high school students.

scholarly journals ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI ADOPSI RUMAH BELAJAR DI KABUPATEN KARAWANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Larassati Diana ◽  
Aulia Fashanah Hadining ◽  
Risma Fitriani
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Diffusion Of Innovation ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Quality Of Education ◽  
School Students

Along with the development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) had been growing more advanced. It encourages students to be technology savvy in order to make them easier in learning. One of the technology benefits in learning process is in a way of e-learning system development. The portrait of education in Indonesia in utilizing Internet, the fact showed the educational facilities and infrastructures are not well distributed to all societies, the quality of education is still low, and also the level of utilizing ICT is quite low too. The Ministry of Education and Culture which has responsibility in education developed a Learning Management System (LMS) by releasing a distance learning portal called Rumah Belajar. Rumah Belajar is an innovation that aims to improve the quality of education that allows students to study anytime and anywhere. However, Rumah Belajar is still not fully understood and accepted. This research aims to analyze the factors that influence the adoption of Rumah Belajar in Karawang. This research used five perceptions of the factors that influence the innovation adoption by using Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory such as: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability. The data were collected by distributing questionnaires to 400 respondents from high school students in Karawang. The data were analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis. The result showed the factors that significantly influence the adoption of Rumah Belajar are compatibility, trialability, and observability. From this research, the writer hopes that all parties involved in learning process such as schools, teachers, and students have to support the utilization of Rumah Belajar.

scholarly journals Pengaruh pengetahuan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dan kesadaran lingkungan terhadap partisipasi siswa SMA Negeri di Kota Malang

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Rizka Permatasari ◽  
Endang Suarsini ◽  
Siti Imroatul Maslikah
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Environmental Management ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
School Students ◽  
Development Activity

Development activity and rapid technological advances impacting on the environment that is pollution and damage to the environment. Good management needs to be done to restore the environment and prevent the damage is getting worse. Everyone has the right in the management of the environment. Educational institutions like Adiwiyata high school is expected to join on protection and preservation of the environment because of formal environmental education has been integrated into the school curriculum is thereby expected students already have a good knowledge of the environment and a high level of awareness. Research aims to find out the influence of the knowledge of environmental management and environmental awareness towards the participation of high school students in Malang. The research is classified as a research survey with questionnaire likert-scale instruments. Research done on May until July at four adiwiyata senior high schools namely SMAN 2, SMAN 5, SMAN 7, and SMAN 8 Malang. Sample research totalling 100 people at each school so that the total sample is 400 students drawn at random (random sampling). Data analysis using multiple linear regression analysis, T-test, F-test, and that previous test has been carried out normality test, multicolinierity test, and heteroskedastisity. The result showed that knowledge of environmental management and environmental awareness are jointly influenced the participation of students in the preservation of the environment. Kegiatan pembangunan dan pesatnya kemajuan teknologi berdampak pada lingkungan yaitu pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan hidup. Pengelolaan yang baik perlu dilakukan untuk memulihkan lingkungan dan mencegah kerusakan yang semakin parah. Setiap orang berhak dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Institusi pendidikan khususnya SMA Adiwiyata diharapkan ikut berpartisi pada perlindungan dan pelestarian lingkungan sebab secara formal pendidikan lingkungan hidup telah terintegrasi ke dalam kurikulum sekolah dengan demikian diharapkan siswa telah memiliki pengetahuan lingkungan yang baik dan tingkat kesadaran lingkungan yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengetahuan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dan kesadaran lingkungan terhadap partisipasi siswa sma negeri di kota malang. Penelitian diklasifikasikan sebagai penelitian survei dengan instrumen kuesioner berskala likert. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei sampai Juli 2017 di empat sekolah adiwiyata yaitu SMAN 2, SMAN 5, SMAN 7, dan SMAN 8 Kota Malang. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 100 orang pada masing-masing sekolah sehingga total sampel adalah 400 siswa yang diambil secara acak (random sampling). Analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda, uji T, dan uji F yang sebelumnya telah dilakukan uji normalitas, uji multikolinieritas, dan uji heteroskedastisitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dan kesadaran lingkungan secara bersama-sama berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap partisipasi siswa.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MOTIVASI BELAJAR DAN GAYA BELAJAR TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR EKONOMI SISWA SMA NEGERI DI KOTA TUBAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joenita Darmawati
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Learning Styles ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
School Students ◽  
Learning Achievement ◽  
Motivation And Learning

This study aims to determine 1) the influence of motivation on learning achievement, 2) the influence of learning style on learning achievement, and 3) the influence of motivation and learning styles on learning achievement. The populations were 379 senior high school students of grade XI in Tuban. Samples were taken by employing simple random sampling technique yielding in 195 students. Data were collected by using questionnaires. Data was analyzed by using the multiple linear regression analysis. Finding indicates that the partial test (t test) concluded the significant effect of motivation on students’ achievement and the significant effect of learning styles on academic achievement. Based on F test, it was concluded that both motivation and learning styles simultaneously affect students’ achievement. Consequently, students are suggested to know more about their own learning styles to optimize their learning achievement. Teachers are also advised to design their instruction in such a way that it accommodates all the learning styles.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN KONFORMITAS TEMAN SEBAYA DAN INTENSITAS MENONTON SINETRON BERTEMA KEKERASAN TERHADAP PERILAKU AGRESIF SISWA

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satria Jaya Sabekti ◽  
Kamsih Astuti
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Soap Operas ◽  
School Students ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Peer Conformity

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara konformitas teman sebaya dan intensitas menonton sinetron bertema kekerasan dengan perilaku agresif siswa. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 62 siswa SMA SI Kota Jambi. Pengumpulan data menggunakan skala konformitas teman sebaya, skala intensitas menonton sinetron bertema kekerasan dan skala perilaku agresi. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis korelasi product moment dan analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan positif antara konformitas teman sebaya dengan perilaku agresi pada pelajar. Ada hubungan positif antara intensitas menonton sinetron bertema kekerasan dengan perilaku agresi pada pelajar. Secara bersama-sama ada hubungan positif antara konformitas teman sebaya dan intensitas menonton sinetron bertema kekerasan dengan perilaku agresi pada pelajar. Sumbangan efektif dari konformitas teman sebaya dan intensitas menonton sinetron bertema kekerasan dengan perilaku agresi pelajar sebesar 21,7 %, sedangkan sumbangan variabel lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini sebesar 78,3%. Variabel lain yang tidak diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini antara lain pengaruh lingkungan sosial, pengaruh budaya, pengaruh keluarga, pengaruh pengalaman individu, dan pengaruh kepercayaan diri.RELATIONSHIP OF PEER CONFORMITY AND INTENSITY OF WATCHING THE VIOLENT SOAP OPERAS WITH STUDENTS’ AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORThis study aims to determine the relationship of peer conformity and intensity of watching violence theme soap operas with student aggression behavior. The research samples consisted of 62 SI high school students in Jambi City. Data collection process made use of peer conformity scale, intensity scale of watching soap operas with violence themes, and aggressive behavior scale. The data were then analyzed by using the product moment correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results revealed that there was a positive correlation between peer conformity and students’ aggressive behavior with a correlation coefficient value of ¬0.278 (p <0.05). There was a positive relationship between the intensity of watching violence theme soap operas with the students’ aggressive behavior with a correlation coefficient of 0.401 (p <0.05). Together there was a positive correlation between peer conformity and intensity of watching violence theme soap operas with the students’ aggressive behavior based on an R value of 0.466 (p <0.05). The effective contribution of the peer conformity and the intensity of watching the opera with the students’ aggressive behavior was 21.7%, while the extraneous variables contributed to 78.3%. The extraneous variables included the influence of the social environment, cultural influences, family influences, the influence of individual experiences, and the influence of self-confidence.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara  konformitas teman sebaya dan intensitas menonton sinetron bertema kekerasan dengan perilaku agresi pelajar. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 62 pelajar SMA SI Kota Jambi. Pengumpulan data menggunakan skala konformitas teman sebaya, skala intensitas menonton sinetron bertema kekerasan dan skala perilau agresi. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis korelasi product moment dan analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan positif  antara konformitas teman sebaya dengan perilaku agresi pada pelajar dengan nilai koefisien korelasi sebesar ­0,278 (p<0,05). Ada hubungan positif antara intensitas menonton sinetron bertema kekerasan dengan  perilaku agresi pada pelajar dengan nilai koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,401 (p<0,05). Secara bersama-sama ada hubungan positif antara konformitas teman sebaya dan intensitas menonton sinetron bertema kekerasan dengan perilaku agresi pada pelajar yang berdasarkan nilai R sebesar 0,466 (p<0,05). Sumbangan efektif dari konformitas teman sebaya dan intensitas menonton sinetron bertema kekerasan dengan perilaku agresi pelajar sebesar 21,7 %, sedangkan sumbangan variabel lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini sebesar 78,3%. Variabel lain yang tidak diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini antara lain pengaruh lingkungan sosial, pengaruh budaya, pengaruh keluarga, pengaruh pengalaman individu, dan pengaruh kepercayaan diri.

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