scholarly journals Analysis of Lecxico-Semantic Relations of Punjabi Shahmukhi Nouns: A Corpus Based Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ahmad Hashmi ◽  
Muhammad Asim Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Ilyas Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Speech Recognition ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Report Generation ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
The World ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Open Class ◽  
International Status ◽  
Different Sources

The current study is an effort in the development of Lecxico-semantic relations among Punjabi Shahmukhi nouns. Semantic relations are those nets, which are found among nouns on the bases of word meanings. Development of semantic nets is taken as a key part while developing WordNet of any language. The WordNet of Punjabi Shahmukhi is not developed yet. The digital exposure and progress of Punjabi Shahmukhi is very slow in comparison to other languages of the world. The present study explores the kind of semantic relations found among the nouns of Punjabi Shahmukhi. WordNet organizes words on the basis of word meanings rather than word forms. WordNet of English includes four open class categories including; nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives, but present study is limited to the analysis of nouns. A corpus of 2 million words of Punjabi Shahmukhi was taken from different sources. Then, it was POS tagged and a list of 846 nouns was generated. Then, each noun was analyzed individually to develop its Lecxico-semantic relations including: synonymy, antonymy, meronyms, holonymy, hyponymy, hypernymy, singular, plural, masculine, feminine and HAS a part. The present research is significant and useful in the development of WordNet for Punjabi Shahmukhi. With the development of WordNet, it will be possible to run digital applications in Punjabi Shahmukhi including: machine translation, information retrieval, querying archive and report generation to automatic speech recognition, data mining, read aloud, robotics and many more. On the other hand, WordNet will help to maintain an international status for Punjabi Shahmukhi.

scholarly journals Word Embedding Based on Large-Scale Web Corpora as a Powerful Lexicographic Tool

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-618
Author(s):  
Radovan Garabík
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Semantic Space ◽  
Word Embedding ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Comparable Corpora ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Plausible Model ◽  
Word Forms

The Aranea Project offers a set of comparable corpora for two dozens of (mostly European) languages providing a convenient dataset for nLP applications that require training on large amounts of data. The article presents word embedding models trained on the Aranea corpora and an online interface to query the models and visualize the results. The implementation is aimed towards lexicographic use but can be also useful in other fields of linguistic study since the vector space is a plausible model of semantic space of word meanings. Three different models are available – one for a combination of part of speech and lemma, one for raw word forms, and one based on fastText algorithm uses subword vectors and is not limited to whole or known words in finding their semantic relations. The article is describing the interface and major modes of its functionality; it does not try to perform detailed linguistic analysis of presented examples.

scholarly journals Why Words Are Hard for Adults With Developmental Language Impairments

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1845-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla K. McGregor ◽  
Ulla Licandro ◽  
Richard Arenas ◽  
Nichole Eden ◽  
Derek Stiles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Language Impairments ◽  
Learning Problems ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Purpose To determine whether word learning problems associated with developmental language impairment (LI) reflect deficits in encoding or subsequent remembering of forms and meanings. Method Sixty-nine 18- to 25-year-olds with LI or without (the normal development [ND] group) took tests to measure learning of 16 word forms and meanings immediately after training (encoding) and 12 hr, 24 hr, and 1 week later (remembering). Half of the participants trained in the morning, and half trained in the evening. Results At immediate posttest, participants with LI performed more poorly on form and meaning than those with ND. Poor performance was more likely among those with more severe LI. The LI–ND gap for word form recall widened over 1 week. In contrast, the LI and ND groups demonstrated no difference in remembering word meanings over the week. In both groups, participants who trained in the evening, and therefore slept shortly after training, demonstrated greater gains in meaning recall than those who trained in the morning. Conclusions Some adults with LI have encoding deficits that limit the addition of word forms and meanings to the lexicon. Similarities and differences in patterns of remembering in the LI and ND groups motivate the hypothesis that consolidation of declarative memory is a strength for adults with LI.

scholarly journals Value-Oriented Consciousness

2015 ◽  
pp. 244-250
Author(s):  
V. V. Matyushina
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Special Device ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
World Outlook ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Pattern

The article regards the interrelation between language and consciousness, but with a special focus on the fact that consciousness is not only the tool and method of reflecting human existence or regulating human actions and relations, but it is as well a special device of evaluating the items and phenomena of real life. Consciousness is understood as a person's world outlook. Society members create and get knowledge in the course of cognitive coactivity. Speech is considered to be one of the types of activity. Outwardly the images of consciousness that are figured in the course of activity are expressed with the help of language tools. The procedure of studying consciousness in psychology is described, in psychology consciousness is understood as a person's image of the world, the connection between consciousness (or the image of the world) and the category of linguistic consciousness is traced, linguistic consciousness is thought to be an integral part of consciousness. As in psychology consciousness is compared with and likened to the so called image of the world, the latter can be represented in a form of the system of meanings. The system of meanings that is moulded in the course of perceiving the real world services and works as a specific system to direct a person in life. The knowledge gained in the course of activity is transformed into personal experience and expertise in a person's consciousness. The essence of the fundamental paradigm of modern psycholinguistics is revealed where the image of linguistic consciousness is the basic research pattern. The image of linguistic consciousness is determined as the image of the world mediated by language, or it can be presented as a collection of images of consciousness expressed with the help of language tools. The images of consciousness exist as word meanings. An attempt is made to prove that linguistic consciousness not only forms, stores or processes language signs and their meanings but also determines the attitude of a person to the items and phenomena of real life. Linguistic consciousness where the axiological factor is regarded as its essence directs a person's activity, determines a person's attitude to the items and phenomena of real life. On the basis of all above - mentioned it is proved that the element of value does exist in linguistic consciousness. Consequently values can be defined as the words with socially built meaning.

scholarly journals THE RESEARCH OF SENTENCE LENGTH, WORDS AND PERIODICITY OF WORD FORMS IN THE COLLECTIONS OF PETRO KARMANSKY

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (87) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliia Solovei ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Individual Style ◽  
Linguistic Means

This work researched the linguostatistical indicators of poetic works of P. Karmansky, in particular the lengths of sentences, words and word forms are comprehensively calculated and analyzed. The following values that characterize the poet’s idiostyle are calculated: the number of values (n); maximum value (max); minimum value (min); scope (R); fashion (Mo); median (Md); average (X ̇); standard deviation (σ); coefficient of variation (V); standard error (Sx ̇); relative error (ε). The main object of study of the writer’s idiostyle is the language of his works of art, the set of linguistic means that decide the artist as an individual among others. The unified basis of all units of idiosyncrasy is the author’s worldview. Therefore, the problem of studying individual style is closely related to the problems of the linguistic picture of the world and the linguistic personality of the writer. P. Karmansky’s poetry is an interesting and little-studied phenomenon in Ukrainian literature. In listening to a number of researchers considered the life of P. Karmansky, separately thematic work, characterized by the peculiarities of those who compose his poetics. Instead, the creative work of P. Karmansky did not become the object of linguistic and statistical analysis, which determines the relevance and novelty of the study. The research corpus systematizes the author's poetry is systematized on the basis of his collections, publications in contemporary periodicals and manuscripts. The material of the study was the texts of Petro Karmansky’s collection «Poeziyi», published in Kyiv by «Ukrayinskyy pysmennyk» in 1992, which is considered one of the most complete collections, containing previously unpublished poems (the total number of poems in this collection - 334). The analysis showed that Karmansky used to use sentences of four words and words of four letters. The list of the nine most common word forms that appeared in Karmansky’s selected poems is «і» – 1714 times, «в» – 1157 times, «не» – 605 разів, «з» – 532, «на» – 507, «що» – 461, «як» – 429, «я» – 326, «а» – 207. It turns out how the poetic handwriting of the artist changed during his life.It turns out how the poetic handwriting of the artist changed during his life.

Britain's place in the world

1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Barber
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Holy Grail ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
The World ◽  
Post War ◽  
International Status

There is no better known judgement of Britain's post-war international position than Dean Acheson's view that: “Britain has lost an Empire and has not yet found a role”. Acheson's words have echoed and reechoed through the corridors of Whitehall because they seem so true, capturing not only the uncertainty about Britain's role but the decline in her international status. The judgement has attracted the attention of scholars as well as officials and politicians, as was demonstrated in a recent number of this journal when Christopher Hill wrote about “Britain's Elusive Role in World Politics”. Hill warned against the dangers of seeing foreign policy making in terms of “role”, arguing that it suppressed contradictions in the interests of a predominant image, and encouraged the illusion that a state could plough a lone furrow in pursuit of its particular interests. “Unfortunately”, he argued, “the quest for a unique role, like the pursuit of the Holy Grail, is a fatal distraction to politicians with responsibility”, and later he warned of “role” degenerating into “the medium of limp metaphor and rhetoric”.

Project Amazon: An Open Class 60 Sailboat for Single-Handed Round-the-World Racing

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (02) ◽  
pp. 65-78
Author(s):  
Eric W. Sponberg
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Naval Architecture ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Detail Design ◽  
The World ◽  
Open Class ◽  
First Time

Project Amazon is a custom-designed Open Class 60 sailboat that began development in 1992. Detail design took place in 1995–96, and construction occurred in 1996–97. Project Amazon is an aluminum cat-ketch with two carbon fiber, free-standing, rotating wingmasts, an aluminum asymmetrical swinging keel, and twin carbon fiber, daggerboard-style rudders. Followers of the Around Alone and Vendée Globe single-handed, around-the-world races and developments of Open Class 60 sailboats may find these features unusual because collectively they do not fit mainstream racing sailboat design. None of Project Amazon's design features is totally new to sailboat naval architecture. These ideas have all been tried before, and all have been successful. But this is probably the first time that so many innovations have been combined into a single major racing sailboat design.

The Semantic Web in Tourism

2011 ◽  
pp. 675-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvador Miranda Lima ◽  
José Moreira
Keyword(s):  
World Wide Web ◽  
Semantic Web ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Semantic Model ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Selection Of

The emergence of the World Wide Web made available massive amounts of data. This data, created and disseminated from many different sources, is prepared and linked in a way that is well-suited for display purposes, but automation, integration, interoperability or context-oriented search can hardly be implemented. Hence, the Semantic Web aims at promoting global information integration and semantic interoperability, through the use of metadata, ontologies and inference mechanisms. This chapter presents a Semantic Model for Tourism (SeMoT), designed for building Semantic Web enabled applications for the planning and management of touristic itineraries, taking into account the new requirements of more demanding and culturally evolved tourists. It includes an introduction to relevant tourism concepts, an overview of current trends in Web Semantics research and a presentation of the architecture, main features and a selection of representative ontologies that compose the SeMoT.

scholarly journals The Conversion in the English Language

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Gadimova Laila Sahib
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Productive Method

<p>The article deals with the investigation of the conversion in the English language. It states that the conversion is one of the main methods of enriching the vocabulary of a language. As the English language is an analytical one, the conversion is more specific for English. Many linguists have been interested in the problem of the conversion. The author claims that the conversion is a productive method of word forming in English. The author also investigates the study of new word forms from various parts of speech, such as <em>the nouns, the adjectives, the verbs, the conjunctions</em> and so on. Basing upon different sources the author comments on the term “conversion” and provides examples from such fields of linguistics as lexicon, grammar and phonetics. The phenomenon of conversion is widely spread in English. It is connected with the fact that there are not enough morphological indicators, flexions of parts of speech in this language. The author claims that conversion is one of the main reasons of the rich word stock of the English language.</p>

A Plea for a New Nominalism

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Zemach
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Relations ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
The World

I believe that the world is a totality of things: there are no properties, or relations, or sets, or states of affairs, or facts, or events; there are only particular things. I also believe that all true statements can be expressed in a canonical language which includes names of things and logical terms only: there will be no predicates in this language. For what is a predicate? Some say that predicates are names of universals which individual things exemplify, or names of sets of which individual things are members. If this is so, it is obvious that a nominalist's canonical language cannot have any predicates. Others say that predicates name nothing, but are satisfied by particular things. What, however, is satisfaction, and how is it different from naming? Semantic relations such as satisfaction, we are told, are not ‘in’ the world. But then a nominalist has no use for them.

Comparative Study of International Energy Security Strategies

2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 2570-2573
Author(s):  
Jiao Yan Fan ◽  
Wen Bo Huang
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Strategy ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Energy ◽  
International Status

With the increasingly tense global situation, international interests chains are more complicated. Energy is playing an important role. The scientific formulation and implementation of Energy strategy are not only benefit to a country's domestic development, but also greatly affect a country's international status in the world stage. Therefore the study of international energy strategy is necessary. This article first analyzes the current energy situation of China, then makes a comparison of different countries’energy security strategies, raises some useful recommendations to Chinese energy security strategy in the end.

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