scholarly journals Preference Inferences from Eye-Related Cues in Sales-Consumer Settings: ERP Timing and Localization in Relation to Inferring Performance and Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Gene Polymorphisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Verbeke ◽  
Rumen Pozharliev
Keyword(s):  
Time Windows ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Oxytocin Receptor ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Allele Carrier ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Passive Viewing ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Socially Motivated

<p>Past physiological evidence, indicates that inferences on the mind of another person (i.e., goals, intentions, beliefs), is a well-defined brain process characterized by specific temporal and spatial properties. This study investigated brain responses during passive viewing (consumers’ role) of branded products (i.e., chocolates, chips, non alcoholic beverages) and preference inferences (sales consultants’ role) from eye-related information. Using EEG methods, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants passively viewed pictures of branded products versus when they tried to infer others’ product preferences from eye-related information. ERP amplitudes were examined in two time windows, corresponding to the P3 component and the late positive potential (LPP). Dissimilar brain responses were found for preference inferences compared to passively viewingfor the P3 and LPPcomponents. P3 and LPP amplitudes were greater for preference inferences compared to passive viewing. In addition, enhance P3 and LPP amplitudes were found for preference inferences compared to passive viewing for the High Inferring Performance (HI) as opposed to the Low Inferring Performance (LI) group. Finally, enhanced posterior P3 and LPP amplitudes were found for preference inferences compared to passive viewing for the GG as opposed to the A-allele carrier individuals of oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene. Taken together, the results suggest that posteriorP3 and LPP amplitude during preference inferences from eye-related cues as opposed to passive viewing of branded products reflects increased socially motivated attention allocation required for the social inferring task, for the GG compared to A-allele carrier individuals.</p>

scholarly journals Clear judgments based on unclear evidence: Person evaluation is strongly influenced by untrustworthy gossip

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Baum ◽  
Milena Rabovsky ◽  
Sebastian Benjamin Rose ◽  
Rasha Abdel Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Positive Information ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Moral Behaviour ◽  
Affective Information

Affective information about other people’s social behavior may prejudice social interactions and bias person judgments. The trustworthiness of person-related information, however, can vary considerably, as in the case of gossip, rumours, lies, or so-called “fake news”. Here, we investigated how spontaneous person-likability and explicit person judgments are influenced by trustworthiness, employing event-related potentials as indexes of emotional brain responses. Social-emotional information about the (im)moral behaviour of previously unknown persons was verbally presented as trustworthy fact, (e.g. “He bullied his apprentice”) or marked as untrustworthy gossip (by adding e.g. allegedly), using verbal qualifiers that are frequently used in conversations, news and social media to indicate the questionable trustworthiness of the information and as a precaution against wrong accusations. In Experiment 1, spontaneous likability, deliberate person judgments and electrophysiological measures of emotional person evaluation were strongly influenced by negative information, yet remarkably unaffected by the trustworthiness of the information. Experiment 2 replicated these findings and extended them to positive information. Our findings demonstrate a tendency for strong emotional evaluations and person judgments even when they are knowingly based on unclear evidence.

Brain Responses to World Knowledge Violations: A Comparison of Stimulus- and Fixation-triggered Event-related Potentials and Neural Oscillations

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 1017-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Metzner ◽  
Titus von der Malsburg ◽  
Shravan Vasishth ◽  
Frank Rösler
Keyword(s):  
Word Meaning ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
N400 Effect ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Gamma Range ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Related Potentials

Recent research has shown that brain potentials time-locked to fixations in natural reading can be similar to brain potentials recorded during rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). We attempted two replications of Hagoort, Hald, Bastiaansen, and Petersson [Hagoort, P., Hald, L., Bastiaansen, M., & Petersson, K. M. Integration of word meaning and world knowledge in language comprehension. Science, 304, 438–441, 2004] to determine whether this correspondence also holds for oscillatory brain responses. Hagoort et al. reported an N400 effect and synchronization in the theta and gamma range following world knowledge violations. Our first experiment (n = 32) used RSVP and replicated both the N400 effect in the ERPs and the power increase in the theta range in the time–frequency domain. In the second experiment (n = 49), participants read the same materials freely while their eye movements and their EEG were monitored. First fixation durations, gaze durations, and regression rates were increased, and the ERP showed an N400 effect. An analysis of time–frequency representations showed synchronization in the delta range (1–3 Hz) and desynchronization in the upper alpha range (11–13 Hz) but no theta or gamma effects. The results suggest that oscillatory EEG changes elicited by world knowledge violations are different in natural reading and RSVP. This may reflect differences in how representations are constructed and retrieved from memory in the two presentation modes.

scholarly journals Depressive rumination is correlated with brain responses during self-related processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzu-Yu Hsu ◽  
Tzu-Ling Liu ◽  
Paul Z. Cheng ◽  
Hsin-Chien Lee ◽  
Timothy J. Lane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Late Event ◽  
Oscillatory Power ◽  
Related Aspect ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Central Symptom

AbstractBackgroundRumination, a tendency to focus on negative self-related thoughts, is a central symptom of depression. Studying the self-related aspect of such symptoms is challenging due to the need to distinguish self effects per se from the emotional content of task stimuli. This study employs an emotionally neutral self-related paradigm to investigate possible altered self processing in depression and its link to rumination.MethodsPeople with unipolar depression (MDD; n = 25) and controls (n = 25) underwent task-based EEG recording. Late event-related potentials were studied along with low frequency oscillatory power. EEG metrics were compared between groups and correlated with depressive symptoms and reported rumination.ResultsThe MDD group displayed a difference in late potentials across fronto-central electrodes between self-related and non-self-related conditions. No such difference was seen in controls. The magnitude of this difference was positively related with depressive symptoms and reported rumination. MDD also had elevated theta oscillation power at central electrodes in self-related conditions, which was not seen in controls.ConclusionsRumination appears linked to altered self-related processing in depression, independently of stimuli-related emotional confounds. This connection between self-related processing and depression may point to self-disorder being a core component of the condition.

scholarly journals Variations in Pupil Size Related to Memory for Recently Presented Words and Event Related Potentials

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-09
Author(s):  
Jan Rouke Kuipers ◽  
William A. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Initial List

Pupillometry has been found to be correlated with activity of cholinergic and noradrenergic neuromodulator systems. These systems regulate the level of cortical arousal and therefore perception, attention, and memory. Here, we tested how different types of pupil size variance (prestimulus baseline and prestimulus hippus power) may correlate with behavioral and electrophysiological brain responses (ERPs). We recorded pupil size and ERPs while participants were presented with a series of words and then asked whether they had been in the initial list when they were later presented intermixed with unpresented words. We found that a smaller prestimulus baseline pupil size during the study phase was associated with better memory performance. Study items also evoked a larger P3 response at presentation and a greater old/new memory ERP effect at test when prestimulus pupil size was small rather than large. Prestimulus hippus power was found to be a between-subjects factor affecting the robustness of memory encoding with less power being associated with a greater old/new memory ERP effect. These results provide evidence relating memory and ERPs to variables defined on pupil size that are thought to reflect varying states of parasympathetic and sympathetic arousal.

scholarly journals Posttraining Sleep Enhances Automaticity in Perceptual Discrimination

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Atienza ◽  
Jose L. Cantero ◽  
Robert Stickgold
Keyword(s):  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Perceptual Discrimination ◽  
Voluntary Attention ◽  
Auditory Learning ◽  
Cortical Dynamics ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
Related Potentials

Perceptual learning can develop over extended periods, with slow, at times sleep-dependent, improvement seen several days after training. As a result, performance can become more automatic, that is, less dependent on voluntary attention. This study investigates whether the brain correlates of this enhancement of automaticity are sleep-dependent. Event-related potentials produced in response to complex auditory stimuli were recorded while subjects' attention was focused elsewhere. We report here that following training on an auditory discrimination task, performance continued to improve, without significant further training, for 72 hr. At the same time, several event-related potential components became evident 48–72 hr after training. Posttraining sleep deprivation prevented neither the continued performance improvement nor the slow development of cortical dynamics related to an enhanced familiarity with the task. However, those brain responses associated with the automatic shift of attention to unexpected stimuli failed to develop. Thus, in this auditory learning paradigm, posttraining sleep appears to reduce the voluntary attentional effort required for successful perceptual discrimination by facilitating the intrusion of a potentially meaningful stimulus into one's focus of attention for further evaluation.

Source Localization of Subtopographic Brain Maps for Event Related Potentials (ERP)

2008 ◽  
pp. 1247-1252
Author(s):  
Adil Deniz Duru ◽  
Ali Bayram ◽  
Tamer Demiralp ◽  
Ahmet Ademoglu
Keyword(s):  
Source Localization ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Frequency Content ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Brain

Event-related potentials (ERP) are transient brain responses to cognitive stimuli, and they consist of several stationary events whose temporal frequency content can be characterized in terms of oscillations or rhythms. Precise localization of electrical events in the brain, based on the ERP data recorded from the scalp, has been one of the main challenges of functional brain imaging. Several currentDensity estimation techniques for identifying the electrical sources generating the brain potentials are developed for the so-called neuroelectromagnetic inverse problem in the last three decades (Baillet, Mosher, & Leahy, 2001; Koles, 1998; Michela, Murraya, Lantza, Gonzaleza, Spinellib, & Grave de Peraltaa, 2004; Scherg & von Cramon, 1986).

scholarly journals Attending to Eliza: rapid brain responses reflect competence attribution in virtual social feedback processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1073-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Schindler ◽  
Gregory A Miller ◽  
Johanna Kissler
Keyword(s):  
Online Communication ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Social Feedback ◽  
Feedback Processing ◽  
Early Posterior Negativity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Content Processing ◽  
Socially Motivated

Abstract In the age of virtual communication, the source of a message is often inferred rather than perceived, raising the question of how sender attributions affect content processing. We investigated this issue in an evaluative feedback scenario. Participants were told that an expert psychotherapist, a layperson or a randomly acting computer was going to give them online positive, neutral or negative personality feedback while high-density EEG was recorded. Sender attribution affected processing rapidly, even though the feedback was on average identical. Event-related potentials revealed a linear increase with attributed expertise beginning 150 ms after disclosure and most pronounced for N1, P2 and early posterior negativity components. P3 and late positive potential amplitudes were increased for both human senders and for emotionally significant (positive or negative) feedback. Strikingly, feedback from a putative expert prompted large P3 responses, even for inherently neutral content. Source analysis localized early enhancements due to attributed sender expertise in frontal and somatosensory regions and later responses in the posterior cingulate and extended visual and parietal areas, supporting involvement of mentalizing, embodied processing and socially motivated attention. These findings reveal how attributed sender expertise rapidly alters feedback processing in virtual interaction and have implications for virtual therapy and online communication.

scholarly journals The Effect of Static and Dynamic Visual Stimulations on Error Detection Based on Error-Evoked Brain Responses

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 4475
Author(s):  
Rui Xu ◽  
Yaoyao Wang ◽  
Xianle Shi ◽  
Ningning Wang ◽  
Dong Ming
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Static Condition ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Dynamic Case ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Error Recognition ◽  
The Brain

Error-related potentials (ErrPs) have provided technical support for the brain-computer interface. However, different visual stimulations may affect the ErrPs, and furthermore, affect the error recognition based on ErrPs. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate how people respond to different visual stimulations (static and dynamic) and find the best time window for different stimulation. Nineteen participants were recruited in the ErrPs-based tasks with static and dynamic visual stimulations. Five ErrPs were statistically compared, and the classification accuracies were obtained through linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with nine different time windows. The results showed that the P3, N6, and P8 with correctness were significantly different from those with error in both stimulations, while N1 only existed in static. The differences between dynamic and static errors existed in N1 and P2. The highest accuracy was obtained in the time window related to N1, P3, N6, and P8 for the static condition, and in the time window related to P3, N6, and P8 for the dynamic. In conclusion, the early components of ErrPs may be affected by stimulation modes, and the late components are more sensitive to errors. The error recognition with static stimulation requires information from the entire epoch, while the late windows should be focused more within the dynamic case.

Visual Gnosis and Face Perception

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Shozo Tobimatsu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
High Spatial Frequency ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
The Face ◽  
Related Potentials

There are two major parallel pathways in humans: the parvocellular (P) and magnocellular (M) pathways. The former has excellent spatial resolution with color selectivity, while the latter shows excellent temporal resolution with high contrast sensitivity. Visual stimuli should be tailored to answer specific clinical and/or research questions. This chapter examines the neural mechanisms of face perception using event-related potentials (ERPs). Face stimuli of different spatial frequencies were used to investigate how low-spatial-frequency (LSF) and high-spatial-frequency (HSF) components of the face contribute to the identification and recognition of the face and facial expressions. The P100 component in the occipital area (Oz), the N170 in the posterior temporal region (T5/T6) and late components peaking at 270-390 ms (T5/T6) were analyzed. LSF enhanced P100, while N170 was augmented by HSF irrespective of facial expressions. This suggested that LSF is important for global processing of facial expressions, whereas HSF handles featural processing. There were significant amplitude differences between positive and negative LSF facial expressions in the early time windows of 270-310 ms. Subsequently, the amplitudes among negative HSF facial expressions differed significantly in the later time windows of 330–390 ms. Discrimination between positive and negative facial expressions precedes discrimination among different negative expressions in a sequential manner based on parallel visual channels. Interestingly, patients with schizophrenia showed decreased spatial frequency sensitivities for face processing. Taken together, the spatially filtered face images are useful for exploring face perception and recognition.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Word Production in the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Tanja Atanasova ◽  
Raphaël Fargier ◽  
Pascal Zesiger ◽  
Marina Laganaro
Keyword(s):  
Time Windows ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Waveform Analysis ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Lexical Processes ◽  
Naming Tasks

Changes in word production occur across the lifespan. Previous studies have shown electrophysiological, temporal, and functional differences between children and adults accompanying behavioral changes in picture-naming tasks ( Laganaro, Tzieropoulos, Fraunfelder, & Zesiger, 2015 ). Thus, a shift toward adult-like processes in referential word production occurs somewhere between the ages of 13 and 20. Our aim was to investigate when and how children develop adult-like behavior and brain activation in word production. Toward this aim, performance and event-related potentials (ERP) in a referential word production task were recorded and compared for two groups of adolescents (aged 14 to 16 and 17 to 18), children (aged 10 to 13), and young adults (aged 20 to 30). Both groups of adolescents displayed adult-like production latencies, which were longer only for children, while accuracy was lower in the younger adolescents and in children, compared to adults. ERP waveform analysis and topographic pattern analysis revealed significant intergroup differences in key time-windows on stimulus-locked ERPs, both early (150–220 ms)—associated with pre-linguistic processes—and late (280–330 ms)—associated with lexical processes. The results indicate that brain activation underlying referential word production is completely adult-like in 17-year-old adolescents, whereas an intermediate pattern is still observed in adolescents aged 14 to 16 years old, although their production speed, but not their accuracy, is already adult-like.

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