Effect of Flooding Under the Gas Exchange of Cocoa Seedlings

Under flooding conditions, plants exhibit morphological and physiological characteristics that indicate that the plant is undergoing stress. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the gas exchange of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings submitted to different times of flooding. The study was carried out at the experimental farm of the Capixaba Institute for Research Technical Assistance and Rural Extension, in Linhares, North of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized. The treatments consisted in the flooding of the seedlings on days 0 (without flooding), 1, 2, 4 and 8. The seedlings were evaluated for gas exchange by characteristics: liquid assimilation of CO2; stomatal conductance; transpiration rate; water use efficiency. The gas exchange of cocoa seedlings were influenced by the flooding period in which they were submitted with a decrease in the values liquid assimilation of CO2, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate after the fourth day of flooding, after this period the seedlings developed morphological modifications that allowed them to adapt the flooding conditions, improving the liquid assimilation of CO2.

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Effect of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Gas Exchange of Micropropagated Guava Plantlets (Psidium guajava L.) during Acclimatization and Plant Establishment

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.501c ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 501c-501

Author(s):

Andrés A. Estrada-Luna ◽

Jonathan N. Egilla ◽

Fred T. Davies

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Vapor Pressure ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽

Psidium Guajava ◽

Glomus Etunicatum ◽

Plant Establishment ◽

Use Efficiency

The effect of mycorrhizal fungi on gas exchange of micropropagated guava plantlets (Psidium guajava L.) during acclimatization and plant establishment was determined. Guava plantlets (Psidium guajava L. cv. `Media China') were asexually propagated through tissue culture and acclimatized in a glasshouse for eighteen weeks. Half of the plantlets were inoculated with ZAC-19, which is a mixed isolate containing Glomus etunicatum and an unknown Glomus spp. Plantlets were fertilized with modified Long Ashton nutrient solution containing 11 (g P/ml. Gas exchange measurements included photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Measurements were taken at 2, 4, 8 and 18 weeks after inoculation using a LI-6200 portable photosynthesis system (LI-COR Inc. Lincoln, Neb., USA). Two weeks after inoculation, noninoculated plantlets had greater A compared to mycorrhizal plantlets. However, 4 and 8 weeks after inoculation, mycorrhizal plantlets had greater A, gs, Ci and WUE. At the end of the experiment gas exchange was comparable between noninoculated and mycorrhizal plantlets.

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The Effects of Drought on Leaf Gas Exchange and Growth of Three Species of Herbaceous Perennials

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.540a ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 540a-540

Author(s):

K.J. Prevete ◽

R.T. Fernandez

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Transpiration Rate ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Gas Analysis ◽

Herbaceous Perennials ◽

Effects Of Drought ◽

Analysis System

Three species of herbaceous perennials were tested on their ability to withstand and recover from drought stress periods of 2, 4, and 6 days. Eupatorium rugosum and Boltonia asteroides `Snowbank' were chosen because of their reported drought intolerance, while Rudbeckia triloba was chosen based on its reported drought tolerance. Drought stress began on 19 Sept. 1997. Plants were transplanted into the field the day following the end of each stress period. The effects of drought on transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and net photosynthetic rate were measured during the stress and throughout recovery using an infrared gas analysis system. Leaf gas exchange measurements were taken through recovery until there were no differences between the stressed plants and the control plants. Transpiration, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis of Rudbeckia and Boltonia were not affected until 4 days after the start of stress. Transpiration of Eupatorium decreased after 3 days of stress. After rewatering, leaf gas exchange of Boltonia and Rudbeckia returned to non-stressed levels quicker than Eupatorium. Growth measurements were taken every other day during stress, and then weekly following transplanting. Measurements were taken until a killing frost that occurred on 3 Nov. There were no differences in the growth between the stressed and non-stressed plants in any of the species. Plants will be monitored throughout the winter, spring, and summer to determine the effects of drought on overwintering capability and regrowth.

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Boron Supply and Water Deficit Consequences in Young ParicÃ¡ (Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum) Plants

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha44110136 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 250-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bianca do Carmo SILVA ◽

PÃªola Reis de SOUZA ◽

Daihany Moraes CALLEGARI ◽

Vanessa Ferreira ALVES ◽

Allan Klynger da Silva LOBATO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Water Use ◽

Electrolyte Leakage ◽

Tolerance Mechanism ◽

Schizolobium Parahyba ◽

Use Efficiency

Boron (B) is a very important nutrient required by forest plants; when supplied in adequate amounts, plants can ameliorate the negative effects of abiotic stresses. The objective of this study was to (i) investigate gas exchange, (ii) measure oxidant and antioxidant compounds, and (iii) respond how B supply acts on tolerance mechanism to water deficit in young Schizolobium parahyba plants. The experiment employed a factorial that was entirely randomised, with two boron levels (25 and 250 Âµmol L-1, simulating conditions of sufficient B and high B, respectively) and two water conditions (control and water deficit). Water deficit induced negative modifications on net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency, while B high promoted intensification of the effects on stomatal conductance and water use efficiency. Hydrogen peroxide and electrolyte leakage of both tissues suffered non-significant increases after B high and when applied water deficit. Ascorbate levels presented increases after water deficit and B high to leaf and root. Our results suggested that the tolerance mechanism to water deficit in young Schizolobium parahyba plants is coupled to increases in total glutathione and ascorbate aiming to control the overproduction of hydrogen peroxide and alleviates the negative consequences on electrolyte leakage and gas exchange. In relation to B supply, this study proved that sufficient level promoted better responses under control and water deficit conditions.

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Influence of biochar and microorganisms co-application on the remediation and maize productivity in cadmium-contaminated soil.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-927778/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fasih Ullah Haider ◽

Muhammad Farooq ◽

Muhammad Naveed ◽

Sardar Alam Cheema ◽

Noor ul Ain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Transpiration Rate ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Photosynthesis Rate ◽

Cow Manure ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

Spad Value ◽

Use Efficiency

Abstract The synergistic effects of biochar and microorganisms on the adsorption of Cd and on cereal plant physiology remained unclear. Therefore, this experiment was performed to evaluate the combined effects of biochar pyrolyzed from (maize-straw (BC1), cow-manure (BC2), and poultry-manure (BC3), and microorganisms including (T. harzianum L. and B. subtilis L.), to evaluate, how incorporation of biochar positively influences microorganisms growth and nutrients uptake in plant, and how it mitigates under various Cd-stress levels (0, 10, and 30ppm). Cd2 (30 ppm) had the highest reduction in the intercellular CO2, SPAD value, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate, which were 22.36, 34.50, 40.45, 20.66, 29.07, and 22.41% respectively lower than control Cd0 (0 ppm). Sole application BC, resulted in enhanced intercellular CO2, SPAD value, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate were recorded in BC2, which were 7.27, 20.54, 23.80, 5.96, 13.37, and 13.50% respectively greater as compared to control and decreased the Cd-concentration in root and shoot of maize by 34.07 and 32.53%, respectively as compared to control. Similarly, among sole microorganism’s inoculation, minimized the Cd-concentration in shoot, root, and soil by 23.77, 20.15, and 10.35% respectively than control. These results suggested that integrated application of cow manure biochar BC2 and inoculation of microorganisms MI3 as soil amendments had synergistic effects in improving the adsorption of nutrients and decreasing the Cd-uptake in maize, and enhancing the physiology of plant grown in Cd-polluted soils as opposed to using either biochar or inoculating microorganisms alone.

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Variability among Young Table Grape Cultivars in Response to Water Deficit and Water Use Efficiency

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9030135 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 135 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Carolin Weiler ◽

Nikolaus Merkt ◽

Jens Hartung ◽

Simone Graeff-Hönninger

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Water Use ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Table Grape ◽

Water Limitation ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Response To Water ◽

Grape Cultivars

Climate change will lead to higher frequencies and durations of water limitations during the growing season, which may affect table grape yield. The aim of this experiment was to determine the variability among 3-year old table grape cultivars under the influence of prolonged water deficit during fruit development on gas exchange, growth, and water use efficiency. Six own rooted, potted table grape cultivars (cv. ‘Muscat Bleu’, ‘Fanny’, ‘Nero’, ‘Palatina’, ‘Crimson Seedless’ and ‘Thompson Seedless’) were subjected to three water deficit treatments (Control treatment with daily irrigation to 75% of available water capacity (AWC), moderate (50% AWC), and severe water deficit treatment (25% AWC)) for three consecutive years during vegetative growth/fruit development. Water deficit reduced assimilation, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, and increased water use efficiencies (WUE) with severity of water limitation. While leaf area and number of leaves were not affected by treatments in any of the tested cultivars, the response of specific leaf area to water deficit depended on the cultivar. Plant dry mass decreased with increasing water limitation. Overall, high variability of cultivars to gas exchange and water use efficiencies in response to water limitation was observed. ’Palatina’ was the cultivar having a high productivity (high net assimilation) and low water use (low stomatal conductance) and the cultivar ‘Fanny’ was characterized by the highest amount of total annual dry mass as well as the highest total dry mass production per water supplied during the experiment (WUEDM). Hence, ‘Fanny’ and ‘Palatina’ have shown to be cultivars able to cope with water limiting conditions and should be extensively tested in further studies.

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Improving water-use efficiency by decreasing stomatal conductance and transpiration rate to maintain higher ear photosynthetic rate in drought-resistant wheat

The Crop Journal ◽

10.1016/j.cj.2017.01.001 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 231-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Yuping Li ◽

Hongbin Li ◽

Yuanyuan Li ◽

Suiqi Zhang

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Photosynthetic Rate ◽

Transpiration Rate ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Drought Resistant

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pengaruh pemberian pupuk organik cair kandang kelinci dan kompos limbah baglog pada pertumbuhan bibit Kakao (theobroma cacao l.) Di polibeg

Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian ( JIPERTA) ◽

10.31289/jiperta.v1i2.88 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 143-152

Author(s):

Redho Anggara Nubriama ◽

Erwin Pane ◽

Sumihar Hutapea

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Top Soil ◽

Wet Weight ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Theobroma Cacao L ◽

Cocoa Seedlings ◽

Different Doses

Cacao is one of the predominant plantation in Indonesia so that the production should be improved constantly. The purpose of this researce was to obtain data on the growth of cacao seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.) by applying rabbit cage liquid organic fertilizer and composting baglog waste with different doses. This research was carried out at the Medan Area faculty of agriculture experiment area located on the street PBSI No.1 Medan Estate. The research was conducted from July to November 2018. Using Factorial Randomized Group Desing (RGD) with two replications. The first factor tested was rabbit cage liquid organic fertilizer namely U0= without POC, U1= consentration 5% (50 ml POC/liter), U2= consentration 10% (100 ml POC/liter), U3= consentration 15% (150 ml POC/liter). The second factor is baglog waste compost which is L0= without compost baglog waste, L1= 20% baglog compost waste (600g) + 80% top soil (2.400g), L2= 40% baglog compost waste (1.200g) + 60% top soil (1.800g), L3= 60% baglog compost waste (1.800g) + 40% top soil (1.200g). The results showed that administration of baglog waste compost can increase growth ( plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter and canopy wet weight) of cocoa seedlings

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Study of Seed Germination by Soaking Methode of Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)

Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) ◽

10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v30i3.32 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 190-197

Author(s):

Sulistyani Pancaningtyas ◽

Teguh Iman Santoso ◽

Sudarsianto .

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Seed Viability ◽

Random Design ◽

Experimental Station ◽

Low Costs ◽

Theobroma Cacao L ◽

Cocoa Seedlings

Study of germination methods conduct to get information about seed viability based on germination rate, percentage of germination and vigority. Germination methods was studied to get the efficiency and effectivity of germination, easy to handle, low costs with high vigority. Sand and gunny sack methods for germination, need extensive place and 3-4 days germination period after planting. This research will study the alternative of germination method with soaking. This method can be accelerating germination rate and effectively place usage without decreasing the quality of cacao seedling.The research was done at Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institue. This research consist of two experiment was arranged based on factorial completely random design. First experiment will observed to compared germination rate and the second experiment will observed seedling quality between soaking and wet gunny sack germination method.The results showed that length of radicel on soaking method longer than wet gunny sack method. Growth of radicel started from 2 hours after soaking, moreover length of radicel at 4 hours after soaking have significant different value with gunny sack method. On 24 hours after soaking have 3,69 mm and 0,681 mm on wet gunny sack treatment. Except lengt of hipocotyl, there is not different condition between seedling that out came from soaking and wet gunny sack method. Length of hipocotyl on 36 hours after soaking have 9,15 cm and significant different between wet gunny sack germination method that have 5,40 cm. Keywords : seed germination, soaking method, Theobroma cacao L., cocoa seedlings

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Effect of fertigation with potassium and nitrogen on gas exchange and biomass accumulation in eggplant1

Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical ◽

10.1590/1983-40632016v4747885 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 345-352

Author(s):

Álvaro Henrique Cândido de Souza ◽

Roberto Rezende ◽

Marcelo Zolin Lorenzoni ◽

Fernando André Silva Santos ◽

André Maller

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Use ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Internal Co2 ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT Adequate crop fertilization is one of the challenges for agriculture. Measuring gas exchange and biomass accumulation may be used to adjust crop management. The effect of fertigation with potassium (0 kg ha-1, 54 kg ha-1, 108 kg ha-1 and 216 kg ha-1) and nitrogen (0 kg ha-1, 67 kg ha-1, 134 kg ha-1 and 268 kg ha-1) on gas exchange and biomass accumulation in eggplant was assessed under greenhouse conditions. The net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, water-use efficiency and total dry weight were evaluated. With the exception of K for water-use efficiency and N for internal CO2 concentration, all the other gas exchange parameters were significantly affected by the K and N doses. There was an interaction between N and K doses for net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. The highest values for net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, carboxylation instantaneous efficiency and total dry weight were found in the range of 125-185 kg ha-1 of K and 215-268 kg ha-1 of N.

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