Soil Structural Behavior as a Function of the Amount of Coverage of Maize and Oat Straw on Oxisol on Subtropical Region

It is undeniable which soil management systems with intensive use of machines and with little formation of organic matter result in the deterioration of the soil structure. The relation among the values of organic matter in the soil profile as function of the quantity of residue left on the soil surface during the harvest has been little documented. This evaluation will be very important to provide and to apply the best optimization model of the soil management system. The objective of this work was to value the contribution of the mulch cover of maize and oat straw, applied in the soil surface at different quantities and of the soil textural porosity at the change of the soil structural porosity. The experiment was carried out from August to November 2005 on a Oxisol, with clay texture, located at the Experiment Farm of Agricultural Engineering from the UNIOESTE, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil (24°54′ S; 53°31′ W). The average soil texture in top 20 cm was 126, 195 and 679 g kg-1 of sand, silt and clay respectively. Aggregates sizes distribution, soil bulk density, particles density and textural density and soil organic matter were determined at the laboratory for evaluation of the soil structural parameters. For all conditions: application rates, and distribution in the layers of soil depth, the cover with oat straw produced more organic matter and presented a positive effect faster on the soil structural voids ratio than the coverage with maize straw.

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Abundance and diversity of soil arthropods and fungi in shelterbelts integrated with pastures in the central tablelands of New South Wales, Australia

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/12/2012-jfs ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 58 (No. 12) ◽

pp. 560-568 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E.W. Mbuthia ◽

J.H. Shariff ◽

A. Raman ◽

D.S. Hodgkins ◽

H.I. Nicol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Early Spring ◽

Late Winter ◽

Soil Arthropods ◽

South Wales ◽

Abundance And Diversity ◽

The Relationship

Shelterbelts are important for the sustainability of agriculture because they provide a variety of benefits to farmers and the society. Several published papers demonstrate that integration of shelterbelts with agroecosystems offers positive outcomes, such as better yield, more congenial microclimate, and greater organic matter levels. Nonetheless, soil biological diversity, the driver of greater organic matter levels, has not been convincingly tested and verified yet. In addressing this gap, we measured abundance and diversity of populations of arthropods and fungi in three<br />11-year old shelterbelts integrated with pasture to determine whether a correlation exists between the abundance of and diversity in populations of arthropods and fungi in two seasons: late autumn-early winter (May–June 2011) and late winter-early spring (August–September 2011). Litter from the soil surface and soil from two depths were sampled at increasing distance from the midpoint of shelterbelts for the extraction of arthropods and isolation culturing of fungi. The relationship among distance, depth and biodiversity of different groups of arthropods and fungi was analysed using linear regression. We found that over both seasons arthropod abundance in the litter and soil declined with increasing distance from the midpoint of the shelterbelts, and with soil depth. However, fungi abundance in either season was not affected by proximity to the shelterbelt but increased with greater soil depth. Distance from the shelterbelt midpoints did not bear an impact on the diversity richness of both arthropods and fungi.

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Relationship between the mass of organic matter and carbon in soil

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology ◽

10.1590/s1516-89132008000200005 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 263-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Silmara R. Bianchi ◽

Mario Miyazawa ◽

Edson L. de Oliveira ◽

Marcos Antonio Pavan

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Loss On Ignition ◽

Oxidation Degree ◽

Wide Range

The quantity of soil organic matter (SOM) was estimated through the determination of soil organic carbon (SOC) times a factor, which assumes that 58% of the SOM was formed by carbon. A number of soil samples with wide range of SOC content collected in the state of Paraná, Brazil were evaluated in the laboratory. SOC was measured by Walkley-Black method and the total SOM by loss on ignition. The SOC was positively correlated with SOM. The SOM/SOC ratio varied from 1.91 to 5.08 for the soils. It shows that Brazilian SOM has greater oxidation degree. Although, the SOM and SOC decreased with soil depth the SOM/SOC ratio increased. It showed that SOM in the subsoil contained more oxygen but less carbon than the SOM in the upper soil surface. The CEC/SOC also increased with depth indicating that the functional groups of the SOM increased per unity of carbon.

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Sequestration of Organic Carbon Influenced by the Application of Straw Residue and Farmyard Manure in Two Different Soils

International Agrophysics ◽

10.2478/intag-2014-0005 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 169-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Majid Mahmoodabadi ◽

Elina Heydarpour

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Surface Layer ◽

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

Uncultivated Soil

Abstract Soil organic carbon is one of the most important soil components, which acts as a sink for atmospheric CO2. This study focuses on the effect of different methods of organic matter application on the soil organic carbon sequestration in a 4-month experiment under controlled greenhouse conditions. Three rates of straw residue and farmyard manure were added to uncultivated and cropland soils. Two treatments of straw residue and farmyard manure incorporation were used into: a soil surface layer and 0-20 cm soil depth. The result showed that the application of organic matter, especially the farmyard manure incorporation led to a significant increase in the final soil organic carbon content. Higher amounts of soil organic carbon were stored in the cropland soil than in the uncultivated soil. On average, the soil surface layer treatment caused a higher sequestration of soil organic carbon compared to the whole soil depth treatment. If higher rates of organic matter were added to the soils, lower carbon sequestration was observed and vice versa. The result indicated that the carbon sequestration ranged farmyardmanure > strawresidue and cropland soil > uncultivated soil. The findings of this research revealed the necessity of paying more attention to the role of organic residue management in carbon sequestration and prevention of increasing global warming.

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KLASSIFIKASI BAHAN ORGANIK TANAH BUKIT PINANG-PINANG KAWASAN HUTAN HUJAN TROPIK GUNUNG GADUT PADANG

Jurnal Solum ◽

10.25077/js.6.2.54-65.2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 54

Author(s):

Yulnafatmawita Yulnafatmawita ◽

Asmar Asmar ◽

Mimien Harianti ◽

Suci Betrianingrum

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Heavy Fraction ◽

The Other ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Mineral Particles ◽

Very High

A research about soil organic matter (SOM) classification based on the density was conducted for soil in Bukik Pinang-Pinang region. The objective of this research was to identify whether the SOM in Pinang-Pinang area, having very high annual rainfall, was mostly particulate or had been associated with mineral particles. Soils were sampled at three different land use, forest, bush, and mixed wood land on 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm soil depth. Soil organic matter was classified into 2 classes, < 1.0 g cm-3 and ≥ 1.0 g cm-3 by using pure aquadest. Total and fractionated SOM samples were analyzed by using Walkley and Black method in soil laboratory, Agriclculture College, Andalas University. The result showed that, among the three land use surveyed, mixed wood land use gave the highest SOM, then followed by bush land. Soil OM content in forest ecosystem was much lower than the other two land use for the whole depth. Based on the density, SOM particulate was higher on the soil surface and decrease by depth in each land use. Among the ecosystem, SOM under forest was less associated with soil particles than that under bush and mixed wood land. Key Words: SOM-light fraction, SOM-heavy fraction, land use

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Physical properties of a soil under a pig slurry application and organic matter activators

Research in Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.17221/84/2020-rae ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 199-207

Author(s):

Václav Novák ◽

Petr Šařec ◽

Kateřina Křížová

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Field Experiment ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Pig Slurry ◽

Equal Dose ◽

Positive Effect

To investigate the effects of organic matter activators combined with a pig slurry on a soil’s physical properties, a field experiment was carried out in a monoculture of corn (2015–2017). Three pig slurry application variants complemented with the activators in question, i.e. with PRP SOL spread directly on the soil surface (SOL), with Z’fix added to the slurry during the pig housing (ZF) and with a combination of both PRP SOL and Z’fix (ZF_SOL), were compared with just the pig slurry (C) under an equal dose of nitrogen and a uniform growing technology. According to the results, a positive effect of the penetration resistance with the pig slurry and the activators of organic matter (Z’fix and PRP SOL) was not proven. The saturated hydraulic conductivity was demonstrably better achieved with the Z’fix activator, but PRP SOL activator also provided a certain improvement. The largest change in the unit draught was observed in the ZF_SOL application (20% increase). The results seem ambiguous; however, they give a good indication of the activators’ effect in practice. Nevertheless, the findings would certainly benefit from further verification.

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Water retention in a peatland with organic matter in different decomposition stages

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832011000400015 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 1217-1227 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

José Ricardo da Rocha Campos ◽

Alexandre Christófaro Silva ◽

José Sebastião Cunha Fernandes ◽

Mozart Martins Ferreira ◽

Daniel Valladão Silva

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Water Retention ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Soil Column ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Intermediate Stage ◽

Standard Procedures ◽

Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽

Advanced Stages ◽

Maximum Water

Peatlands are ecosystems formed by successive pedogenetic processes, resulting in progressive accumulation of plant remains in the soil column under conditions that inhibit the activity of most microbial decomposers. In Diamantina, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, a peatland is located at 1366 m asl, in a region with a quartz-rich lithology and characteristic wet grassland vegetation. For this study, the peat area was divided in 12 transects, from which a total of 90 soil samples were collected at a distance of 20 m from each other. The properties rubbed fiber content (RF), bulk density (Bd), mineral material (MM), organic matter (OM), moisture (Moi) and maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) were analyzed in all samples. From three selected profiles of this whole area, samples were collected every 27 cm from the soil surface down to a depth of 216 cm. In these samples, moisture was additionally determined at a pressure of 10 kPa (Moi10) or 1500 kPa (Moi1500), using Richards' extractor and soil organic matter was fractionated by standard procedures. The OM decomposition stage of this peat was found to increase with soil depth. Moi and MWHC were highest in layers with less advanced stages of OM decomposition. The humin levels were highest in layers in earlier stages of OM decomposition and with higher levels of water retention at MWHC and Moi10. Humic acid contents were higher in layers at an intermediate stage of decomposition of organic matter and with lowest levels of water retention at MWHC, Moi10 and Moi1500.

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Liming and electrochemical attributes of an oxisol under no tillage

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162003000100018 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 119-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú Alleoni ◽

Fernando César Bachiega Zambrosi ◽

Silvino Guimarães Moreira ◽

Luís Ignácio Prochnow ◽

Volnei Pauletti

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Electric Potential ◽

Salt Effect ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Soil Surface ◽

No Tillage ◽

Soil Layers ◽

Full Rate ◽

Tillage System ◽

General Improvement

No tillage areas are increasing in Brazil especially due to a general improvement in water and nutrient availability to plants. Few results have reported the effect of liming on soil electrochemical attributes in areas under the no tillage system. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of liming (at the soil surface and incorporated to 0.2 m) on soil pH, point of zero salt effect (PZSE), electric potential, soil organic matter (SOM), and yield of soybean and corn, cultivated on an Typic Hapludox, submitted 12 years to no tillage. Rates of lime of 1/3, 2/3 and the total amount calculated for soil to reach a base saturation of 70 % (2.5 ton ha-1) were applied on soil surface. The full rate was also applied and incorporated to the 0.2 m depth. The effect of liming on PZSE was low due, most likely, to the low lime rates used in the experiment. SOM contents decreased as rates of applied lime increased, with the highest variation occurring between the control and the full rate of lime when incorporated. No clear effect of the lower values of SOM was observed in the PZSE values. The lack of interaction among lime rates and soil depth contributed for this situation, once the effect of SOM was diluted when considering the values of PZSE as the average for the soil layers (0-0.1; 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 m). There was no variation in the soil electric potential and in the yield of soybean and corn as a function of lime rates.

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Site Preparation Effects on 20 Year Survival and Growth of Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and on Selected Soil Properties

Western Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/wjaf/18.1.44 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 44-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C.A. Harrington ◽

K.B. Piatek ◽

D.S. DeBell

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Site Preparation ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Old Growth Forest ◽

Survival And Growth

Abstract Long-term effects of site preparation on tree performance and soil properties are not well known. Five site preparation treatments were evaluated to determine how they affected survival and growth of Douglas-fir 3, 10, and 20 yr after planting, and soil bulk density, C, N, P, and organic matter concentrations at 0 to 20 cm soil depth 21 yr after planting. The site preparation treatments were imposed following logging of three harvest units of old-growth forest on a volcanic soil in southwestern Washington; the units were logged to leave 17, 38, and 53 ton/ha of woody residue. The site preparation treatments were hand-pile-and-burn, machine-pile-and-burn, scarification, broadcast burn, and control. Mean survival ranged from 86% at age 3 to 70% at age 20, and average tree heights at 3, 10, and 20 yr were 0.6, 4.1, and 11.7 m. The scarification treatment had the best growth; at age 20, its average tree was 21% taller, 26% larger in diameter, and 82% greater in volume than the control. The hand-pile-and-burn treatment did not differ from the control in tree growth; the machine-pile-and-burn and broadcast burn treatments were intermediate in their growth response. Average soil bulk density was 0.74 g/cm3, organic matter concentration was 118 g/kg, and C, N, and P concentrations were 49, 1.6, and 0.7 g/kg with no significant treatment effects. Site preparation may have benefited growth of the trees on these units by decreasing competition from invading and regrowing vegetation, increasing nutrient availability, or increasing soil temperature. West. J. Appl. For. 18(1):44–51.

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The Effects of Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) on Soils and Plant Communities in the Deserted Rangelands of Bahrain

International Journal of Forestry Research ◽

10.1155/2020/8810765 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Manal A. M. Sadeq ◽

Mohammed S. Abido ◽

Ahmed A. Salih ◽

Jameel A. Alkhuzai

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Prosopis Juliflora ◽

Soil Composition ◽

Soil Layers ◽

Understory Plants ◽

Index Of Diversity ◽

Number Of Plant Species ◽

Physicochemical Properties Of Soils

The influence of mesquite trees (Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) D.C.) on the physicochemical properties of soils and annual understory plants was investigated in the deserted rangelands of Bahrain. Soil properties were measured in the understory and the uncanopied adjacent areas of mesquite trees. Likewise, the number of plant species was assessed in four 1 × 1 m randomly distributed quadrates in the understory and the uncanopied adjacent areas. The results showed that sand particles exceed 96% of soil composition. Soil bulk density at the 0–5 cm soil depth was significantly higher in the understory of trees compared to the uncanopied adjacent areas. However, moisture at a depth of 40–60 cm was significantly higher in the uncanopied adjacent areas. No differences in the pH, EC, K, Na, and Ca were found between understory and the uncanopied areas in all soil depths. Levels of N, P, Mg, and organic matter were significantly higher in the understory of trees compared to the uncanopied adjacent areas. Organic matter was twice the amount in the upper 20 cm of soil layers in the understory of mesquite trees. Species richness did not differ between the understory and the uncanopied areas. Nevertheless, the density of ephemerals in the understory of mesquite trees was higher than the uncanopied areas by 18%. The Shannon-Weaver index of diversity was higher in the uncanopied areas compared to the understory. The study concluded that the canopy effects of mesquite trees on soil vary with depth. Nonetheless, the influence of mesquite on flora could be beneficial for annual understory plants but subject to many operating factors, including density and cover of mesquite trees.

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ORGANIC MATTER FRACTIONS OF AN IRRIGATED OXISOL UNDER NO-TILL AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE IN THE BRAZILIAN SEMI-ARID REGION

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252017v30n205rc ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 303-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

RAFAEL PEREIRA SALES ◽

RODINEI FACCO PEGORARO ◽

ARLEY FIGUEIREDO PORTUGAL ◽

JOSÉ ALOÍSIO ALVES MOREIRA ◽

MARCOS KOITI KONDO

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Carbon Content ◽

Soil Management ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Management Systems ◽

Semiarid Region ◽

No Till ◽

Brazilian Semiarid ◽

Organic Matter Fractions

ABSTRACT The replacement of natural vegetation by crop systems directly impacts the soil organic matter fractions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) contents in different fractions of the soil organic matter (SOM) of an Oxisol of the Brazilian semiarid region under different irrigated crops and different soil management systems. Seven treatments were evaluated, which consisted of two soil management systems (no-till and conventional tillage) and three crops (maize, sunflower and sorghum), using as reference the soil under a native forest (NF). The summer crops preceded common bean crops in the autumn-winter. The total organic carbon content, total nitrogen, carbon content in humic substances and their constituents (fulvic acids, humic acids and humin) and labile, non-labile and water-soluble carbon contents were evaluated two years and three months after the experiment implementation to determine the carbon lability (L) lability index (LI), partitioning index (CPI) and management index (CMI). The greatest carbon, nitrogen and organic matter contents in the soil surface layer (0.00-0.05 m) were found in crops under no-till system (NTS), especially maize. The crops under NTS presented greater carbon content in humic substances than the conventional tillage system (CTS) ones in the layer 0.05-0.10 m. The crops under NTS presented greater sustainability in the Brazilian semiarid region compared with those under CTS, as shown by their higher CMI in the soil surface layer.

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