scholarly journals Convective Drying of Sewage Sludge Layer in Through-flow

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 481-493
Author(s):  
Andraž Lipolt ◽  
Brane Širok ◽  
Marko Hočevar ◽  
Lovrenc Novak

Drying of the sewage sludge layer was investigated in a convective laboratory dryer at air temperatures of 65 °C and 80 °C and air speeds of 0.53 m/s and 0.83 m/s. The sludge layer was formed by loading cylindrical extrudates on a grate of 0.5 m × 0.5 m size. The drying air was directed through the layer, as typically encountered in industrial belt dryers. Under such setup, the sludge layer structure and porosity significantly affect the air flow conditions and thus the drying rates. Shrinkage and cracking of the material during drying caused changes in the layer’s porous structure, that affected the pressure drop and the drag force due to passing of air through the layer. The decreasing of drag force over time was modeled by a simple function that showed excellent agreement to the selected measured data. The sludge layer drying kinetics was determined by fitting the measured data to the most common drying models. Two models, the modified Nadhari and the Wang Singh model, were determined as most suitable for modeling of drying curves. The total drying time per kilogram of sludge was modeled as a function of drying air temperature, drying air velocity and initial sludge dry matter content. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the model is 0.944. Total drying times between 43 minutes per kilogram and 76 minutes per kilogram of sludge were obtained for the investigated range of drying air conditions.

Author(s):  
Т.Г. КОРОТКОВА ◽  
А.С. ДАНИЛЬЧЕНКО ◽  
Н.Ю. ИСТОШИНА

Исследована кинетика сушки сырой пивной дробины – вторичного продукта ООО «Белореченский пивоваренный завод» (Россия, Краснодарский край). Сушка проведена в двух температурных режимах – 60 и 55°С. Скорость сушильного агента при вынужденной конвекции составляла 4,5 м/с. Содержание сухого вещества определено по ГОСТ 31640–2012 в лабораторных условиях и составило 12,9%. Измерение убыли массы при сушке проведено с интервалом 5 мин. Общее время сушки навески пивной дробины в количестве 50 г – 420 мин при режиме 50°С, 360 мин – при 60°С. Среднее значение конечной влажности пивной дробины составило 11,85%. Построены кривые сушки и скорости сушки. Скорость сушки при удалении свободной влаги в первом периоде сушки, мин–1: при 60°С – 3,5, при 55°С – 3,0. Установлено, что содержание связанной влаги составляет в среднем 57% от массы влаги в навеске пивной дробины, свободной влаги – 43%. Анализ структуры навески пивной дробины под микроскопом до сушки и после нее подтвердил факт, что в исследованном материале количество связанной влаги больше, чем свободной. Наличие частиц размером 5–7 мм свидетельствует о значительном количестве клеточной влаги в неразрушенных капиллярах. Дальнейшее совершенствование технологии переработки пивной дробины должно быть направлено на разрушение клеточной структуры материала после его механического обезвоживания. The kinetics of drying of the crude brewer’s spent grain – a secondary product of LLC «Belorechensky brewery» (Russian Federation, Krasnodarregion) has been studied. Drying is carried out in two temperature modes – 60 and 55°C. The speed of the drying agent under forced convection was 4,5 m/s. The dry matter content was determined according to GOST 31640–2012 in laboratory conditions and was 12,9%. Measurement of mass loss during drying was performed at an interval of 5 min. The total drying time of the brewer’s spent grain sample in the amount of 50 gis 420 min at 50°C, 360 min – at 60°C. The average value of the final moisture content of brewer’s spent grain made up 11,85%. Curves of drying and drying speed are constructed. Drying speed when removing free moisture in the first drying period, min–1: at 60°C – 3,5, at 55°C – 3,0. It was found that the content on average of bound moisture is 57% of the mass of moisture in brewer’s spent grain, free moisture – 43%. Analysis of the structure sample of brewer’s spent grain a microscope before and after drying confirmed the fact that the amount of bound moisture in the studied material is greater than the amount of free moisture. The presence of particles of 5–7 mm in size indicates a significant amount of cellular moisture in undisturbed capillaries. Further improvement of the technology for processing brewer’s spent grain should be aimed at destroying the cellular structure of the material after its mechanical dehydration.


2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 58-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
m. Houška ◽  
k. Kýhos ◽  
p. Novotná ◽  
a. Landfeld ◽  
j. Strohalm

The study examined gel strength of the native egg white as a function of pH and the dry matter content. The egg white samples were isolated from fresh eggs and the eggs in different stages of storage. The gel strength was measured with Texture Analyser of TA-XT2i type. The study has shown that the gel strength increases with rising pH and the content of dry matter. The influence of the egg age is more complicated. The gel strength increases over the first 14 days after egg laying and slowly decreases afterwards. Mathematical dependence of the gel strength was predicted on the basis of the measured data by the method of non-linear regression: gel strength (p/cm<sup>2</sup>) = exp[0.00674*time (days) + 0.289*dry matter (%) + 0.1165*pH + 1.433].


2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Nagy ◽  
Z. Szabó ◽  
J. Nyéki ◽  
I. Gonda ◽  
I. J. Holb

The aim our study was to establish whether significant differences in nutrients uptake and quality of fruit existbetween organic and integrated grown apples. The study was performed at the orchard Fruit Research Station, University of Debrecen, at Debrecen-Pallag during 2002–2004. Diameter (mm), weight (g), firmness (N/cm2), dry matter (%) and Vitamin C in fruit were determined. Diameter data showed that the size of apples strongly depended on cultivars and organic apples were larger than integrated ones. Moreover, the effect of year and species strongly affected the apple diameter, size and weight. Measured data of firmness were good agreement in data of diameter and weight. Larger fruits have lower values of firmness due to the structure of fruit flesh. Dry matter content of apples varied between 14.66 and 18.07 in integrated, and 12.87 and 17.29 in organic apples according to cultivars. Values were affected by years and cultivars. From results it was evident that the dry matter content of apples affected by production system. It was lower in organic samples than integrated ones.Vitamin C content of apples was stronger affected by species and years than production system.


2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vânia Regina Nicoletti Telis ◽  
Vânia Araújo Lourençon ◽  
Ana Lúcia Gabas ◽  
Javier Telis-Romero

The objective of this work was to determine the most appropriated chemical treatment to be used to dry grapes cv. Rubi for raisin production. Drying curves for convective drying with air at 50ºC, in a tray drier, were obtained for grapes submitted to chemical pretreatments with different concentrations of potassium carbonate and olive oil, and different dipping times, according to factorial designs. Convective drying curves were also obtained for grapes pretreated in aqueous suspensions of soybean lecithin, at varied lecithin concentrations and dipping times. Page model was adjusted to the experimental drying curves, and the calculated drying times showed that the best pretreatment consisted in dipping grapes for 2 minutes in a 5% olive oil and 6% K2CO3 emulsion, at 50ºC, which resulted in a drying time close to that of the pretreatment with 2.5% of olive oil, but with a lower consumption of this substance. In addition, the immersion of grapes in an aqueous suspension of 2% soy lecithin, at 50ºC, for 5 minutes, resulted in a total drying time slightly higher than the most effective pretreatment.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 4706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sadowska ◽  
Franciszek Świderski ◽  
Ewelina Hallmann

This study compared the quality of organic strawberry powders, obtained by convective drying (CD), freeze drying (FD) and spray drying (SD) methods. In the study, such analyses were performed: the content of vitamin C and polyphenols by liquid chromatography method, antioxidant activity using ABTS+• radicals, microstructure using a scanning microscope, sensory quality by profile method and the determination of the physicochemical properties. The FD powders were characterised by the highest content of vitamin C and polyphenols, obtained values were close to fresh strawberries after conversion to the dry matter content. The content of these ingredients in CD and SD powders was lower by 55%–80% for vitamin C, and 80% for the polyphenols content. Strawberry flavour was most beneficial for the FD powders, while smoothness and homogeneity of appearance were equally rated for the FD and SD powders. Strawberry powders are a concentrate source of bioactive compounds and, therefore, the FD powders should especially be mainly used as a valuable component of high-value foods, especially functional foods, while CD and SD powders can be used to enrich food with vitamin C and as a valuable natural flavour and colouring component, replacing food additives.


2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Anirban Dey ◽  
Somya Singhal ◽  
Prasad Rasane ◽  
Sawinder Kaur ◽  
Navneet Kaur ◽  
...  

Opuntia ficus-indica (Linnaeus) Miller more usually known as fodder palm or nopal belongs to family Cactaceae. In the present study, the drying behavior of the O. ficus-indica cladodes was observed. The study concentrates on comparatively studying two types of commercial drying methods viz., forced convective drying (tray drying) and vacuum drying to dry nopal cladodes at three different temperatures viz. 40, 50 and 60°C. The equilibrium moisture contents for forced convective drying was achieved at 540–720 min and for that of vacuum drying at 600–840 min. Three mathematical drying models for thin layer drying viz. Page, Lewis and Henderson-Pabis model were evaluated for both convective drying and vacuum drying. Statistical parameters such as the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>), root mean square error and reduced χ<sup>2</sup> were used to fit the models. Page model was found to be satisfactory for both forced convective and vacuum drying of the nopal cladodes at 40 and 50°C respectively. Among these, two drying methods, forced convective drying method was found to be more suitable than the vacuum drying method for nopal cladodes on the basis of drying time and statistical parameters.


Author(s):  
Florin SALA ◽  
Alin DOBREI

The purpose of study was to assess the rate of water loss from the strings of vines in relation to internodes position on vine chords and degree of wood maturity. The biological material was represented by Burgund vine cultivar, to which were analyzed individually all internodes distributed on the chord length (internodes number IN2-19). The rate of water loss and associated parameters (maximum rate of water loss - RWLMax, total drying time - T, time to achieve RWLMax - tRWLMax) were determined from the Burgund vine cultivar, in controlled condition. Parameters studied were associated with dry matter content (refractometric method), degree of maturity of the wood, and internodes positions on chord. RWL Max had higher values in the basal internodes (IN2; RWL Max = 0.252±0.005 g/min) and lower in the apical internodes (IN17-19; RWLMax = 0.202±0.011 g/min). RWLMax distributions values, according to the position of internodes on chord was described by a third degree polynomial function, statistical safety (R2 = 0.949, p<0.01). Dry substance content in internodes (sugar) was correlated with the total time of water loss (T; R2 = 0.945), the time to reach the maximum rate of water loss (tRWLMax; R2 = 0.855), and maximum rate of water loss (RWLMax; R2 = 0.984).


Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 5504
Author(s):  
Hanna Kowalska ◽  
Agata Marzec ◽  
Ewa Domian ◽  
Ewelina Masiarz ◽  
Agnieszka Ciurzyńska ◽  
...  

Japanese quince has high health value, but due to its taste and texture, it is difficult to eat raw. The use of innovative drying methods to produce dried snack foods from these fruits may be of interest to producers and consumers. The physicochemical and sensory properties of 3 mm slices of Japanese quince fruit (with skin, without seeds) obtained by osmotic pre-treatment in chokeberry and apple juice concentrates, and with the use of convection (convective drying, C-D), freeze-drying (F-D), and convection-microwave-vacuum drying (hybrid) are assessed. The methods of drying osmo-dehydrated slices do not affect the dry matter content. In most dried quince, the water activity is 0.40 or lower. Pre-osmotic dehydration and drying have a significant impact on the mechanical and acoustic properties of quince chips. Sensory attractive chips emit loud acoustic emission (AE) during the breaking test. Chips that are osmo-dehydrated in a mixture of chokeberry juice concentrate and sucrose and dried by a hybrid method are attractive. They have a dark red color given by chokeberry concentrate and a slight sweet (with a slight sour-bitter) taste. The sensory evaluation was useful for determining the quality of the chips in terms of their texture (crispness) tested by mechanical methods. Their sensory ratings (overall desirability as weight of color, taste, crispness, and flavor) are high and similar (from 3.8 to 4.1). The use of innovative drying methods with pre-osmotic treatment allows obtaining dried material with properties comparable to those obtained by the F-D method, but in a much shorter time, i.e., with lower energy and using a simple method.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
İrem Mazlum ◽  
Nizam Mustafa Nizamlioğlu

In this work, four different drying methods, namely natural drying in sun, natural drying in shade, natural drying in sun using a dipping solution and natural drying in shade using dipping solution were used to drying Ekşikara grapes growing in Karaman, Turkey. While aw values of all grapes were decreased during drying, total soluble solids content increased. The values of pH and total acidity in grape samples significantly increased during the drying period due to the increase in dry matter content. The results showed that all the drying treatments significantly increased the total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity, trans-resveratrol, organic acid and sugar compounds. Trans-resveratrol amounts were slightly higher in the samples dried in the shade and in the dipping solution treatment and decreased as the drying time increases. An increase in organic acid and sugar contents was observed depending on the drying time. The change of colour was comparatively faster in dried samples with dipping solution. It was found that dipping solution treatment (7 days) reduced the drying time by half when compared to the samples without dipping solution treatment (15 days). This result is important for the grape producers of Karaman/Turkey, where the drying period under sun generally take 15 days.


Author(s):  
Т.Г. КОРОТКОВА ◽  
А.С. ДАНИЛЬЧЕНКО

Традиционные способы удаления влаги из пивной дробины – ее механическое обезвоживание и сушка, которая является энергоемким технологическим процессом, поскольку для удаления значительного количества связанной влаги из крупных частиц сырой пивной дробины требуется продолжительное воздействие на материал. Для исследования возможности сокращения продолжительности сушки нами выдвинуто предположение, что разрушение клеток пивной дробины, способствующее переходу части связанной влаги в свободную, должно отразиться на кинетике сушки материала. Перед проведением сушки сырую пивную дробину помещали на сито до полного стока с нее жидкости. Из полученного таким образом материала сформировали три образца: образец 1 (исходный); образец 2 – дробленая пивная дробина; образец 3 – дробленая и отжатая на ручном прессе пивная дробина. Сушку трех образцов проводили при температурном режиме 60°С в сушильном шкафу Memmert UFE 400. Убыль массы навески фиксировали на весах через каждые 5 мин в течение всего эксперимента. Содержание сухого вещества, определенное по ГОСТ 31640–2012, составило, %: для образцов 1 и 2 – 19,2; для образца 3 – 22. По результатам эксперимента построены кривые скорости сушки, на основе анализа которых установлено, что операция дробления перед сушкой позволяет разрушить клеточную структуру пивной дробины и перевести часть связанной влаги в свободную. Конечная влажность образцов пивной дробины составила, %: образец 1 – 112,453; 2 – 10,842; 3 – 9,585. На основе полученных экспериментальных данных было предложено при производстве сухой кормовой добавки из вторичного продукта пивоваренного производства после его отжима перед сушкой ввести стадию измельчения пивной дробины до размера частиц 3–5 мм. Это позволяет увеличить поверхность массообмена между сушильным агентом и твердой фракцией, что повышает скорость сушки и снижает ее продолжительность, а также получить высушенную твердую фракцию пивной дробины с влажностью 9–10%. Снижение конечной влажности сухой кормовой добавки может способствовать увеличению срока ее хранения. Traditional methods of removing moisture from raw brewer's grains are mechanical dewatering and drying. Drying is an energy-intensive technological process, since it requires prolonged exposure to the material to remove a significant amount of bound moisture from the large particles of raw brewer's grains. To study the possibility of reducing the drying time, we put forward the assumption that the destruction of the brewer's grains cells, which contributes to the transition of part of the bound moisture to the free one, should affect the kinetics of drying the material. Before drying, the raw brewer's grains were placed on a sieve until the liquid was completely drained from it. Three samples were formed from the material obtained in this way: sample 1 – initial; sample 2 – crushed brewer's grains; sample 3 – crushed and pressed on a manual press brewer's grains. Three samples were dried at a temperature of 60°C in a Memmert UFE 400 drying cabinet. The weight loss of the sample was recorded on the scale every 5 minutes throughout the experiment. The dry matter content determined according to GOST 31640–2012 was, %: for samples 1 and 2 – 19,2; for sample 3 – 22. According to the results of the experiment, the drying rate curves are constructed. Based on their analysis, it was found that the crushing operation before drying allows you to destroy the cellular structure of the brewer's grains and transfer part of the bound moisture to the free. The final moisture content of the beer pellet samples was, %: sample 1 – 112,453; 2 – 10,842; 3 – 9,585. On the basis of the experimental data obtained, it was proposed in the production of dry feed additives from the secondary product of brewing production to introduce after its extraction before drying a stage of crushing the brewer's grains to a particle size of 3–5 mm. This allows you to increase the mass transfer surface between the drying agent and the solid fraction, which increases the drying speed and reduces its duration, as well as to obtain a dried solid fraction of brewer's grains with a humidity of 9–10%. Reducing the final moisture content of a dry forage additive can increase its shelf life.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document