Could marten become the spotted owl of eastern Canada?

1991 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Spotted Owl ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Management Plans

Conservation of spotted owl habitat in western North America illustrates the difficult decisions that must be taken and the conflicts that can arise in land-use planning. In eastern North America, spotted owls are absent but marten, an animal species which prefers old-growth forest, has become rare in some areas as a result of habitat loss. The marten is a threatened species in Newfoundland, exists in small numbers in Nova Scotia, and has been extirpated in Prince Edward Island. Lack of long-term integrated forest resource planning, short rotations, and silvicultural practices that produce sub-optimal habitat may eliminate the species in Atlantic Canada. Two cases are discussed from Newfoundland and New Brunswick where unbalanced forest age structures suggest a bleak future for the marten. Other larger jurisdictions in Canada should closely examine their forest land management plans in view of the Atlantic experience.

scholarly journals Multiple spillovers and onward transmission of SARS-Cov-2 in free-living and captive White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh V Kuchipudi ◽  
Meera Surendran-Nair ◽  
Rachel M Ruden ◽  
Michele Yon ◽  
Ruth H Nissly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
North America ◽  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Retropharyngeal Lymph Node ◽  
Free Living

Many animal species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and could potentially act as reservoirs, yet transmission in non-human free-living animals has not been documented. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), the predominant cervid in North America, are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and experimentally infected fawns transmit the virus to other captive deer. To test the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 may be circulating in deer, we evaluated 283 retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) samples collected from 151 free-living and 132 captive deer in Iowa from April 2020 through December of 2020 for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Ninety-four of the 283 deer (33.2%; 95% CI: 28, 38.9) samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA as assessed by RT-PCR. Notably, between Nov 23, 2020, and January 10, 2021, 80 of 97 (82.5%; 95% CI 73.7, 88.8) RPLN samples had detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCR. Whole genome sequencing of the 94 positive RPLN samples identified 12 SARS-CoV-2 lineages, with B.1.2 (n = 51; 54.5%), and B.1.311 (n = 19; 20%) accounting for ~75% of all samples. The geographic distribution and nesting of clusters of deer and human lineages strongly suggest multiple zooanthroponotic spillover events and deer-to-deer transmission. The discovery of sylvatic and enzootic SARS-CoV-2 transmission in deer has important implications for the ecology and long-term persistence, as well as the potential for spillover to other animals and spillback into humans. These findings highlight an urgent need for a robust and proactive One Health approach to obtaining a better understanding of the ecology and evolution of SARS-CoV-2.

Spatial patterns, trends, and the potential long-term impacts of tree harvesting on lake calcium levels in the Muskoka River Watershed, Ontario, Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn R. Reid ◽  
Shaun A. Watmough
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ca Depletion

The issue of calcium (Ca) decline in surface waters of eastern Canada is an emerging concern that may be made worse by timber harvesting. In the Muskoka River Watershed (MRW) in Ontario, the mean lake Ca concentration in 104 lakes decreased by 30% since the 1980s, with the rate of decrease slowing over time consistent with changes in lake sulfate (SO4) as the region recovers from acid deposition. Recent data suggested that smaller lakes, at higher elevation, in smaller catchments with higher runoff that are minimally impacted by the influence of roads and agriculture are associated with lower Ca concentrations and thus are the lakes most at risk of amplified Ca depletion. Using proposed annual allowable harvest cuts from 10-year forest management plans, 38% of 364 lakes assessed in the MRW will fall below a reported critical 1 mg·L–1 Ca threshold compared with just 8% in the absence of future harvesting. It is concluded that Ca decline poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and should be taken into consideration in future forest management plans.

A 13-YEAR SURVEY OF THE APHIDOPHAGOUS COCCINELLIDAE IN MAIZE FIELDS IN EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Kieckhefer ◽  
N.C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
North America ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Eastern Canada

Coccinellids are a conspicuous group of aphidophagous predators in maize, Zea mays L., in the Northern Great Plains of the United States. Numerous studies have been conducted on the ecology of coccinellids in maize in North America (Ewert and Chiang 1966a, 1966b; Smith 1971; Foott 1973; Wright and Laing 1980; Corderre and Tourneur 1986; Corderre et al. 1987). However, there have been few long-term surveys of coccinellids in maize. Foott (1973) reported on the abundance of coccinellid species inhabiting maize in eastern Canada over a 4-year period; no surveys of this type have been reported for the Northern Great Plains. We sampled coccinellids in maize fields at three sites in eastern South Dakota for 13 consecutive years to determine the species inhabiting the crop and levels of variation in their abundances among sites and years.

ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM COMPLEX IN CANADA AND PORTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Mulligan ◽  
I. John Bassett
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
The United States ◽  
Achillea Millefolium ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
The Pacific

The chromosome numbers of plants of the Achillea millefolium complex from 27 locations in North America are reported. The levels of polyploidy found are correlated with diameters of the pollen grains. Measurements of pollen grains from more than 300 herbarium specimens are used as an indication of the occurrence of tetraploid and hexaploid species of Achillea in Canada. The results of some crossing experiments are also reported. It is concluded that the common Achillea of North America is tetraploid and is the native A. lanulosa Nutt. It extends from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts, as far south as California in the west and Pennsylvania in the east, and to northern Canada and Alaska. Another native species, hexaploid Achillea borealis Bong., extends along the Pacific coast from southern California to the Aleutian Islands and along the northern shorelines of Alaska and Canada. A Eurasiatic hexaploid, A. millefolium L. s. str., has been sparingly introduced into Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and perhaps elsewhere along the Atlantic seaboard. In eastern Canada a male-sterile purple-flowered hexaploid also occurs. This hexaploid escapes from cultivation and forms localized patches. It undoubtedly has been selected from the Eurasiatic A. millefolium L. s str.

scholarly journals The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 153. Stachys palustris L.

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-722
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Darbyshire ◽  
Ardath Francis ◽  
Gerald A. Mulligan ◽  
Gavin L. Graham
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Wetland Plant ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Arable Fields

Darbyshire, S. J., Francis, A., Mulligan, G. A. and Graham, G. 2014. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 153. Stachys palustris L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 709–722. Marsh hedge-nettle, Stachys palustris, is a perennial Eurasian member of the mint family, which has become naturalized and weedy in some parts of eastern North America. It is a hexaploid member of a holarctic species complex, which differs morphologically from the primarily tetraploid North American forms. The production of fleshy tuberous rhizomes is the most significant distinctive feature. In Canada, it has been a weed of potato and root crops in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, although other crops and areas, such as soybean in Ontario, are also affected. Usually considered a wetland plant, it readily spreads into drier arable fields from adjacent ditches and wetlands. Several herbicides available for use in Canada have been found to provide limited long-term suppression in agricultural systems, with the best results obtained using combined pre-emergent and post-emergent applications.

scholarly journals Distribution and Abundance of Spotted Owls in Zion Natioinal Park

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
R. Gutierrez ◽  
Sarah Rinkevich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Cost ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Spotted Owl ◽  
Strix Occidentalis ◽  
Spotted Owls ◽  
Northern Spotted Owl ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Strix Occidentalis Caurina ◽  
Heated Debate

The recent listing of the Northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as a threatened species (Federal Register 1990) raises heated debate concerning the long-term survival of the species and perceived economic cost to timber industry (Thomas et al. 1988). Long term studies of the owls's ecology are necessary to provide information needed for ecologically based management plans (Dawson et al. 1987). Much is already known about the natural and life history of the Northern spotted owl (Forsman et al. 1984, Gutierrez et al. 1984, Gutierrez 1985, Franklin et al. 1990) as well as the California subspecies (S. o. occidentalis) (Gutierrez and Pritchard 1990). In contrast, the Mexican spotted owl (S. o. Iucida) is the least studied of the three subspecies (Ganey and Balda 1989). It is known that this latter subspecies inhabits rocky canyonlands and coniferous forests in the southwestern United States and Mexico (Kertell1977, Wagner et al. 1982, Webb 1983, Johnson and Johnson 1985, Ganey 1988, and Skaggs 1988) but there are few published studies on its ecology and habitat needs (Ganey 1988). Also, the effects of human activities, such as recreation, on the Mexican subspecies are unclear, particularly in isolated habitats (Gutierrez 1985). Therefore, in 1989, we initiated a two year investigation of abundance and distribution of Mexican spotted owls in Zion National Park. This report summarizes our 1990 survey effort and research findings.

TWO SPECIES OF FUNGUS INFECTING THE EUROPEAN SKIPPER THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE) IN QUÉBEC

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-88
Author(s):  
Jeremy N. McNeil ◽  
D. M. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Microbial Insecticide ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis ◽  
Long Term Impact

Since its initial introduction into North America (Saunders 1916) the European skipper Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) has been found attacking timothy grass throughout much of eastern Canada and the United States reaching pest status in Ontario (Arthur 1966), Prince Edward Island (Thompson 1977), and Quebec (Doyle and Richard 1971; McNeil et al. 1975). Bucher and Arthur (1961) examined skipper larvae, collected near Princeville, Ontario, for naturally occurring pathogens and reported the presence of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus, a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis gut virus, and a spore forming bacterium. They stated that such pathogens represented a possible means of biological control if the skipper became economically important. An epizootic caused by an NPV in dense skipper populations near Normandin, Quebec (Smirnoff 1974), led to a series of experiments evaluating its efficacy as a microbial insecticide (Smirnoff et al. 1976; Duchesne 1980), its long term impact on the population dynamics of T. lineola (Duchesne 1980), and its possible effects on non-target organisms (Smirnoff et al. 1979).

Incidence of beech bark disease resistance in the eastern Acadian forest of North America

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (05) ◽  
pp. 690-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Taylor ◽  
Donnie A. McPhee ◽  
Judy A. Loo
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Acadian Forest ◽  
Disease Free

Beech bark disease (BBD) is a fatal affliction of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in North America. Although natural resistance to BBD has been observed, reports vary with respect to incidence of resistance, with 1% being most commonly acknowledged. In this paper, we provide the first formal, empirical estimate of BBD resistance over a wide geographical area where BBD has been prevalent for longest in North America. We conducted our study in the Acadian Forest region of eastern Canada. Thirty-five beech-dominated stands (>5 ha each) were surveyed across the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, spanning a time since infection (TSI) period between 1890 and 1975. Stands were surveyed for incidence of disease-free beech trees, which was used as a proxy for BBD resistance. Across our study area, the average percentage of disease-free trees observed was 3.3%; however, the occurrence of disease-free trees varied significantly geographically, with the oldest, most southerly TSI zone indicating 2.2% and the youngest, most northerly TSI zone showing 5.7%. Although geographic variation of disease-free beech trees may reflect disease exposure time, we speculate that lower minimum winter temperatures, combined with less intensive land-use history are the underlying mechanisms that explain the higher observed percentage of disease-free trees in the most northerly TSI zones.

Hydrogeological responses in tropical mountainous springs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Geochemical Composition ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Term Data

This study presents a hydrogeochemical analysis of spring responses (2013-2017) in the tropical mountainous region of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. The isotopic distribution of δ18O and δ2H in rainfall resulted in a highly significant meteoric water line: δ2H = 7.93×δ18O + 10.37 (r2=0.97). Rainfall isotope composition exhibited a strong dependent seasonality. The isotopic variation (δ18O) of two springs within the Barva aquifer was simulated using the FlowPC program to determine mean transit times (MTTs). Exponential-piston and dispersion distribution functions provided the best-fit to the observed isotopic composition at Flores and Sacramento springs, respectively. MTTs corresponded to 1.23±0.03 (Sacramento) and 1.42±0.04 (Flores) years. The greater MTT was represented by a homogeneous geochemical composition at Flores, whereas the smaller MTT at Sacramento is reflected in a more variable geochemical response. The results may be used to enhance modelling efforts in central Costa Rica, whereby scarcity of long-term data limits water resources management plans.

Typing ofSalmonella entericaserovar Infantis isolates from 51 outbreaks in Germany between 1974 and 2009 by a novel phage-typing scheme

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. MILLER ◽  
P. G. BRAUN ◽  
K. FEHLHABER ◽  
R. PRAGER ◽  
Y. PFEIFER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Typing Scheme ◽  
Strain Collection ◽  
Community Outbreaks

SUMMARYWe developed a new phage-typing method and evaluated its application in combination withXbaI macrorestriction analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as a useful tool for the long-term epidemiology ofSalmonella entericaserovar Infantis. In this study, we investigated 1008S.Infantis isolates recovered from humans, various animal species and food products from 1973 to 2009. The typing scheme is based on 17 typing phages, defining 61 different patterns within the strain collection. The experiments showed that phage typing is a reliable method for differentiation of outbreaks and sporadic clinical cases as well as for elucidation of chains of transmission. The combined analysis of phage typing and PFGE revealed the existence of epidemic clones with a high stability over time like PT29/XB27 which was identified in nosocomial salmonellosis, community outbreaks as well as in broiler chickens from 2002 to 2009.

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