scholarly journals The impact of drought stress on the yields and food value of selected forage grasses

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariola Staniak
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
The Impact

<p>The aim of the study was to compare yields and nutritional value of selected species and cultivars of forage grasses under the optimal moisture conditions and long-term drought stress. The regenerative capacity of plants after dehydration was also assessed. The pot experiment was conducted in years 2009–2010 in IUNG-PIB’s greenhouse in Puławy, Poland. Nine cultivars of four species: <em>Dactylis glomerata</em> (‘Amera’, ‘Minora’), <em>Festuca pratensis</em> (‘Skra’, ‘Fantazja’), <em>Festulolium braunii</em> (‘Felopa’, ‘Agula’, ‘Sulino’), and <em>Lolium multiflorum</em> (‘Gisel’, ‘Lotos’) were investigated in well-watered conditions (70% field water capacity – FWC) and under a long-term drought stress (40% FWC).</p><p>The study showed that stress caused by soil moisture deficiency significantly reduced yields of <em>D. glomerata</em>, <em>F. pratensis</em>, <em>F. braunii</em>, and <em>L. multiflorum</em>. The total yield of dry matter under stress conditions was about 31% lower, compared to the performance achieved on the optimally moisturized treatment. The smallest reduction in dry matter yield under the conditions of water deficit was recorded for <em>D. glomerata</em>, which makes it the most resistant to stress, followed by <em>F. pratensis</em>. The resistance of <em>F. braunii</em> and <em>L. multiflorum</em> to stress was similar and significantly lower. There was a various response of different grasses to the water stress. On the basis of the value of the DSI (drought susceptibility index), the tested cultivars were ranked depending on the sensitivity to drought, starting with the most resistant cultivar: ‘Minora’, ‘Skra’, ‘Fantazja’, ‘Amera’, ‘Sulino’, ‘Agula’, ‘Gisel’, ‘Lotos’, and ‘Felopa’. The digestibility of dry matter and nutrient value of the grasses depended on both the level of soil moisture and grass species. Under the water stress, the digestibility and protein value increased compared to the control objects. <em>Lolium multiflorum</em> and <em>F. braunii</em> had the best nutritional value, while <em>D. glomerata</em> – the weakest.</p>

Effect of plant age and cottony snow mold on winter survival of forage grasses

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Hwang ◽  
D. A. Gaudet ◽  
G. D. Turnbull ◽  
K. F. Chang ◽  
R. J. Howard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Mold Resistance ◽  
The Impact

The low temperature basidiomycete (LTB, syn. Copribus psychromorbidus Traquair), the causal agent of cottony snow mold, is a major constraint to forage grass survival and productivity in the parkland region of the Canadian prairies under prolonged snow cover (e.g., 160 d). Studies were conducted to establish the level of the snow mold resistance in seven grass species commonly grown in western Canada and to identify the seeding dates that permit grass plants to develop maximum levels of resistance to snow mold. Following attack by the LTB fungus, considerable variation in winter survival and forage yield was observed among the grass species. Smooth brome and meadow brome were most resistant, followed by timothy and creeping red fescue. Tall fescue and orchardgrass were the most susceptible. Controlled-environment and field studies demonstrated that orchardgrass seeded in late spring resulted in greater winter survival and dry matter yield than when seeded in July or August, both in snow mold inoculated and noninoculated treatments. Additional mortality and dry matter yield loss were linked to snow mold injury. These results demonstrated that snow mold injury could reduce winter survival and yield in first-year forage grasses, especially in orchardgrass, and early seeding could reduce the impact of winter stresses. Key words: Grass, orchardgrass, timothy, smooth bromegrass, meadow bromegrass, creeping red fescue

scholarly journals Natural and Managed Grasslands Productivity during Multiyear in Ex-Arable Lands (in the Context of Climate Change)

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Liudmila Tripolskaja ◽  
Asta Kazlauskaite-Jadzevice ◽  
Virgilijus Baliuckas ◽  
Almantas Razukas
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Rainfall Variation ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Term Change ◽  
The Impact

Ex-arable land-use change is a global issue with significant implications for climate change and impact for phytocenosis productivity and soil quality. In temperate humid grassland, we examined the impact of climate variability and changes of soil properties on 23 years of grass productivity after conversion of ex-arable soil to abandoned land (AL), unfertilized, and fertilized managed grassland (MGunfert and MGfert, respectively). This study aimed to investigate the changes between phytocenosis dry matter (DM) yield and rainfall amount in May–June and changes of organic carbon (Corg) stocks in soil. It was found that from 1995 to 2019, rainfall in May–June tended to decrease. The more resistant to rainfall variation were plants recovered in AL. The average DM yield of MGfert was 3.0 times higher compared to that in the AL. The DM yields of AL and MG were also influenced by the long-term change of soil properties. Our results showed that Corg sequestration in AL was faster (0.455 Mg ha−1 year−1) than that in MGfert (0.321 Mg ha−1 year−1). These studies will be important in Arenosol for selecting the method for transforming low-productivity arable land into MG.

scholarly journals Pasture characteristics of Italian ryegrass and milk production under different management strategies

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcolino Frederico Miguel ◽  
Henrique Mendonça Nunes Ribeiro Filho ◽  
Steben Crestani ◽  
Fabiana da Rocha Ramos ◽  
Tereza Cristina Moraes Genro
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Canopy Light Interception

The objective of this work was to assess the effects of the sward structure of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), during the first grazing cycle, on its morphological and bromatological characteristics throughout the growing season, and on the performance of dairy cows. The treatments consisted of two structures obtained as a function of canopy-light interception: high-light interception (HLI) and low-light interception (LLI), with different pre-grazing heights in the first grazing cycle. Pasture was managed under rotational grazing with a herbage allowance not below 30 kg dry matter (DM) per cow per day. Three grazing cycles, with a grazing interval of 30 days, were evaluated. Pre-grazing herbage mass was greater (2,240 vs. 1,656 kg ha-1 DM), but the proportion of leaf blades was smaller (0.35 vs. 0.43) for HLI swards. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were similar between treatments in the first grazing cycle, but in the second and third ones NDF was greater, and OMD lower, for the HLI swards. Milk yields were greater for cows grazing LLI swards (19.4 vs. 21.1 kg per day). Initial grazing with 90% of light interception promotes greater nutritional value in the subsequent cycles.

scholarly journals Research Progress and Perspective on Drought Stress in Legumes: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nadeem ◽  
Jiajia Li ◽  
Muhammad Yahya ◽  
Alam Sher ◽  
Chuanxi Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
The Impact

Climate change, food shortage, water scarcity, and population growth are some of the threatening challenges being faced in today’s world. Drought stress (DS) poses a constant challenge for agricultural crops and has been considered a severe constraint for global agricultural productivity; its intensity and severity are predicted to increase in the near future. Legumes demonstrate high sensitivity to DS, especially at vegetative and reproductive stages. They are mostly grown in the dry areas and are moderately drought tolerant, but severe DS leads to remarkable production losses. The most prominent effects of DS are reduced germination, stunted growth, serious damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, decrease in net photosynthesis, and a reduction in nutrient uptake. To curb the catastrophic effect of DS in legumes, it is imperative to understand its effects, mechanisms, and the agronomic and genetic basis of drought for sustainable management. This review highlights the impact of DS on legumes, mechanisms, and proposes appropriate management approaches to alleviate the severity of water stress. In our discussion, we outline the influence of water stress on physiological aspects (such as germination, photosynthesis, water and nutrient uptake), growth parameters and yield. Additionally, mechanisms, various management strategies, for instance, agronomic practices (planting time and geometry, nutrient management), plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation, quantitative trait loci (QTLs), functional genomics and advanced strategies (CRISPR-Cas9) are also critically discussed. We propose that the integration of several approaches such as agronomic and biotechnological strategies as well as advanced genome editing tools is needed to develop drought-tolerant legume cultivars.

Evaluation of 2018 drought and effectiveness of adaptation measures in the Netherlands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein H.J. van Huijgevoort ◽  
Janine A. de Wit ◽  
Ruud P. Bartholomeus
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Hydrological Drought ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;Extreme dry conditions occurred over the summer of 2018 in the Netherlands. This severe drought event led to very low groundwater &amp;#160;and surface water levels. These impacted several sectors like navigation, agriculture, nature and drinking water supply. Especially in the Pleistocene uplands of the Netherlands, the low groundwater levels had a large impact on crop yields and biodiversity in nature areas. Projections show that droughts with this severity will occur more often in the future due to changes in climate. To mitigate the impact of these drought events, water management needs to be altered.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this study, we evaluated the 2018 drought event in the sandy regions of the Netherlands and studied which measures could be most effective to mitigate drought impact. We have included meteorological, soil moisture and hydrological drought and the propagation of the drought through these types. Droughts were determined with standardized indices (e.g. Standardized Precipitation Index) and the variable threshold level method. Investigated measures were, for example, higher water levels in ditches, reduced irrigation from groundwater, and increased water conservation in winter. We also studied the timing of these measures to determine the potential for mitigating effects during a drought versus the effectiveness of long term adaptation. The measures were simulated with the agro-hydrological Soil&amp;#8211;Water&amp;#8211;Atmosphere&amp;#8211;Plant (SWAP) model for several areas across the Netherlands for both agricultural fields and nature sites.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As expected, decreasing irrigation from groundwater reduced the severity of the hydrological drought in the region. Severity of the soil moisture drought also decreased in fields that were never irrigated due to the effects of capillary rise from the groundwater, but, as expected, increased in currently irrigated fields. Increasing the level of a weir in ditches had a relatively small effect on the hydrological drought, provided water was available to sustain higher water levels. This measure is, therefore, better suited as a long term change than as ad hoc measure during a drought. The effectiveness of the measures depended on the characteristics of the regions; for some regions small changes led to increases in groundwater levels for several months, whereas in other regions effects were lost after a few weeks. This study gives insight into the most effective measures to mitigate drought impacts in low-lying sandy regions like the Netherlands.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Effects of Water Stress and Potassium on Quantity Traits of Two Varieties of Mung Bean (Vigna Radiata L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Z. Fooladivanda ◽  
M. Hassanzadehdelouei ◽  
N. Zarifinia
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Water stress is known as the major threat to reduced growth and yield of plants in arid and semi-arid regions. Potassium is one of the indicators of plant responses to water stress. To evaluate the impact of water stress and levels of potassium on yield and yield components of two varieties of mung bean (Vigna radiata) (promising lines VC6172 and Indian), an experiment in the form of split factorial, based on randomized complete block design with three replicates was conducted in 2011, at the research farm of Safi-Abad Dezfool, Iran (latitude 32°16’ N, longitude 48°26’ E and altitude 82.9 m above sea level) .Water stress in three levels: irrigation at 120 (no stress), 180 (moderate stress) and 240 (severe stress) mm evaporation from pan, were allocated to the main plots and potassium fertilizer at three levels (0, 90, 180 kg /ha) and two varieties of mung bean (promising line VC6172 and Indian) were allotted to the sub-plots. Results showed that water stress and potassium fertilizer significantly affect all traits. The highest grain yield (2093 kg /ha) was obtained from no stress treatment in the case of 180 kg /ha potassium. Total dry matter, number of pods and grain yield, were significantly different between the two varieties. The interaction between fertilizer and variety, on dry matter and grain yield and the interaction between irrigation and variety, on dry matter were significant. We conclude that use of potassium fertilizer can reduce the adverse effects of water stress.

scholarly journals Metabolic Responses of Hybrid Bermudagrass to Short-term and Long-term Drought Stress

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (6) ◽  
pp. 411-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongmei Du ◽  
Zhaolong Wang ◽  
Wenjuan Yu ◽  
Bingru Huang
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Compound ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Short Term

The accumulation of different types of metabolites may reflect variations in plant adaptation to different severities or durations of drought stress. The objectives of this project are to examine changes in metabolomic profiles and determine predominant metabolites in response to short-term (6 days) and long-term (18 days) drought stress with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis in a C4 perennial grass species. Plants of hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis cv. Tifdwarf) were unirrigated for 18 days to induce drought stress in growth chambers. Physiological responses to drought stress were evaluated by visual rating of grass quality, relative water content, photochemical efficiency, and electrolyte leakage (EL). All parameters decreased significantly at 6 and 18 days of drought stress, except EL, which increased with the duration of drought stress. Under short-term drought stress (6 days), the content did not change significantly for most metabolites, except methionine, serine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), isoleucine, and mannose. Most metabolites showed higher accumulation under long-term drought stress compared with that under the well-watered conditions, including three organic acids (malic acid, galacturonic acid, and succinic acid), 10 amino acids (proline, asparagine, phenylalanine, methionine, serine, 5-hydroxynorvaline, GABA, glycine, theorine, valine), seven sugars (sucrose, glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, maltose, xylose), one nitrogen compound (ethanolamine), and two-sugar alcohol (myo-inositol). The accumulation of those metabolites, especially malic acid, proline, and sucrose, could be associated with drought adaptation of C4 hybrid bermudagrass to long-term or severe drought stress.

scholarly journals Wieloletnie użytkowanie ślazowca pensylwańskiego – wartościowego źródła biomasy

2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
Roman Molas ◽  
Halina Borkowska ◽  
Barbara Sawicka
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Biomass Feedstocks ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Propagation Methods ◽  
The Impact

Next-generation biomass feedstocks are needed to optimize sustainability in a wide range of soils and climates. Species that has been recently noticed in Europe is Virginia fanpetals (Sida hermaphrodita L. Rusby). A critical question with research of this species is its field propagation. A long-term (2003–2012), field experiment was conducted to determine the impact of propagation method on yields and productivity this species. The hypothesis was higher yields of S. hermaphrodita biomass from vegetative propagations than from generative propagations, also over the long term. On average, from first 10 years of lifespan of Virginia fanpetals (2003–2012), biomass dry matter (DM) yields were significantly higher by vegetative propagation (16.8 Mg ha–1) as for generative (10.9 Mg ha–1). The average gross energy yield obtained by the vegetative propagation reached 304 GJ ha–1 while by the generative propagation was 196 GJ ha–1. The determined heat of combustion reached 18.1 GJ Mg–1 DM, the ash content was 28 g kg–1, and the nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), and chlorine (Cl) contents were 1.9 g kg–1, 0.52 g kg–1 and 0.23 g kg–1, respectively, regardless of propagation methods.

scholarly journals Reconciling Flagging Strategies for Multi-Sensor Satellite Soil Moisture Climate Data Records

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3439
Author(s):  
Mendy van der Vliet ◽  
Robin van der Schalie ◽  
Nemesio Rodriguez-Fernandez ◽  
Andreas Colliander ◽  
Richard de Jeu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Soil Moisture Data ◽  
Climate Records ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Reliable soil moisture retrievals from passive microwave satellite sensors are limited during certain conditions, e.g., snow coverage, radio-frequency interference, and dense vegetation. In these cases, the retrievals can be masked using flagging algorithms. Currently available single- and multi-sensor soil moisture products utilize different flagging approaches. However, a clear overview and comparison of these approaches and their impact on soil moisture data are still lacking. For long-term climate records such as the soil moisture products of the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI), the effect of any flagging inconsistency resulting from combining multiple sensor datasets is not yet understood. Therefore, the first objective of this study is to review the data flagging system that is used within multi-sensor ESA CCI soil moisture products as well as the flagging systems of two other soil moisture datasets from sensors that are also used for the ESA CCI soil moisture products: The level 3 Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and the Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP). The SMOS and SMAP soil moisture flagging systems differ substantially in number and type of conditions considered, critical flags, and data source dependencies. The impact on the data availability of the different flagging systems were compared for the SMOS and SMAP soil moisture datasets. Major differences in data availability were observed globally, especially for northern high latitudes, mountainous regions, and equatorial latitudes (up to 37%, 33%, and 32% respectively) with large seasonal variability. These results highlight the importance of a consistent and well-performing approach that is applicable to all individual products used in long-term soil moisture data records. Consequently, the second objective of the present study is to design a consistent and model-independent flagging strategy to improve soil moisture climate records such as the ESA CCI products. As snow cover, ice, and frozen conditions were demonstrated to have the biggest impact on data availability, a uniform satellite driven flagging strategy was designed for these conditions and evaluated against two ground observation networks. The new flagging strategy demonstrated to be a robust flagging alternative when compared to the individual flagging strategies adopted by the SMOS and SMAP soil moisture datasets with a similar performance, but with the applicability to the entire ESA CCI time record without the use of modelled approximations.

Response of ungrafted and grafted grapevine cultivans and rootstocks (Vitis sp.) to water stress

OENO One ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imene Toumi ◽  
Wissal M'Sehli ◽  
Soumaya Bourgou ◽  
Neila Jallouli ◽  
Asma Bensalem-Fnayou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Progressive Water Stress

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: The responses of two Vitis vinifera cultivars (Cardinal and Superior Seedless) and two rootstocks (110R and SO4) to drought, the effect of grafting and the interactions of scion/rootstock were investigated.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: The vines were subjected to a progressive water stress in greenhouse controlled conditions. At the end of the water stress treatments, physiological analyses were carried out (stem water potential, dry matter production, soluble sugars, proline as well as ions Na+ and K+). Drought was expressed by the drop of the stem water potential in the stressed vines as compared to their controls. Furthermore, tolerance and sensitivity were linked to the accumulation of soluble sugars and proline as well as the equilibrium of K+ and Na+ in the leaves.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: When ungrafted, Cardinal was more tolerant to water stress than Superior Seedless. The grafted vines exhibited more vigour, moreover, the combination of Cardinal with SO4 and Superior Seedless with 110R revealed to be the advantageous associations under water stress.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of study</strong>: This work has been carried out to investigate the differential responses of grapevine cultivars to drought stress and the impact of grafting under water shortage conditions.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document