Volcanic Eruptions as a Threat to Public Security

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (32) ◽  
pp. 150-169
Author(s):  
Andrzej Urbanek
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Public Security ◽  
The Impact

Public security is nowadays considered to be a key area of national security. Its main objective is to protect the population from the effects of various types of threats that may appear on the territory of Poland, but also beyond its borders. Such threats include undoubtedly volcanic eruptions. In this article, the author makes an attempt to analyse the above phenomenon from the perspective of direct and indirect threats it poses to public security. The author included in it: the definition and basic types of volcanoes, the characteristics of volcanic eruptions and their consequences, as well as the characteristics of volcanic threats in Poland. The article ends with the author’s summary and conclusions in which the author refers to the impact of volcanic threats on public security.

Impact of Citizenship and Immigration Law on National Security of Nepal

Unity Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 203-213
Author(s):  
Sachin Dahal
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
General Public ◽  
Immigration Law ◽  
Public Security ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Immigration Laws ◽  
Citizenship Laws ◽  
The Impact

The citizenship and immigration laws are regarded as the foundational units to assure the security of citizens and also to serve the national integrity. This article discusses about the impact of Nepali citizenship and immigration law on national security of Nepal. What may be the significance of citizenship and immigration law of a nation in an increasingly global society? Has Nepal considered immigration as a threat to security by focusing on societal, economic, internal and public security? In order to elaborate the issues of human security in Nepal from the perspectives of citizenship realm and trends of immigration, it is necessary to investigate the provisions of citizenship provided in the constitution as well as the laws that oversee the effect of immigration on the socio-cultural, political and economic demographics of Nepal. Importance of strong citizenship laws proliferate continuously from dual and transitional citizenship in the context of globalization. Considering the geopolitical location of Nepal and its vulnerability to the possible threats, Nepal’s citizenship and immigration laws have always been the integral part of debate and discussion among the politicians, intellectuals and general public. The development of national security of any country is dependent upon the quality of dignity, liberty and protection ensured to its citizens by the state. So, the economic, social and political rights should be granted to the citizens in equal manner through citizenship while guarding against pretentious foreign interests. Nepal needs to have strong citizenship and immigration laws to sustain its territorial integrity and protect national interests.

Revisiting the Krakatau 1883 Volcanic Aerosol Dispersal 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Castro ◽  
Tushar Mittal ◽  
Stephen Self
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
Aerosol Cloud ◽  
Pinatubo Eruption ◽  
The Impact

<p>The 1883 Krakatau eruption is one of the most well-known historical volcanic eruptions due to its significant global climate impact as well as first recorded observations of various aerosol associated optical and physical phenomena. Although much work has been done on the former by comparison of global climate model predictions/ simulations with instrumental and proxy climate records, the latter has surprisingly not been studied in similar detail. In particular, there is a wealth of observations of vivid red sunsets, blue suns, and other similar features, that can be used to analyze the spatio-temporal dispersal of volcanic aerosols in summer to winter 1883. Thus, aerosol cloud dispersal after the Krakatau eruption can be estimated, bolstered by aerosol cloud behavior as monitored by satellite-based instrument observations after the 1991 Pinatubo eruption. This is one of a handful of large historic eruptions where this analysis can be done (using non-climate proxy methods). In this study, we model particle trajectories of the Krakatau eruption cloud using the Hysplit trajectory model and compare our results with our compiled observational dataset (principally using Verbeek 1884, the Royal Society report, and Kiessling 1884).</p><p>In particular, we explore the effect of different atmospheric states - the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) which impacts zonal movement of the stratospheric volcanic plume - to estimate the phase of the QBO in 1883 required for a fast-moving westward cloud. Since this alone is unable to match the observed latitudinal spread of the aerosols, we then explore the impact of an  umbrella cloud (2000 km diameter) that almost certainly formed during such a large eruption. A large umbrella cloud, spreading over ~18 degrees within the duration of the climax of the eruption (6-8 hours), can lead to much quicker latitudinal spread than a point source (vent). We will discuss the results of the combined model (umbrella cloud and correct QBO phase) with historical accounts and observations, as well as previous work on the 1991 Pinatubo eruption. We also consider the likely impacts of water on aerosol concentrations and the relevance of this process for eruptions with possible significant seawater interactions, like Krakatau. We posit that the role of umbrella clouds is an under-appreciated, but significant, process for beginning to model the climatic impacts of large volcanic eruptions.</p>

National security: health care, pandemic (COVID-19) and the global trade in counterfeit pharmaceuticals (part 2)

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
H. O. Androshchuk
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
National Security ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Timely Response ◽  
Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Ukraine’s healthcare system faces unprecedented national security challenges in the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. A particularly acute issue is countering counterfeit pharmaceuticals, preventing drug shortages, joining efforts of the authorities and national manufacturers of drugs and medical supplies. According to the UN, more than 60 % of the population lives below the poverty line in Ukraine. Timely response to these challenges and taking preventive measures will save lives, minimize the volume and consequences of the pandemic. The paper provides an economic and legal analysis, trends, risks and threats to national security of the state and health protection during a pandemic, in order to protect intellectual property rights, adequate coordination of actions at the national and international levels. The impact of counterfeiting on the criminal landscape in the EU, and also business and economy, is shown based on the analysis of studies by the OECD, the EU Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) and Europol. The foundations of anti-counterfeiting management, measures to implement a standard anti-counterfeiting strategy are proposed.

CIVIL SOCIETY AS THE MAIN DRIVER SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITIES IN CONDITIONS OF DECENTRALIZATION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Orlova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
National Security ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Community Sustainability ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Business Structures ◽  
The Impact

The article considers a set of issues related to the formation of sustainability in the state at different levels of government: national, regional and local, with an emphasis on the sustainability of territorial communities. The concept of "sustainability" is defined, the criteria of sustainability for national security and its components at the local level are analyzed, in particular, in the formation of affluent communities. Sustainability is considered in various aspects: as a component of national security and defense of the state, in relation to the concepts of "cohesion" and "national security". Financial stability is justified as an important sign of the viability of local communities. The role of civil society in shaping the sustainability of communities is revealed, as well as different views of scientists on the impact of civil society on sustainability are analyzed. The foreign experience of implementation of the basic principles of sustainability in the life of communities is studied. The most important component of sustainability is the ability of the community to consolidate to counteract harmful and dangerous external and internal influences. Open partnership of public authorities with business structures and the public should be a prerequisite for this. It is proved that in the conditions of decentralization and various internal and external challenges, civil society (active citizens and civil society institutions) can and should be a driver of community sustainability. It is assumed that the implementation of state policy to promote the development of civil society should create a solid foundation of democracy in Ukraine as a component of national sustainability. Since the systemic mechanisms for ensuring national sustainability in the Ukrainian state at both national and local levels are not yet fully formed, the development and implementation of comprehensive strategic decisions in this area requires proper scientific substantiation, which is why the author’s contribution to this topic.

Lost in a Triangle: U.S.-Soviet Back-Channel Documents on the Japan Factor in Tripartite Diplomacy, 1969–1972

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Zubok
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
The Other ◽  
Henry Kissinger ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
National Security Adviser ◽  
The Impact ◽  
East West

This article examines the impact of Japan on U.S.-Soviet relations during Richard Nixon's first term as U.S. president. Drawing heavily on recently declassified documents pertaining to back-channel negotiations between Nixon's national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, and Soviet Ambassador Anatolii Dobrynin, the article explains why no Soviet-Japanese rapprochement proved feasible even during the height of East-West détente. The enduring hostility was in contrast to the realignments of the other major powers during this period.

scholarly journals Canada’s Response to the “War on Terror”: A New Era of National Security, Erosion of Rights and Racial Injustice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waheeda Rahman
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
New Era ◽  
Social Activists ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Racial Injustice ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Democratic Rights ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Historical Treatment

Echoing Canada's historical treatment of immigrants, the post- 9/11 era has brought terrorism and national security issues to the forefront of the political agenda by dividing immigrants based on race, colour, religion and country of origin (Kruger, Mulder and Korenic, 2004). The research critically examines the major security legislation employed by the Canadian government since the events of September 11, 2001, in order to highlight the impact on marginalized communitites, in particular "Muslims" and "Arabs". The paper will examine through key informant interviews, the affect the new security agenda has had on targeted individuals and on the advocacy efforts of social movements and social activists. The paper takes the position that this new era of national security undertaken by the state has resulted in a two-tiered justice system, where certain groups are now being targeted by government and security agencies, while there is an erosion of democratic rights of all Canadians.

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