CHARAKTERYSTYKA WARUNKÓW PLUWIALNO-TERMICZNYCH w ARBORETUM WIRTY W LATACH 1996-2018

2020 ◽  
Vol XIII ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Frydel
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
Forest Habitats

The area where the meteorological observations were carried out lies in Pomerania in a region with a cool and humid climate. There are late spring frosts, but also early autumn ones. Increasing rainfall is becoming more frequent, and winters with less than the average number of days with a snow cover. There is a noticeable tendency to the deterioration of optimal conditions for the existence and preservation of forest habitats.

scholarly journals Climate of the reserve «Malaya Sosva»: long-term material

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galina I. Talanova
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Frost Free Period

The article presents an analysis of meteorological long-term material on the territory of the reserve “Malaya Sosva” (Sosvinsky Priobie). The climate of the reserve is typically continental. Long winter, short summer, late spring and early autumn frosts are characteristic of reserve. There are also sharp fluctuations in temperature throughout the year. The frost-free period in the air lasts 78 days. Annual precipitation is 544 mm. The snow cover is an average of 194 days (more than 6 months). Since 1981, there has been an increase in the average annual air temperature from decade to decade by approximately 0.5 ° C.

scholarly journals Summer pruning of sweet cherry trees and an inquiry of winter frost damages

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4-5) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Vaszily ◽  
I. Gonda ◽  
M. Soltész
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Plastic Foil ◽  
Prunus Mahaleb ◽  
Spring Frosts

One of the most demanded research projects is the intensification of fruit production. The use of dwarfing stocks is a moderate solution as their effect is scarcely satisfactory. Climatic conditions of Hungary are continental in Eastern Europe, where Atlantic and Mediterranean effects are interacting with the continentals in a kind of basin with characters of its own. Capricious meteorological episodes are often disturbing the security of development and fruiting of trees:• winter frosts are damaging the cambium and fruiting structures of trees• late spring frosts destroy cambium and flowers• early autumn frosts hurt the leaves• excessive precipitation impairs the growing fruits• drought periods during the summer caused water stress disturbing water husbandry. Vigorous stocks still prevail in the practice, and they ought to withstand challenges of weather hazards. The strong vigour of plants delaysthe process of senescence and the tendency of getting bald, and regeneration of plants is a sign of vitality. In present research, the trees have been trained on vigorous Prunus mahaleb stocks. Summer pruning was one of the important tools of intensive growing techniques. They were compared with traditional techniques and with plastic foil protected trees observing the vegetative as well as generative growth of them.

scholarly journals THE PECULIARITY OF THE BUILDING PROCESS OF ANCIENT KYYIVAN MONUMENTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Natalia Logvyn
Keyword(s):  
Winter Season ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
First Year ◽  
Central Dome ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Byzantine Architecture ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Times

The author investigates the building process of ancient Kyyivan monuments. After the wall foundations were laid, the erection of ground volumes of the edifice began. Wooden scaffoldings were arranged at both sides of a wall. The remains of caffolding preserved in the brick fabric can be seen on the front walls of the Transfiguration Church at Berestove and St. Michael’s Church of Vydubytsky monastery. The height between scaffolding tiers as well as the height of masonry between them varies from 1.3 to 2.2 m in Kyyivan monuments. The situation of red schist cornices in ancient churches is dependent on the abovementioned height of masonry tiers. The cornices are placed at springs of arches and vaults, at the level of the choir gallery floor, at the spring of supporting arches and basement of central dome. The location of cornices hence marked the completion of a certain building period. Being put over brickwork at the end of building period in autumn those cornices protected construction from precipitation during winter season. That is why cornices within the Kyyivan St.Sophia Cathedral have “throats” – grooves which are cut along the underside of cornices as a stringcourses to prevent water from running back across them towards the wall. One can easily determine building periods of the St. Sophia Cathedral according to the cornice levels in it. As far as building period at the times of Old Rus` took approximately six to seven months (from late spring to early autumn), the erection of the St. Sophia Cathedral with its five naves and double galleries was continued through five or six years. Cross-domed churches with three naves were built during approximately three or four years. For example St.Michael’s Church at Vydubytsky Monastery was built to the height of choir gallery during the first year, then to the height of vaults’ and domes’ springing during the second year, after that vaults and domes were completed during the third year. The types of vaults used in ancient Kyyivan architecture were barrel vaults, domes on pendantives and domes on high drums. Widely spread in Byzantine architecture groined vaults were not in use in the Old Rus` building until the middle of the XII century. Also there was a certain consecutive order in erection of parts of a church: at first its central cross-domed volume, then apses, narthex, galleries etc. were built. In a year or two after the edifice was built its walls were covered with plaster and decorated with murals. Building methods applied in the ancient Kyyivan monuments of the XI-th century formed the basis of Old Rus` architecture developed during the following centuries.

scholarly journals Can a snow structure model estimate snow characteristics relevant to reindeer husbandry?

Rangifer ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirpa Rasmus ◽  
Jouko Kumpula ◽  
Jukka Siitari
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Model Estimate ◽  
Reindeer Husbandry ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Snow Model

Snow affects foraging conditions of reindeer e.g. by increasing the energy expenditures for moving and digging work or, in contrast, by making access of arboreal lichen easier. Still the studies concentrating on the role of the snow pack structure on reindeer population dynamics and reindeer management are few. We aim to find out which of the snow characteristics are relevant for reindeer in the northern boreal zone according to the experiences of reindeer herders and is this relevance seen also in reproduction rate of reindeer in this area. We also aim to validate the ability of the snow model SNOWPACK to reliably estimate the relevant snow structure characteristics. We combined meteorological observations, snow structure simulations by the model SNOWPACK and annual reports by reindeer herders during winters 1972-2010 in the Muonio reindeer herding district, northern Finland. Deep snow cover and late snow melt were the most common unfavorable conditions reported. Problematic conditions related to snow structure were icy snow and ground ice or unfrozen ground below the snow, leading to mold growth on ground vegetation. Calf production percentage was negatively correlated to the measured annual snow depth and length of the snow cover time and to the simulated snow density. Winters with icy snow could be distinguished in three out of four reported cases by SNOWPACK simulations and we could detect reliably winters with conditions favorable for mold growth. Both snow amount and also quality affects the reindeer herding and reindeer reproduction rate in northern Finland. Model SNOWPACK can relatively reliably estimate the relevant structural properties of snow. Use of snow structure models could give valuable information about grazing conditions, especially when estimating the possible effects of warming winters on reindeer populations and reindeer husbandry. Similar effects will be experienced also by other arctic and boreal species.

scholarly journals The S2M meteorological and snow cover reanalysis over the French mountainous areas, description and evaluation (1958–2020)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Vernay ◽  
Matthieu Lafaysse ◽  
Diego Monteiro ◽  
Pascal Hagenmuller ◽  
Rafife Nheili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Surface Scheme

Abstract. This work introduces the S2M (SAFRAN - SURFEX/ISBA-Crocus - MEPRA) meteorological and snow cover reanalysis in the French Alps, Pyrenees and Corsica, spanning the time period from 1958 to 2020. The simulations are made over elementary areas, referred to as massifs, designed to represent the main drivers of the spatial variability observed in mountain ranges (elevation, slope and aspect). The meteorological reanalysis is performed by the SAFRAN system, which combines information from numerical weather prediction models (ERA-40 reanalysis from 1958 to 2002, ARPEGE from 2002 to 2020) and the best possible set of available in-situ meteorological observations. SAFRAN outputs are used to drive the Crocus detailed snow cover model, which is part of the land surface scheme SURFEX/ISBA. This model chain provides simulations of the evolution of the snow cover, underlying ground, and the associated avalanche hazard using the MEPRA model. This contribution describes and discusses the main climatological characteristics (climatology, variability and trends), and the main limitations of this dataset. We provide a short overview of the scientific applications using this reanalysis in various scientific fields related to meteorological conditions and the snow cover in mountain areas. An evaluation of the skill of S2M is also displayed, in particular through comparison to 665 independent in-situ snow depth observations. Further, we describe the technical handling of this open access data set, available at this address: http://dx.doi.org/10.25326/37#v2020.2. Scientific publications using this dataset must mention in the acknowledgments: "The S2M data are provided by Météo-France - CNRS, CNRM Centre d’Etudes de la Neige, through AERIS" and refer to it as Vernay et al. (2020).

LATE SPRING FROSTS

Weather ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
E. N. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Late Spring ◽  
Spring Frosts
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