scholarly journals Inequalities in mortality of infants under one year of age according to foetal causes and maternal age in rural and urban areas in Poland, 2004–2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Genowska ◽  
Magdalena Zalewska ◽  
Jacek Jamiołkowski ◽  
Urszula Stepaniak ◽  
Andrzej Szpak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
One Year ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality

The Vision Outreach Project: A Pilot Project to Train Teachers of Visually Impaired Students in Alabama

1991 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 222-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Sanspree ◽  
C. Allison ◽  
R.M. Gargiulo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
University Of Alabama ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Visually Impaired Students ◽  
One Year ◽  
The University ◽  
Future Topics

This article describes the Vision Outreach Project—a one-year pilot project for training teachers of visually impaired students at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. The project used video modules to provide distance education in rural and urban areas and incorporated students’ evaluations of future topics that are needed on videotapes to supplement classroom instruction.

scholarly journals Prevalence and sociodemographic covariates of infertility in Allahabad district

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 3372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samreen Kazmi ◽  
Shiv Prakash ◽  
Khurshid Parveen ◽  
Shama Shaikh ◽  
Gyan Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Secondary Infertility ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Infertility ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
One Year ◽  
Demographic Covariates ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Childbearing is an extremely important event in every human’s life and is strongly associated with the ultimate goals of completeness, happiness and family integration. Infertility also has important demographic and health implications. TheWorld Health Organization (WHO), using a two year reference period, defines primary infertility as the lack of conception despite cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy and secondary infertility is defined as the failure to conceive following a previous pregnancy despite cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy (in the absence of contraception, breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhea) for a period of two years.Methods: The study was conducted for a period of one year in randomly selected rural and urban areas of Allahabad district of Uttar Pradesh. Multistage random sampling was done and sample size was calculated out to be 844. Data was collected on a predesigned and pretested questionnaire. Various socio-demographic covariates of infertility were also found.Results: Prevalence of infertility in Allahabad was 8.53%, 11.85% in urban area and 5.21% in rural area. Overall prevalence of primary infertility was 4.98% and secondary infertility was 3.55%. Age of female at the time of marriage, educational and working status of female and socioeconomic status of the couple was found to be significantly associated with infertility.Conclusions: Prevalence of infertility was higher in urban area and overall prevalence of primary infertility was higher as compared to secondary infertility.

Rural-Urban Disparity of Under-Five Mortality Rate in Iran from 1990 to 2015

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younes MOHAMMADI ◽  
Manoochehr KARAMI ◽  
Nasrin DERAKHSHANZADEH
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
National Level ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Background: To estimate under-five mortality rate (U5MR), as one of the sustainable development goals, in rural and urban areas of Iran from 1990 to 2015. Methods: We used the data collected through two censuses and one Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). We analyzed the Summary Birth History (SBH) data via 2 approaches including Maternal Age Cohort (MAC) and Maternal Age Period (MAP) methods, and then, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) was used to combine the three trends and with 95% uncertainty. Finally, Ratio of U5MR in rural to urban was calculated. Results: At the national level and in urban areas, U5MR in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2015 was 66, 34, 18, and 13 per 1000 live births, respectively. Corresponding values in rural areas in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2015 was 129, 64, 31, and 21 per 1000 live births, respectively. Accordingly, the ratio of U5MR in rural to urban at the national level was 1.93, 1.86, 1.72 and 1.63 in the same years. At the sub-national level, U5MR in urban areas ranged from 11.2 per 1000 live births in Isfahan to 18.2 per 1000 live births in Hormuzagn. U5MR in rural areas ranged from 14.1 per 1000 live births in Isfahan to 29.5 per 1000 live births in Sistan and Baluchistan Conclusion: There is still a gap between rural and urban areas, although it has decreased during the 25 years of the study. To alleviate this gap, health system authorities are advised to plan appropriate actions using multisectoral capacities

scholarly journals Changes in Mortality Inequalities in Urban and Rural Populations during 1990–2018: Lithuanian Experience

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 750
Author(s):  
Olga Mesceriakova-Veliuliene ◽  
Ramune Kalediene
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality

Background and Objectives: Reduction in health inequalities is a highly important task in public health policies worldwide. In Lithuania, inequalities in mortality by place of residence are among the greatest, compared to other European Union (EU) countries. However, studies on inequalities in mortality by place of residence over a long-term period have not been investigated in Lithuania. The aim of this study was to present changes in mortality inequalities in urban and rural populations during 1990–2018. Materials and Methods: Mortality rates from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, external causes, and gastrointestinal diseases in urban and rural population by sex were calculated per 100,000 populations and were standardized by age. Inequalities in mortality were assessed using rate differences and rate ratio. For the assessment of inequality trends during 1990–2018, the joinpoint regression analysis was applied. Results: Mortality between urban and rural populations varied. In rural areas, mortality lower than that in urban areas was observed only in 1990 among women, in case of mortality from cancer and gastrointestinal diseases (compared with in 2018) (p < 0.05). In 2018, mortality from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, and external causes in urban and rural areas was lower than in 1990 in both sexes. However, mortality from gastrointestinal diseases was higher (p < 0.05). In 2018, mortality from cancer among both sexes was lower only in urban areas (p < 0.05). Mortality inequalities between rural and urban areas decreased statistically significantly only among men from external causes and from all causes (respectively, on average, by 0.52% per year and, on average, by 0.21% per year). Meanwhile, mortality from cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases increased in both sexes, and mortality from cancer and all causes of death increased among women. The increase in the inequalities of mortality from gastrointestinal diseases was the most rapid: among men—on average, by 0.69% per year, and among women—on average, by 1.43% per year, p < 0.0001. Conclusions: During 1990–2018, the inequalities in mortality by place of residence in Lithuania statistically significantly decreased only among men, in terms of mortality from external causes and from all causes. Therefore, reduction in inequalities in mortality must be the main the health policy challenge in Lithuania.

Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
J A Cantrill ◽  
B Johannesson ◽  
M Nicholson ◽  
P R Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Minor Ailments

Classroom Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Elida Kurti
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Management ◽  
General Education ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Intellectual Level

This paper aims to reflect an effort to identify the problems associated with the educational learning process, as well as its function to express some inherent considerations to the most effective forms of the classroom management. Mentioned in this discussion are ways of management for various categories of students, not only from an intellectual level, but also by their behavior. Also, in the elaboration of this theme I was considering that in addition to other development directions of the country, an important place is occupied by the education of the younger generation in our school environments and especially in adopting the methods of teaching and learning management with a view to enable this generation to be competitive in the European labor market. This, of course, can be achieved by giving this generation the best values of behavior, cultural level, professional level and ethics one of an European family which we belong to, not just geographically. On such foundations, we have tried to develop this study, always improving the reality of the prolonged transition in the field of children’s education. Likewise, we have considered the factors that have left their mark on the structure, cultural level and general education level of children, such as high demographic turnover associated with migration from rural and urban areas, in the capacity of our educational institutions to cope with new situations etc. In the conclusions of this study is shown that there is required a substantial reform even in the pro-university educational system to ensure a significant improvement in the behavior of children, relations between them and the sound quality of their preparation. Used literature for this purpose has not been lacking, due to the fact that such problems are usually treated by different scholars. Likewise, we found it appropriate to use the ideas and issues discussed by the foreign literature that deals directly with classroom management problems. All the following treatise is intended to reflect the way of an effective classroom management.

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