scholarly journals Prevalence and sociodemographic covariates of infertility in Allahabad district

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 3372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samreen Kazmi ◽  
Shiv Prakash ◽  
Khurshid Parveen ◽  
Shama Shaikh ◽  
Gyan Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Secondary Infertility ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Infertility ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
One Year ◽  
Demographic Covariates ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Childbearing is an extremely important event in every human’s life and is strongly associated with the ultimate goals of completeness, happiness and family integration. Infertility also has important demographic and health implications. TheWorld Health Organization (WHO), using a two year reference period, defines primary infertility as the lack of conception despite cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy and secondary infertility is defined as the failure to conceive following a previous pregnancy despite cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy (in the absence of contraception, breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhea) for a period of two years.Methods: The study was conducted for a period of one year in randomly selected rural and urban areas of Allahabad district of Uttar Pradesh. Multistage random sampling was done and sample size was calculated out to be 844. Data was collected on a predesigned and pretested questionnaire. Various socio-demographic covariates of infertility were also found.Results: Prevalence of infertility in Allahabad was 8.53%, 11.85% in urban area and 5.21% in rural area. Overall prevalence of primary infertility was 4.98% and secondary infertility was 3.55%. Age of female at the time of marriage, educational and working status of female and socioeconomic status of the couple was found to be significantly associated with infertility.Conclusions: Prevalence of infertility was higher in urban area and overall prevalence of primary infertility was higher as compared to secondary infertility.

scholarly journals Authors Response: Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-48
Author(s):  
Jorge Sánchez ◽  
Andrés Sánchez ◽  
Ricardo Cardona
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Children With Asthma ◽  
The Difference

We greatly appreciate the interest shown in the article "Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas", which we hope will be one of several future articles that we intend to carry out in the study cohort. To the questions generated by the reader, one is focused on the calculation of the sample size, while the other two questions are focus in the method of analysis, and the reader suggests, it could be more robust. Regarding the sample size, we describe that infant asthma in urban areas of Medellin was 11% and rhinitis 23%, according to previous studies. There is no data available for the rural area. We note that with a confidence level of 95%, a power of 80% and a sample size error of 0.5%, the sample size was calculated; estimating 201 children for the urban area and 128 for the rural area. Finally, we recruited and were able to continue for a year, a total of 248 children from the urban area and 134 from the rural area. The complaint of the reader, is focus that the more appropriated technique would be "… the appropriate sample size calculation must have been the difference of means between two independent populations, although the authors did not report any ACT effect size based on previous studies."...

Gender and sexual minorities

2019 ◽  
pp. 258-268
Author(s):  
Richard Bradlow ◽  
Neha Singh ◽  
Suraj Beloskar ◽  
Gurvinder Kalra
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Push And Pull

A person’s living environment can have substantial impact on his/her mental health due to a range of factors related to the environment. It has often been argued that urban settings are a hotpot of sociocultural evolutions that attract individuals from the gender and sexual minority (GSM) groups. This has led to migration from rural to urban areas and also from one urban area to another urban area. Various push and pull factors in both the rural and urban areas help GSM individuals decide in which direction to move. While rural areas present with challenges such as social isolation within a homophobic/transphobic environment, urban areas also have their own unique set of challenges for the GSM population. In this chapter, we focus on various factors in both rural and urban settings that impact on the mental health of GSM population.

Estimates of fertility and infant and child mortality for Lae urban area of Papua New Guinea: a comparative analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
William K. A. Agyei
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality

SummaryData collected on fertility, mortality and family planning in two surveys in Papua New Guinea are presented. The first survey was conducted in rural and urban areas between November 1979 and March 1980 in eight provinces of Papua New Guinea, and the second between late June and early July 1981 in the Lae urban area. The unadjusted total fertility rates suggest that fertility is lower in the Lae urban area than in the rural and provincial urban areas. However, the adjusted rates indicate that fertility is higher in the provincial urban areas than in the rural and Lae urban areas. The results also confirm a trend towards lower infant and child mortality over the past 15 years, as well as the existence of moderate differentials between rural, provincial urban and the Lae urban areas.

scholarly journals Applicability of three complementary relationship models for estimating actual evapotranspiration in urban area

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Nakamichi ◽  
Toshitsugu Moroizumi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Complementary Relationship ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The characteristics of evapotranspiration estimated by the complementary relationship actual evapotranspiration (CRAE), the advection-aridity (AA), and the modified advection-aridity (MAA) models were investigated in six pairs of rural and urban areas of Japan in order to evaluate the applicability of the three models the urban area. The main results are as follows: 1) The MAA model could apply to estimating the actual evapotranspiration in the urban area. 2) The actual evapotranspirations estimated by the three models were much less in the urban area than in the rural. 3) The difference among the estimated values of evapotranspiration in the urban areas was significant, depending on each model, while the difference among the values in the rural areas was relatively small. 4) All three models underestimated the actual evapotranspiration in the urban areas from humid surfaces where water and green spaces exist. 5) Each model could take the effect of urbanization into account.

Aflatoxin B1 Contamination in Wheat Grain Samples Collected from Different Geographical Regions of India: A Multicenter Study

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1463-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. TOTEJA ◽  
A. MUKHERJEE ◽  
S. DIWAKAR ◽  
PADAM SINGH ◽  
B. N. SAXENA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multicenter Study ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Geographical Regions

In a multicenter study conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research, 1,646 samples of wheat grain collected from rural and urban areas of 10 states representing different geographical regions of India were analyzed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). AFB1 concentrations of ≥5 μg kg−1 were recorded in 40.3% of the samples, and concentrations above the Indian permissible regulatory limit of 30 μg kg−1 were found in 16% of the samples. The proportion of samples with AFB1 concentrations above the Indian regulatory limit ranged from 1.7 to 55.8% in different states, with the minimum in Haryana and the maximum in Orissa. The variation in wheat contamination among states seems to be mainly the result of unsatisfactory storage conditions. Median AFB1 concentrations of 11, 18, and 32 μg kg−1 were observed in samples from Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Orissa, respectively; concentrations in other states were <5 μg kg−1. The maximum AFB1 concentration of 606 μg kg−1 was observed in a sample from the state of Uttar Pradesh. The calculated probable daily intakes of AFB1 through consumption of contaminated wheat for the population in some states were much higher than the suggested provisional maximum tolerable daily intake. Human health hazards associated with such AFB1 exposure over time cannot be ruled out.

scholarly journals Upstream structural management measures for an urban area flooding in Turkey

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Z. Akyurek ◽  
B. Bozoğlu ◽  
S. Sürer ◽  
H. Mumcu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Detention Ponds ◽  
Flood Modelling ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Urbanized Area ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Water Management Planning

Abstract. In recent years, flooding has become an increasing concern across many parts of the world of both the general public and their governments. The climate change inducing more intense rainfall events occurring in short period of time lead flooding in rural and urban areas. In this study the flood modelling in an urbanized area, namely Samsun-Terme in Blacksea region of Turkey is performed. MIKE21 with flexible grid is used in 2-dimensional shallow water flow modelling. 1 × 1000−1 scaled maps with the buildings for the urbanized area and 1 × 5000−1 scaled maps for the rural parts are used to obtain DTM needed in the flood modelling. The bathymetry of the river is obtained from additional surveys. The main river passing through the urbanized area has a capacity of 500 m3 s−1 according to the design discharge obtained by simple ungauged discharge estimation depending on catchment area only. The upstream structural base precautions against flooding are modelled. The effect of four main upstream catchments on the flooding in the downstream urban area are modelled as different scenarios. It is observed that if the flow from the upstream catchments can be retarded through a detention pond constructed in one of the upstream catchments, estimated Q100 flood can be conveyed by the river without overtopping from the river channel. The operation of the upstream detention ponds and the scenarios to convey Q500 without causing flooding are also presented. Structural management measures to address changes in flood characteristics in water management planning are discussed.

scholarly journals Inequalities in mortality of infants under one year of age according to foetal causes and maternal age in rural and urban areas in Poland, 2004–2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Genowska ◽  
Magdalena Zalewska ◽  
Jacek Jamiołkowski ◽  
Urszula Stepaniak ◽  
Andrzej Szpak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
One Year ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality

scholarly journals An interventional study regarding knowledge and awareness of TB and HIV among high school children in rural and urban areas of Dehradun

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 2885
Author(s):  
Harsimranjit K. Natt ◽  
Ashwani Sharma ◽  
Megha Luthra ◽  
Puneet Ohri ◽  
Kamal S. Negi
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
World Health ◽  
Interventional Study ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: The World Health Organization Global TB report reported that TB ranks alongside HIV as a leading cause of death worldwide. Evidence based studies revealed that knowledge and awareness has a substantial impact on the prevention of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. This study was conducted to compare the awareness and knowledge of high school children regarding HIV and TB in the rural and urban areas and to assess the impact of educational intervention on the same.Methods: One school each from rural and urban field practice area was selected by purposive sampling technique. A total of 205 high school students were included in the study by total enumeration method. An interventional study was conducted regarding awareness and knowledge about TB and HIV/AIDS by means of health talk and help of audio visual aids. The data was collected in a predesigned self administered questionnaire by pretest and post test method.Results: The total of 205 students participated in the study. Majority of the respondent have correct knowledge regarding the causative agent of TB (38.5%) with 28.4% in rural and 48.5% in urban area. Moreover majority of the respondent correctly elicited the causative agent of HIV/AIDS (52.6%) with 44.1% in rural and 61.1% in urban area. Overall the intervention had a substantial effect on the awareness and knowledge level of the students regarding HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis.Conclusions: Although awareness among the masses is there but right knowledge and practice plays a pivotal role in improving the health status and awareness of the community.

scholarly journals The relationship between dental caries and carbohydrates intake among preschool-aged children in rural and urban areas

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Putri Noer Fadilah ◽  
Azkya Patria Nawawi ◽  
Andi Supriatna ◽  
Sri Sarwendah ◽  
Ratih Widyasari
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural And Urban Area ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Preschool Aged Children

Introduction: The prevalence of dental caries among children has increased in the past decades. Dental caries has a multifactorial aetiology, including host (saliva and teeth), microbiology (plaque), substrate (diet), and time. The role of fermentable carbohydrates intake as a risk factor in the initiation and progression of dental caries. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between dental caries and carbohydrates intake among preschool-aged children in rural and urban areas of the city of Cimahi, Indonesia. Methods: The method used was an analytical cross-sectional study with pathfinder survey based on the WHO basic methods of oral health surveys. The data were collected through intraoral examination, and nutritional status measurement was done by using food frequency questionnaire. Statistical analysis used was the chi-square test. Results: From the study towards 100 preschool children resulted the prevalence of dental caries in rural and urban area respectively was 96 and 92%. The average value of deft index in urban area was 8.46 (95% CI:7.00-9.91) and was 7.98 (95% CI:6.50-9.45) in rural area. The average value of sucrose intake frequency in urban area was 237.14 (95% CI:204.95-269.32), whilst in rural area was 177.54 (95% CI:155.66-199.41). Conclusion: There was a relationship between dental caries and carbohydrates intake among preschool-aged children in the rural and urban area of the city of Cimahi, Indonesia.

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