scholarly journals Hydrogenated Palm Fatty Acid Distillate as Raw Materials for Magnesium Stearate Alternatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 210303
Author(s):  
Abdu Ravi Zakaria ◽  
Dwi Rokhmat Setiawan ◽  
Shelly Shelly ◽  
Melia Laniwati ◽  
Dianika Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Iodine Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Ammonium Formate ◽  
Transfer Hydrogenation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was used as raw material to produce solid lubricant, or anti-adherent, for confectionery or pharmaceutical products. To improve the degree of saturation, the PFAD was hydrogenated by using two methods: gaseous hydrogenation (GH) and catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) using ammonium formate to produce hydrogenated PFAD (HPFAD). The HPFAD was saponified with MgO to produce magnesium salts of hydrogenated PFAD (Mg-HPFAD). The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of hydrogen concentration and reaction temperature on the iodine value of HPFAD and to investigate the characteristics of paracetamol tablets when using Mg-HPFAD as lubricant compared to commercial Mg-stearate. The HPFAD produced by CTH had a lower iodine value than the HPFAD produced by GH. The lowest iodine value was obtained after CTH using 3.6 M ammonium formate at 90°C. Paracetamol tablets with Mg-PFAD or Mg-HPFAD lubricant showed higher dissolution of active compounds with similar friability, frictiability, and hardness compared to paracetamol tablets with Mg-stearate.

scholarly journals Sintesis Merkaptoetil Karboksilat sebagai Bahan Baku Stabiliser Termal Polivinil Klorida: Variasi Sumber Asam Lemak

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
I Dewa Gede Arsa Putrawan ◽  
Adli Azharuddin ◽  
Dendy Adityawarman ◽  
Dicka Ar Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Thermal Stabilizer ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Rigid Pvc

Abstrak. Merkaptoetil karboksilat merupakan bahan baku stabiliser termal polivinil klorida atau polyvinyl chloride (PVC) berbasis timah organik. Stabiliser termal perlu ditambahkan ke dalam resin PVC sebelum diekstrusi untuk mencegah kerusakan karena pengerjaan panas. Stabiliser termal PVC dari timah organik dikenal sangat efektif, khususnya untuk aplikasi PVC kaku seperti pipa dan bingkai jendela. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi sintesis merkaptoetil karboksilat dari asam lemak dan merkapto etanol dengan variasi sumber asam lemak yang meliputi asam lemak sawit, dedak padi dan biji kapuk. Percobaan dilakukan dalam sebuah reaktor partaian (batch) dengan asam kuat sebagai katalis. Percobaan dilakukan pada temperatur 60-80°C dan ekses merkapto etanol 10%. Kinerja sintesis dievaluasi melalui pengukuran kadar gugus merkaptan dan angka asam dalam produk serta perolehan produk. Pada rentang temperatur 60-80°C, ketiga asam lemak memberikan produk dengan kadar merkaptan pada rentang 6,4-7,8%.  Temperatur 70°C merupakan temperatur terbaik karena menghasilkan produk dengan kadar merkaptan tertinggi tanpa memadat selama penyimpanan. Pada temperatur ini, produk memiliki angka asam pada rentang 11-41 mg KOH/g dan perolehan pada rentang 70-81%. Ketiga sumber asam lemak memberikan produk dengan kadar merkaptan yang mencukupi untuk dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku stabiliser PVC. Mempertimbangkan kualitas produk dan ketersediaan di pasaran, distilat asam lemak sawit dipandang sebagai bahan baku yang paling baik. Kata kunci: asam lemak, merkaptoetil karboksilat, polivinil klorida, stabiliser termal. Abstract. Synthesis of Mercaptoethyl Carboxylate as Raw Materials for Polyvinyl Chloride Thermal Stabilizer: Variation in Fatty Acid Source. Mercaptoethyl carboxylate is a raw material for organotin-based polyvinyl chloride (PVC) thermal stabilizer. Thermal stabilizers need to be added to the PVC resin before extruded to prevent degradation due to heat treatment. Organotin PVC stabilizers are known to be very effective, especially for rigid PVC applications such as pipes and frames. This study was aimed to evaluate the synthesis of mercaptoethyl carboxylate from fatty acids and mercaptoethanol with various sources of fatty acids including palm, rice bran and kapok seed fatty acids. The experiment was carried out in a batch reactor with a strong acid as a catalyst. The experiments were conducted at 60-80°C and 10% mercapto ethanol excess. The performance of synthesis was evaluated by measuring mercaptan and acid contents and yield. In the range of 60-80°C, all three fatty acids provided products with mercaptan levels in the range of 6.4-7.8%. A temperature of 70°C is the best temperature as it gave a product with the highest mercaptan content without solidification during storage. At this temperature, the product had acid values in the range 11-41 mg KOH/g and yields in the range of 70-81%. Considering product quality and availability in the market, palm fatty acid distillate was seen as the best raw material. Keywords: fatty acid, mercaptoethyl carboxylate, polyvinyl chloride, thermal stabilizer. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Bioavtur Synthesis from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate through Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking Processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
J.S. Sabarman ◽  
E.H. Legowo ◽  
D.I. Widiputri ◽  
A.R. Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Increasing concern in fossil fuel depletion and CO2 emissions create an urgent need for biofuel substitution. Bio-jet fuel is a possible alternative for conventional jet fuels which currently accounts for 2% of the world’s CO2 emission. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is the byproduct of palm oil refinery process, which has a potential to become a promising raw material for the synthesis of bioavtur due to its high free fatty acid content. The oil-to-jet pathway is a possible route to produce bioavtur from PFAD, which includes hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and hydroisomerization processes. This research aims to investigate the hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. The parameters that were investigated are temperature, solvent to PFAD ratio, catalyst loading, and pressure. The parameters variations were as follows: the temperature at 350oC and 400oC, the pressure at 40 bar and 32.5 bar, the solvent to PFAD ratio at 2:1 and 1:1, and the catalyst loading (%wt) at 1%, 2%, and 3%. Presulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 PIDO 120 1.3 was used for one-step hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. Results indicated that the 400oC provided better free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. FFA is also almost completely removed when the catalyst used is 3% weight. Solvent to PFAD ratio affected the FFA conversion marginally, while higher catalyst loading (3%) improved the FFA conversion. Gas chromatography results show that the hydrocarbon chains are successfully hydrocracked into C9-C17. The best selectivity of the product to bioavtur range was calculated at 68.99%. Solvent ratio affects the hydrocracking more significantly than the catalyst loading. One sample with temperature operation 400oC and solvent to PFAD ratio 1:1 was in the range of conventional avtur density. With the method used in this study, it can be concluded that PFAD is a promising raw material for bioavtur. Keywords: Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), hydrotreating, hydrocracking, bioavtur

Preparation of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) As Raw Material for Bio Aviation Fuel Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Barry Wiethoff ◽  
Evita H. Legowo ◽  
Diah Indriani Widiputri
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Hydrocarbon Chain ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Nowadays, aviation sector became one of the most important transportation in the world. The demand in this sector has increased rapidly over the last 10 years. Unfortunately, the increase of the demand leads to an increase of fuel consumption and CO2 emission in the aviation’s sector. Bio-based aviation fuel is believed to be one of the solution for the reduction of CO2 emission in the aviation’s sector. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) which is a by product of palm oil refinery, contains a high amount of free fatty acids. The free fatty acids contained in the PFAD are able to be converted into straight hydrocarbon chain through decarboxylation process. This thesis conducted 3 different experiments to find out the best decarboxylation reaction’s condition to convert the FFA into straight chain hydrocarbons over an activated carbon catalyst. The experiments compared the results between the experiment with different reaction’s conditions and the presence of solvent in the reaction. The results have shown that the third experiment, which used heptane as solvent and hydrogen in argon gas as reaction’s environment, has the best reaction’s condition among others. Experiment 3 has converted 77.07% of the FFA, while experiment 2 and 1 only converted 58.37% and 16.30% respectively.

scholarly journals Biodiesel production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) using reactive distillation

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Arief Budiman ◽  
Alita Lelyana ◽  
Daniar Rianawati ◽  
S Sutijan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reactive Distillation ◽  
Aspen Plus ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a lower-value by-product obtained during the refining of palm oil and contained high amount of free fatty acid (FFA). However, it’s a potentially valuable and low-cost raw material for the production of biodiesel through esterification process. Esterification of FFA using the conventional batch faces a challenge since it is low in productivity and requires high excess of reactant so that it is not efficient for large-scale production. To overcome this problem, reactive distillation (RD) is the best candidate. RD is one of the most attractive equipment which provides potential benefits for the esterification reaction. To obtain an optimal design of the RD, an accurate model and simulation of the process is needed. In this work, a simulation study of biodiesel production from PFAD as feedstock using RD is presented by using ASPEN Plus v7.1. Two case studies of total reflux (case A) and recycled distillate (case B) were demonstrated. Close relation was found among high separation and high energy consumption in RD. Two models of RD show the more economical heat duty of both condenser and reboiler. Effect of L/F ratio, number of stages in reaction zone, and model of RD to conversion of esterification reaction were discussed. Keywords: biodiesel, esterification, PFAD, reactive distillationAbstrakSuatu produk hasil samping yang memiliki nilai ekonomi rendah, biasa dikenal sebagai Palm Fatty Acid Distilate (PFAD), diperoleh dari proses pemurnian minyak kelapa sawit. PFAD mengandung asam lemak bebas (FFA) tinggi, cukup potensial, dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku produksi biodiesel melalui proses esterifikasi. Esterifikasi FFA dengan proses batch konvensional menghadapi tantangan karena produktivitasnya cukup rendah dan membutuhkan excess reaktan yang tinggi sehingga tidak efisien jika diterapkan untuk produksi skala besar. Reactive distillation (RD) dapat menjadi solusi untuk mengatasi masalah ini. RD merupakan alat yang berpotensi memberikan keuntungan dalam reaksi esterifikasi. Untuk mendapatkan desain yang optimal dari suatu RD, pemodelan yang akurat dan simulasi dari proses ini diperlukan. Di sini, dilakukan simulasi produksi biodiesel dari PFAD menggunakan RD dilakukan dengan ASPEN Plus v7.1. Dua kasus dipelajari, yaitu refluks total (kasus A) dan recycle distillate (kasus B) yang bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh rasio antara cairan yang dikembalikan ke kolom dengan feed (L/ F), dan variable variable desain. Semakin tinggi kemurnian dari hasil pemisahan, konsumsi energi yang dibutuhkan juga menjadi semakin besar. Perbandingan antara dua model dari kolom distilasi reaktif menunjukkan beban panas kondensor dan reboiler menjadi lebih ekonomis. Pengaruh perbandingan L/F, jumlah stage dalam zona reaksi, dan model kolom distilasi reaktif terhadap konversi reaksi esterifikasi akan di bahas di sini.Kata kunci: biodiesel, esterifikasi, PFAD, menara distilasi

scholarly journals Characterization of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate of Different Oil Processing Industries of Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 897-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Sattar Chang ◽  
Syed Tufail Hussain Sherazi ◽  
Aftab Ahmed Kandhro ◽  
Sarfaraz Ahmed Mahesar ◽  
Fouzia Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

A Kinetic Study for the Noncatalytic Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 489-500
Author(s):  
Seok Won Hong ◽  
Hyun Jun Cho ◽  
Jin-Kuk Kim ◽  
Faisal Ahmed ◽  
Yeong-Koo Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals Palm Olein as Renewable Raw Materials for Industrial and Pharmaceutical Products Applications: Chemical Characterization and Physicochemical Properties Studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darfizzi Derawi ◽  
Bashar Mudhaffar Abdullah ◽  
Hasniza Zaman Huri ◽  
Rahimi M. Yusop ◽  
Jumat Salimon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Palm Olein ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
Modification Process

Palm olein (POo) is widely produced as edible oil in tropical countries. POois considered as renewable raw material for the new industrial and pharmaceutical products synthesis based on its characterization. Palm olein was good on its viscosity index, oxidative stability, and flash and fire point. POocontained unsaturated triacylglycerols (TAGs): POO (33.3%); POP (29.6%) which plays an important role in chemical modification process to produce new industrial products. The double bond was detected on1H-NMR (5.3 ppm) and13C-NMR (130 ppm) spectra. The chemical compositions of POowere tested by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) techniques. This unsaturated oil is potentially to be used as renewable raw materials in chemical modification process to synthesise polyols, polyurethane, and biolubricant for industrial and pharmaceutical products application.

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