scholarly journals Evaluation of Soil Erosion and Its Prediction Protocols around the Hilly Areas of Mubi Region, Northeast Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ijasini John Tekwa ◽  
Abubakar Musa Kundiri
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Surface Erosion ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Concentrated Flow ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Physically Based Models ◽  
Peasant Farmers ◽  
Northeast Nigeria

Soil erosion is a severe degradation phenomena that has since received huge attention among earth scientists in the developed worlds, and same efforts are now extending to Africa and other parts of underdeveloped worlds. This chapter focuses on collation, analyzing and appraising of soil ero¬sion studies around Mubi region, Northeast Nigeria, where the Mandara mountain ranges is notably responsible for spurring soil erosion. This chapter reviewed reports on the: (a) Mubi regional soil properties, erosion processes and principles of their occurrence, (b) soil erosion predictions using empirical and physically-based models by researchers, and, (c) economicimplications and managements of soil erosion in the region. This chapter reveals that classical and rill/ephemeral gully (EG) erosion features received more research attention than surface erosion such as splash and sheet. No information was reported on effects of landslides/slumping noticeable along rivers/stream banks around the region. The few economic analysis reported for soil nutrient and sediments entrained by concentrated flow channels were very high and intolerable to the predominantly peasant farmers in the region. It is hoped that the considerable volumes of erosion researches and recommendations assembled in this chapter shall be carefully implemented by prospective farmers, organizations, and residents in the Mubi region.

Modelling of impacts of erosion processes on agricultural landscapes due to intensive rainfall events

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Kohnová ◽  
Zuzana Németová
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Erosion Models ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Physically Based Models

<p>At present, the occurrence of extreme precipitation events is becoming more and more frequent and therefore it is important to quantify their impact on the landscape and soil degradation processes. Until now a wide range of soil erosion models have been developed and many significant studies performed to evaluate soil erosion processes at local and regional level, but there are still many modeling principles that suffer from a range of problems. The general problem in soil erosion modelling lies in the validation and verification of the methodologies used. The validation of erosion models is a very complicated and complex process due to lack of suitable sites, financial demands and due to the high temporal and spatial variability. The paper points to validate the physically and event-based Erosion-3D model predominantly developed to calculate the amounts of soil loss, surface runoff, and depositions resulting from natural and design rainfall events. In the study two different erosion assessment methods were chosen in order to compare diverse evaluation approaches. Both water erosion assessment methods used have certain advantages and disadvantages, but nowadays the use of physically-based models, which are a younger generation of models, are regarded to be a more innovative and effective technique for the evaluation of complex runoff-erosion processes, deposition and transport processes. The significant contribution of physically-based models is seen in their more precise representation of the erosion and deposition processes, a more proper calculation of the erosion, deposition and sediment yields and the application of more complicated characteristics, including fluctuating soil conditions and surface properties in comparison with empirical models. The validation of the models was performed based on the continuous rainfall events for the period selected (2015, 2016 and 2017). The extreme rainfall events occurring during the period were chosen and their serious impact on the agricultural land was modeled. The modelled sediment data were compared with the measured sediment deposition data obtained by a bathymetry survey of the Svacenicky Creek polder. The polder is situated in the middle of the Myjava hill lands in the western part of Slovakia and the bathymetry measurement were conducted using a hydrographical survey using the EcoMapper Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) device. The results of the study include a comparison between the modelled and measured data and an assessment of the impact of the intensive rainfall events on the investigated territory.</p><p>Key words: intensive rainfall events, agricultural land, soil degradation processes, hydrological extremes, physically-based model</p>

scholarly journals Estimation of Sediment Yield and Maximum Outflow Using the IntErO Model in the Sarada River Basin of Nepal

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devraj Chalise ◽  
Lalit Kumar ◽  
Velibor Spalevic ◽  
Goran Skataric
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Surface Erosion ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Erosion Coefficient ◽  
To Come

Soil erosion is a severe environmental problem worldwide as it washes away the fertile topsoil and reduces agricultural production. Nepal, being a hilly country, has significant erosion disputes as well. It is important to cognise the soil erosion processes occurring in a river basin to manage the erosion severity and plan for better soil conservation programs. This paper seeks to calculate the sediment yield and maximum outflow from the Sarada river basin located in the western hills of Nepal using the computer-graphic Intensity of Erosion and Outflow (IntErO) model. Asymmetry coefficient of 0.63 was calculated, which suggests a possibility of large floods to come in the river basin in the future whereas the maximum outflow from the river basin was 1918 m³ s−1. An erosion coefficient value of 0.40 was obtained, which indicates surface erosion of medium strength prevails in the river basin. Similarly, the gross soil loss rate of 10.74 Mg ha−1 year−1 was obtained with the IntErO modeling which compares well with the soil loss from the erosion plot measurements. The IntErO model was used for the very first time to calculate soil erosion rates in the Nepalese hills and has a very good opportunity to be applied in similar river basins.

scholarly journals Sediment Yield Prediction in Tanzania:Case study of Dodoma District Catchments

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
Mathew K. Mulemgera
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Yield Prediction ◽  
Erosion Prediction ◽  
Yield Modeling ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Physically Based Models ◽  
Rating Curves

Soil erosion and sedimentation is serious and is resulting in rapid sedimentation of streams and reservoirs in Tanzania. This makes sediment yield modeling important before undertaking water resources development projects, although it has so far not been done in the country. At present sediment yield prediction can be done using physically based models,empirical soil erosion and sediment yield models, and sediment rating curves. The physically based models contain numerous parameters that are difficult to measure or estimate, making them inappropriate in developing countries like Tanzania. The rating curves give rough estimates while the empirical sediment yield models need runoff data that is notavailable in Tanzania. The revised USLE parametric (empirical) model that had been tested and found to be suitable for soil erosion prediction was selected for sediment yield prediction study reported in this paper. The testing of the model has shown to give acceptable results. For sediment measurements ranging from about 7 t/ha.year to 11 t/ha.year, the model predicted sediments yields ranging from about 6 t/ha.year to 12 t/ha.year, withcoefficent of determination (R 2 ) equal to about 0.53. Since soil erosion and sedimentation of water resources are serious problems in Tanzania, sediment yield modeling using the RUSLE can be a very useful tool in the country when used.

The role of the geometry and frequency of rectangular rills in the relationship between sediment concentration and stream power

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fentie ◽  
C. W. Rose ◽  
K. J. Coughlan ◽  
C. A. A. Ciesiolka
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Stream Power ◽  
Flume Experiments ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Raindrop Impact

We examined, both experimentally and theoretically, whether rilling results in higher soil erosion than would have occurred without rilling. The possibility of rilling occurs when overland flow-driven erosion processes are dominant over erosion due to raindrop impact, and that is the situation assumed in this paper. Stream power (or a quantity related to stream power such as shear stress) is commonly used to describe the driving variable in flow-driven erosion. Five flume experiments were designed to investigate the relationship between stream power and sediment concentration and how this relationship is affected by the ratio of width to depth of flow (r), and the frequency or number of rills per metre width (N) of rectangular rills. This paper presents the results of these experiments and uses a physically based soil erosion theory to show that the results of the 5 flume experiments are in accord with this theory. This theory is used to investigate the effect of all possible rectangular rill geometries and frequencies on the maximum possible sediment concentration, i.e. the sediment concentration at the transport limit, by developing general relationships for the influence of r and N on sediment concentration. It is shown that increased stream power, which can be due to rilling, does not necessarily result in higher sediment concentration.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Effects of Vegetation Restorations on the Soil Erosion Export and Nutrient Loss on the Loess Plateau

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Xiaoming Feng ◽  
Lei Deng ◽  
Yanzheng Yang ◽  
Zhong Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Vegetation Restoration ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Grain For Green Project

The transport of eroded soil to rivers changes the nutrient cycles of river ecosystems and has significant impacts on the regional eco-environment and human health. The Loess Plateau, a leading vegetation restoration region in China and the world, has experienced severe soil erosion and nutrient loss, however, the extent to which vegetation restoration prevents soil erosion export (to rivers) and it caused nutrient loss is unknown. To evaluate the effects of the first stage of the Grain for Green Project (GFGP) on the Loess Plateau (started in 1999 and ended in 2013), we analyzed the vegetation change trends and quantified the effects of GFGP on soil erosion export (to rivers) and it caused nutrient loss by considering soil erosion processes. The results were as follows: (1) in the first half of study period (from 1982 to 1998), the vegetation cover changed little, but after the implementation of the first stage of the GFGP (from 1999 to 2013), the vegetation cover of 75.0% of the study area showed a significant increase; (2) The proportion of eroded areas decreased from 41.8 to 26.7% as a result of the GFGP, and the erosion intensity lessened in most regions; the implementation significantly reduce the soil nutrient loss; (3) at the county level, soil erosion export could be avoided significantly by the increasing of vegetation greenness in the study area (R = −0.49). These results illustrate the relationships among changes in vegetation cover, soil erosion and nutrient export, which could provide a reference for local government for making ecology-relative policies.

Development of semi-physically based model to predict erosion rate of kaolinite clay under different moisture content

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Sang ◽  
Peter Allen ◽  
John Dunbar ◽  
Gregory Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Fracture Plane ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
Physically Based Model ◽  
Concentrated Flow ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Direct Tensile

Understanding the susceptibility of soils to concentrated flow erosion is imperative for predicting sustainability of various engineering structures and assessing environmental integrity. Currently, a widely used model is empirical in nature. In this study, we developed a semi-physically based model that predicts the rate of concentrated flow erosion of kaolinite clay based on tensile and erodibility characteristics. To develop this model, direct tensile tests and jet erosion tests (JETs) were performed on kaolinite clay with different percent moisture contents (MCs). The direct tensile test results showed that the energy required to break interparticle bonds across a fracture plane and tensile strength decreases with an increase in MC, whereas the JET results showed that soil resistance to erosion decreases with an increase in MC. Results also showed that an efficiency index of the JET apparatus, which represents the fraction of jet power used in actual erosion processes, diminishes with a decrease in MC. This semi-physically based model predicted the rate of erosion of kaolinite clay for a range of MC and applied hydraulic shear stress. In model development and verification, 98% and 90% of the data, respectively, were within a discrepancy ratio of 0.50 and 2.0.

scholarly journals Analysis of soil erosion factors in the river-basin of water tank Šance: confrontation of results of methodologies observing soil erosion

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 229-234
Author(s):  
Marie Palíková ◽  
Aleš Kučera
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Surface Erosion ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Erosion Processes

Soil erosion is still an issue in forestry and in human water-resources activities connected with landscape management and the protection of surface waters. The methods recently assessing the water erosion include: monitoring of suspended sediments in water, monitoring of dynamics of soil pro­per­ties, assessing the inclination of soil towards soil erosion, monitoring of effectiveness of erosion control measures, erosion processes modeling etc. (Buzek, 1981; Buzek, 1983; Holý, 1994; Jařabáč, Belský, 2008).The river basin of the water tank Šance is very important as a source of potable water and this importance is advanced, when water tank is clogged up by suspended sediments.Erosion was assessed by two methods in ArcMap 9.3 working with original data: the first method is Universal equation calculating an average annual soil loss from surface (USLE) (Wischmeier, Smith, cit. in Janeček, 2002); the second method assesses the potential erosion (MPE), using specific soil properties as factors, evaluating the rate of the intensity of erosion (Kučera, Palíková; 2009).Each method uses different ways for the description of the erodibility: USLE describes a long-term average annual soil loss as a consequence of surface erosion. It gives exact values of sediments in t . ha−1 . year−1, but from the other point of view, this method is primarily created for an agricultural land. Compared with USLE, MPE solves potential erosion and gives relative values of the erosion tendency of an environment. PME could give a new point of view on the assessing of the erosion.The river basin Ostravice above water tank Šance was used to compare these two methods. As a control measure, dates of the assessment of the water sediments regime (Buzek, 2001) were used. This observation was pursued in waters of the gagin station ČHMÚ Ostrava in Staré Hamry in according Stehlík (1969). This 25-year process of measuring shows the value of 2.47 t . ha−1 . year−1 in water tank upper Ostravice (with surface 72.96 km2). USLE shows much lower values of suspended sediments (0.41 t . ha−1 . year−1 using a continuous longitude of slopes or 0.11 t . ha−1 . year−1, with regards to the interruption of slopes by the forest roads). This difference is caused by the construction of USLE, which doesn’t respect increased values of sediments after the crossing of fords by the forestry mechanization, rill erosion or inputs of sediments from watercourse and near ravines. Therefore, the high values of suspended sediments are mainly caused by forest management (Buzek, 2001).

scholarly journals Comparison of the Applicability of Different Soil Erosion Models to Predict Soil Erodibility Factor and Event Soil Losses on Loess Slopes in Hungary

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3517
Author(s):  
Boglárka Keller ◽  
Csaba Centeri ◽  
Judit Alexandra Szabó ◽  
Zoltán Szalai ◽  
Gergely Jakab
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Soil Erodibility ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Erosion Models ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Physically Based Models ◽  
Soil Losses

Climate change induces more extreme precipitation events, which increase the amount of soil loss. There are continuous requests from the decision-makers in the European Union to provide data on soil loss; the question is, which ones should we use? The paper presents the results of USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation), RUSLE (Revised USLE), USLE-M (USLE-Modified) and EPIC (Erosion-Productivity Impact Calculator) modelling, based on rainfall simulations performed in the Koppány Valley, Hungary. Soil losses were measured during low-, moderate- and high-intensity rainfalls on cultivated soils formed on loess. The soil erodibility values were calculated by the equations of the applied soil erosion models and ranged from 0.0028 to 0.0087 t ha h ha−1 MJ−1 mm−1 for the USLE-related models. EPIC produced larger values. The coefficient of determination resulted in an acceptable correlation between the measured and calculated values only in the case of USLE-M. Based on other statistical indicators (e.g., NSEI, RMSE, PBIAS and relative error), RUSLE, USLE and USLE-M resulted in the best performance. Overall, regardless of being non-physically based models, USLE-type models seem to produce accurate soil erodibility values, thus modelling outputs.

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