scholarly journals Labor Markets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Sun
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Market Equilibrium ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Competitive Labor Market

What is the labor market? Like the goods and services markets, a labor market consists of the supply and demand sides. In the labor market, while workers supply labor, firms demand labor. This chapter studies the backward-bending nature of the labor supply curve and the downward-sloping nature of the labor demand curve. We also analyze the labor market equilibrium in a perfectly competitive labor market. Several policies such as immigration and minimum wage will be introduced to illustrate how government policies affect the labor market equilibrium.

scholarly journals Tarım Sektöründe İşgücü Terminolojisinin Tanımlanması

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 773
Author(s):  
Zeki Bayramoğlu ◽  
Merve Bozdemir
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Market Formation ◽  
Total Labor

Labor is the efficient part of the population in production. Total labor supply that occurs subject to the developments in the population and labor demand that shapes according to the economic conditions; are two basic elements of market formation. Labor markets can be defined as a social organization where supply and demand are met and wage occurs. Labor market among all market structures are in such position that is significantly affected by other units of the economy and highly affects them due to its functioning and features. Therefore, during the production process and planning, it is necessary to analyze the labor markets in detail. The agricultural labor market within the labor markets which forms the basis of the economy and contributes to other markets from various sources, needs to be analyzed. The agricultural labor should be analyzed and classified because of the following reasons; the agricultural labor has direct contribution in the use of natural resources and capital elements in agricultural sector; the labor is used more intensively in the unit area in agricultural activities compared to other sectors; transfer of labor is realized from the agricultural sector to other sectors; agricultural labor composes the source of the hidden unemployment and structural unemployment. In addition, labor in agricultural sector should be classified in order to determine the types of labor force to be used in data formation for public institutions / organizations and to facilitate access to the correct decision processes in the projects and policies to be created by contributing to obtaining reliable statistical data. In line with those determined objectives, this study was carried out to determine the types of labor force in the agricultural sector, to combine the conceptual definitions made and to provide semantic integrity in the literature.

Skill Shortages, Skill Gaps, and Labor Demand

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-106
Author(s):  
Michael J. Camasso ◽  
Radha Jagannathan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Labor Market Institutions ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Skill Gaps ◽  
Active Labor Market Policies

The focus in this chapter is on the consequences of employers’ decisions and on labor market institutions that create flexible, rigid, or segmented labor markets. The authors profile how each of the focal countries maintains culturally distinctive production functions and how these approaches to the creation of goods and services impact employment and overall economic performance. The importance of a labor market designed around the production of value-added product for export is highlighted, as is the pressure it places on renewal of knowledge and skill sets and flexible labor markets. Failures of the labor market in the forms of unemployment, underemployment, and low labor force participation have resulted in a variety of government interventions or active labor market policies. The authors examine the effectiveness of a number of these policies, including subsidies paid to employees, minimum wages, and employment subsidies to private businesses and public sector jobs.

An urban labor market with frictional housing markets: theory and an application to the Paris urban area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Chapelle ◽  
Etienne Wasmer ◽  
Pierre-Henri Bono
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
Welfare Effects ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Competitive Pricing ◽  
Urban Labor Market

Abstract We build a tractable model of frictional labor markets and segmented housing markets to study welfare effects of regulations, including spatial misallocation and deviation from competitive pricing of rents. The model is summarized by a labor demand curve depending on rents and wages, a wage curve reflecting labor market tightness and rents, and finally a rent curve reflecting employment. In this economy, the rent gradient in the flexible rent sector is higher than in a purely competitive housing market. This leads to spatial misallocation due to some employees commuting too much and some non-employed living inefficiently close to jobs. In turn, reducing generalized commuting costs reduces the rent gradient in the flexible rent sector and the cost of spatial misallocation of workers. The reduction in market rents is maximal when labor markets are less frictional and housing markets are more frictional, and welfare gains are larger when both are more efficient.

scholarly journals LABOR MARKET AS AN OBJECT OF REGULATION IN THE CONDITIONS FOR FORMATION OF SOCIAL-ORIENTED ECONOMY

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Гульшат Мусаева ◽  
Gulshat Musaeva
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
State Of The Economy ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Income Development ◽  
Definition Of

The article deals with the theoretical and methodological foundations of the labor market, its social and economic content, in particular, the subjects, the structure of the labor market and features, that distinguish it not only from the markets of goods and services, but also from the markets of other factors of production. An important feature of the labor market is that, like all other types of the market, it directly depends on the market situation, i.e. the ratio of supply and demand, which is formed depending on the state of the economy (rise or fall); branch structure of the economy; level of technical base development; well-being (income level of the population, including per capita income), development of the market for goods and services, housing, securities; state of social infrastructure; the development degree of the multistructure of the economy; measures to develop integration links (sectoral and territorial). In addition, it is influenced by demographic, ethno-social, political, environmental and some other factors. Depending on the relationship between supply and demand, the labor market situation can be of the following types: labor-deficit, when the labor market lacks labor supply; labor surplus, when there is a large number of unemployed in the labor market and, correspondingly, an excess of labor supply; equilibrium, when the demand for labor corresponds to his proposal. Various theoretical and practical approaches to the definition of the essence of the concept of “labor market” of domestic and foreign researchers are analyzed. The concept of “social and economic content of the labor market” is formulated and the author’s interpretation of the economic category “labor market” as an object of regulation under the conditions of the formation of a socially-oriented economy is scientifically grounded.

scholarly journals The Declining Labor Market Prospects of Less-Educated Men

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel J. Binder ◽  
John Bound
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
College Education ◽  
Participation Rate

Over the last half century, US wage growth stagnated, wage inequality rose, and the labor-force participation rate of prime-age men steadily declined. In this article, we examine these worrying labor market trends, focusing on outcomes for males without a college education. Though wages and participation have fallen in tandem for this population, we argue that the canonical neoclassical framework, which postulates a labor demand curve shifting inward across a stable labor supply curve, does not reasonably explain the data. Alternatives we discuss include adjustment frictions associated with labor demand shocks and effects of the changing marriage market—that is, the fact that fewer less-educated men are forming their own stable families—on male labor supply incentives. In the synthesis that emerges, the phenomenon of declining prime-age male labor-force participation is not coherently explained by a series of causal factors acting separately. A more reasonable interpretation, we argue, involves complex feedbacks between labor demand, family structure, and other factors that have disproportionately affected less-educated men.

Implications of higher retirement age for the labor market

2017 ◽  
pp. 22-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivanova ◽  
A. Balaev ◽  
E. Gurvich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Demographic Projections ◽  
The Impact

The paper considers the impact of the increase in retirement age on labor supply and economic growth. Combining own estimates of labor participation and demographic projections by the Rosstat, the authors predict marked fall in the labor force (by 5.6 million persons over 2016-2030). Labor demand is also going down but to a lesser degree. If vigorous measures are not implemented, the labor force shortage will reach 6% of the labor force by the period end, thus restraining economic growth. Even rapid and ambitious increase in the retirement age (by 1 year each year to 65 years for both men and women) can only partially mitigate the adverse consequences of demographic trends.

scholarly journals On the Incentives to Increase Input Efficiency under Monopoly Trade Unions

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
Tapan Biswas ◽  
Jolian McHardy
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Utility Functions ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Cournot Duopoly ◽  
Technological Improvement ◽  
Input Efficiency ◽  
Competitive Labor Market

We examine the effects of and the incentives for increasing input efficiency within a spatially segregated  Cournot duopoly with monopoly trade unions whose utility functions depend on both wages and employment. We show that with neoclassical as well as Leontief technology, unions raise wages to appropriate fully the gains from labor-saving technological (or organisational) improvements, leaving the firm with no incentive to invest in increasing the efficiency of workers. However, capital-saving     technological improvement may be profitable depending on the elasticity of substitution. Finally, we examine the implication of a fixed minimum wage (or competitive labor market) in one country.

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