scholarly journals Breeding for Grain Quality Improvement in Rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Ariyapalayam Rajendran ◽  
Jeevanandam Niranjana Devi ◽  
Senthil Vel Prabhakaran
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Basmati Rice ◽  
Aromatic Rice ◽  
Chinese Consumers ◽  
Milled Rice ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Cooking And Eating Quality

Oryza sativa holds a unique position among domesticated crop species as it is one of the most important staple foods globally. Without rice, the day will not be fulfilled in most of the Asian countries. Requirement of rice for consumption is anticipated from 450 million tons in 2011 to about 490 million tons in 2020 and to around 650 million tons by 2050 globally. To meet the food demands, it has been estimated that 40 per cent more rice is needed to be produced by 2050 for the ever increasing population. Increasing incidences of both biotic and abiotic stresses under changing climate are the major constraints in rice production to meet the rapidly escalating population. Crop improvement in rice will not be completed lacking of grain quality analysis. Rice grain quality embraces storage, milling, market quality, cooking and eating quality and nutritive quality of grain. Demand for high quality rice has increased globally in recent years and continues to trend upward due to the taste preferences. Since, consumer demand in Asia and all over the world are diverse due to varied demographics and culture, defining uniform attributes to grain quality becomes more challenging. The Middle Eastern consumers highly prefer long grain, well milled rice with strong aroma while European consumers prefer long grain non aromatic rices. In Asia, Chinese consumers prefer semi-aromatic rice to pure aromatic rice. Cooked kernel elongation is the most important quality traits, which differentiate the highly valued basmati rice from other rice types. Kernel elongation after cooking is an important character of fine rice and the most rice consumers prefer lengthwise elongation.

Effects of Spraying Zinc and Multiple Nutrient Elements on Quality of Aromatic Rice

2012 ◽  
Vol 460 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Zhen Jiang Xu ◽  
Li Zhong Xiao ◽  
Hong Liu ◽  
Yong Hao Ren ◽  
Zhi Lin Li
Keyword(s):  
Amylose Content ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Nutrient Elements ◽  
Aromatic Rice ◽  
Milled Rice ◽  
Nutrient Quality ◽  
Cooking And Eating Quality ◽  
Heading Stage

Using two conventional aromatic rice cultivars and one hybrid aromatic rice combination, effects on the quality of aromatic rice were studied by spraying zinc and other multiple nutrient elements under the field experiment.The results showed that by spraying Zn, ZnMg，ZnMgK and ZnMgKFeCu MoCoB on heading stage and followed on the 7th and 14th day after the heading stage, the rate of brown rice, milled rice and head rice, the score of aroma and eating and the content of protein were improved, the chalky rice rate, chalkiness and amylose content were reduced and at the same time the length of rice gel was elongated, therefore the processing quality, appearance quality, cooking and eating quality and nutrient quality of aromatic rice were improved to some extent. The highest quality of aromatic rice was achieved by spraying the combination of Zn and all the other multiple nutrient elements, followed by spraying ZnMgK, ZnMg and Zn solely.

Physico-chemical characteristics and nutritional quality analysis of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rani Wadbok ◽  
S. K. Noren ◽  
Rai Mayank ◽  
Tyagi Wricha ◽  
V. K. Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Aromatic Rice ◽  
Physico Chemical

Aromatic rice constitutes a small but an important sub-group of rice. These are rated best in quality and fetch much higher price than high quality non-aromatic rice in international market. In spite of their importance, pace of improvement of this group of rice has been rather slow. Quality rice are characterized by not only aroma but also by several other traits like grain length and width, elongation after cooking, amylose content, gelatinization temperature etc. Grain quality in rice is very difficult to define with precision as preferences for quality vary from country to country and region to region in a country. The concept of quality varies according to the ways of preparations for which the grains are to be used. Although some of the quality characteristics desired by grower, miller and consumer may be the same, yet each may place different emphasis on various quality characteristics of rice. Physico-chemical characteristics and nutritional quality of 32 genotypes of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) were analysed. A total of ten quality parameters related to grain were estimated and three nutritional estimation were also carried out using standard protocols. Maximum variations among the genotypes were observed for amylose content (AC), kernel length (KL), gel consistency (GC), carbohydrate content (CC) and protein content (PC). AC ranged from 2.97% to 20.60%, GC from 20.31 mm to 86.49 mm, CC from 29.83% to 82.18% and PC from 2.35% to 11.69%. In terms of nutritional quality analysis, Ja-Pnah (82.18%) followed by IC-465275 (81.55%) recorded the highest carbohydrate content. CT3-D-4 (11.69%) recorded the highest protein content whereas IC 137342 (0.99%) recorded the highest fat content. The promising genotypes identified in this study by emphasizing upon genotypes for various grain quality and nutritional traits can be utilized according to the choice of the breeder in further improvement of aromatic rice.

scholarly journals Aromatic Rice of India: It’s Types and Breeding Strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarti Sharma ◽  
Sandhya ◽  
Akanksha Srivastava ◽  
Snehanshu Singh ◽  
Subhash Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Program ◽  
Basmati Rice ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Aromatic Rice ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Major Market ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Glutinous Rice ◽  
Kernel Length

The coalescence of organoleptic traits viz., pleasant aroma, cooked rice texture, and taste make aromatic rice unique and distinguished from non-aromatic rice. Aromatic rice is cultivated in every rice growing country; with each country has its own indigenous collection. International trade of rice is dominated by Indica (long grained), Japonica (short grained), aromatic rice (Basmati and Jasmine) and glutinous rice; amidst which, Basmati types from India and Pakistan; and Jasmine types from Thailand have phenomenal demand. In India all types of aromatic rice are cultivated based on Kernel length; short, medium, long and very long grained. Basmati varieties own the major market, while other types of aromatic rice besides Basmati are popular in local market only. The country inherits rich diversity of aromatic rice germplasm; with more than 300 different types, each of the rice growing states of India has its own locally popular aromatic rice varieties. India a country where two third of its population consume rice as part of their daily food; aromatic rice always remain their favorite. Basmati, by virtue of its excellent qualities it dominates both national and international market. Every year, Basmati ranks first in respect of foreign exchange earned from the export of agricultural products from India (APEDA). The phenomenal demand and export figures have augmented Basmati Breeding program. However, only few aromatic varieties are cultivated depending on their demand, and their breeding program is also limited. In India, Basmati has over-shadowed other types of aromatic rice in market and in plant breeding programs too. Breeding for Basmati varieties is undertaken by prime agricultural institutions of India. The country regulates quality standards and development of Basmati varieties with the help of Export of Basmati Rice (Quality Control and Inspection) Rules 2003; Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA); and Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF). However, no such initiatives have been taken to promote the development of other aromatic rice varieties of India besides Basmati.

scholarly journals Genotype × Environment Interaction and Stability Analysis in Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari Kesh ◽  
Khushi Ram Battan ◽  
Rakesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Basmati Rice ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Indian Agriculture ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Cooking And Eating Quality

Background: Basmati rice is an important cereal crop occupying a unique position in Indian agriculture. More than 90% of global rice is produced and consumed in Asia and plays a crucial role in the entry of mineral nutrients into the food chain. Identification of stable genotypes is of great significance because the environmental conditions vary from season to season and year to year. Methods: Thirty six Basmati rice genotypes were evaluated in four production environments during kharif 2016 and kharif 2017 at two locations Kaul and Uchani to study the G × E interaction for milling, appearance, cooking and eating quality parameters. The genotypes were grown in randomized block design with three replications. Result: Based on the stability analysis of Eberhart and Russell model, genotypes viz., Haryana Mahak 1, Pusa 1826-12-271-4 and HKR 06-434 were found stable across the environments for milling%, grain length before cooking and length breadth ratio before cooking, respectively.

Maize Grain Quality Analysis, Food Quality, Chemistry, and Food Processing

2021 ◽  
pp. 225-238
Author(s):  
Ratikanta Maiti ◽  
Humberto González Rodríguez ◽  
Ch. Aruna Kumari ◽  
Sameena Begum ◽  
Dasari Rajkumar
Keyword(s):  
Food Quality ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Maize Grain

scholarly journals Dioecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants do not express significant sexually dimorphic morphology in the seedling stage

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley G. Campbell ◽  
Kristen Peach ◽  
Sydney B. Wizenberg
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Seedling Morphology

AbstractSome economically important crop species are dioecious, producing pollen and ovules on distinct, unisexual, individuals. On-the-spot diagnosis of sex is important to breeders and farmers for crop improvement and maximizing yield, yet diagnostic tools at the seedling stage are understudied and lack a scientific basis. Understanding sexual dimorphism in juvenile plants may provide key ecological, evolutionary and economic insights into dioecious plant species in addition to improving the process of crop cultivation. To address this gap in the literature, we asked: can we reliably differentiate males, females, and co-sexual individuals based on seedling morphology in Cannabis sativa, and do the traits used to distinguish sex at this stage vary between genotypes? To answer these questions, we collected data on phenotypic traits of 112 C. sativa plants (50 female, 52 male, 10 co-sexuals) from two hemp cultivars (CFX-1, CFX-2) during the second week of vegetative growth and used ANOVAs to compare morphology among sexes. We found males grew significantly longer hypocotyls than females by week 2, but this difference depended on the cultivar investigated. Preliminary evidence suggests that co-sexual plants may be distinguished from male and female plants using short hypocotyl length and seedling height, although this relationship requires more study since sample sizes of co-sexual plants were small. In one of the cultivars, two-week old male plants tend to produce longer hypocotyls than other plants, which may help to identify these plants prior to anthesis. We call for increased research effort on co-sexual plants, given their heavy economic cost in industrial contexts and rare mention in the literature. Our preliminary data suggests that short hypocotyl length may be an indicator of co-sexuality. These results are the first steps towards developing diagnostic tools for predicting sex using vegetative morphology in dioecious species and understanding how sexual dimorphism influences phenotype preceding sexual maturity.

Defining and identifying crop landraces

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Carolina Camacho Villa ◽  
Nigel Maxted ◽  
Maria Scholten ◽  
Brian Ford-Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Traditional Farming ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Landrace Diversity ◽  
Cultivated Plant ◽  
Historical Origin

Awareness of the need for biodiversity conservation is now universally accepted, but most often recent conservation activities have focused on wild species. Crop species and the diversity between and within them has significant socioeconomic as well as heritage value. The bulk of genetic diversity in domesticated species is located in traditional varieties maintained by traditional farming systems. These traditional varieties, commonly referred to as landraces, are severely threatened by genetic extinction primarily due to their replacement by modern genetically uniform varieties. The conservation of landrace diversity has been hindered in part by the lack of an accepted definition to define the entity universally recognized as landraces. Without a definition it would be impossible to prepare an inventory and without an inventory changes in landrace constituency could not be recognized over time. Therefore, based on a literature review, workshop discussion and interviews with key informants, common characteristics of landraces were identified, such as: historical origin, high genetic diversity, local genetic adaptation, recognizable identity, lack of formal genetic improvement, and whether associated with traditional farming systems. However, although these characteristics are commonly present they are not always all present for any individual landrace; several crop-specific exceptions were noted relating to crop propagation method (sexual or asexual), breeding system (self-fertilized or cross-fertilized species), length of formal crop improvement, seed management (selection or random propagation) and use. This paper discusses the characteristics that generally constitute a landrace, reviews the exceptions to these characteristics and provides a working definition of a landrace. The working definition proposed is as follows: ‘a landrace is a dynamic population(s) of a cultivated plant that has historical origin, distinct identity and lacks formal crop improvement, as well as often being genetically diverse, locally adapted and associated with traditional farming systems’.

scholarly journals How Do Crops Balance Water Supply and Demand when Water Is Limiting?

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Andrew Borrell ◽  
Barbara George-Jaeggli ◽  
Erik van Oosterom ◽  
Graeme Hammer ◽  
Emma Mace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Water Supply And Demand

Plants are sessile organisms requiring mechanisms that enable them to balance water supply and demand in dry environments. Demand (D) is largely driven by canopy size (transpirational leaf area), although differences in transpiration per unit leaf area also occur. Supply (S) is primarily driven by water capture via the root system. Drought stress can be defined as the situation where supply of water cannot meet demand of the crop, such that water availability is the limiting factor for biomass accumulation. Under such conditions, plants will need to reduce D in order to meet the limited S, access more water to increase S, or increase the efficiency with which water is utilised. We used sorghum, a model C4 crop species, to demonstrate how the stay-green trait can modulate canopy development and root architecture to enhance adaptation. We show how stay-green positively impacts the balance between S and D under post-flowering drought, including insights at the molecular level. We provide examples of how canopy and root traits impact the S/D balance in other cereals under water limitation. For example, on the supply side, the extent of genetic variation for root angle (RA) has been evaluated in sorghum, wheat and barley, and genomic regions associated with RA have been mapped. Furthermore, the relationship between RA and grain yield has been explored in barley and sorghum field trials. The capacity to manipulate components of S and D to optimise the S/D balance should assist crop improvement programs to develop enhanced ideotypes for dry environments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document