scholarly journals Immunological Basis for the Development of Allergic Diseases-Prevalence, Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddanakoppalu N. Pramod
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Type I ◽  
Severe Condition ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Type I Hypersensitivity

Allergy is an immune disorder due to over responsiveness of immune system to a relatively normal and harmless antigen; derived from environmental and dietary substances commonly referred as allergens. Allergy is an IgE mediated type I hypersensitivity which is characterized by the degranulation of specialized white blood cells known as mast cells and basophils. Majority of characterized allergens are proteinaceous in nature and induce Th2 response. Specific Th2 cytokines elicit the induction of allergen specific IgE antibodies in sensitive individuals. The IgE binds to Fc epsilon receptor on basophil/mast cells and on exposure, allergens cross links the IgE and induce release of hypersensitivity mediators that result in allergic symptoms. The symptoms varies from mild allergies like hay fever, itchiness, rashes, rhinatisis, conjunctivitis to a severe condition such as Asthma and some time life threatening anaphylaxis. At present a various blood based test exist to diagnose allergies which include skin prick, patch test and Specific IgE tests. The best treatment available is to avoid exposure to allergens alternatively use of anti-histamines, steroids or other symptom reducing medications are in practice. Immunotherapy to desensitize the response to allergen and targeted therapy are promising for allergy in future.

Recognition Sites for Microbes and Components of the Immune System on Human Mast Cells: Relationship to CD Antigens and Implications for Host Defense

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mayerhofer ◽  
K.J. Aichberger ◽  
S. Florian ◽  
P. Valent
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Surface Binding ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Allergic Disorders

Traditionally, mast cells (MCs) have been considered to play an important role in allergic disorders and helminth infections. More recently, MCs have been implicated in a variety of different infectious diseases including life-threatening disorders caused by viruses and bacteria. Apart from recognition through specific IgE, MCs are considered to recognize such bacteria and viruses via specific cell surface binding sites. In addition, MCs interact with diverse components and cells of the immune system and thereby may facilitate the targeting and the elimination of invading microbes in the tissues. The current article provides an overview on MC antigens contributing to microbe recognition and targeting as an important element of natural host-defense.

Morin inhibits Fyn kinase in mast cells and IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity response in vivo

2009 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 1506-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wan Kim ◽  
Jun Ho Lee ◽  
Bang Yeon Hwang ◽  
Se Hwan Mun ◽  
Na Young Ko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Hypersensitivity Response ◽  
Fyn Kinase ◽  
Ige Mediated ◽  
Type I Hypersensitivity

scholarly journals Attenuated androgen discontinuation in patients with hereditary angioedema: a commented case series

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Maurer ◽  
Markus Magerl ◽  
Emel Aygören-Pürsün ◽  
Konrad Bork ◽  
Henriette Farkas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Hereditary Angioedema ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Additional Patient ◽  
Type I ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Androgen Withdrawal ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Attenuated Androgen

Abstract Background Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is characterized by potentially severe and life-threatening attacks of localized swelling. Prophylactic therapies are available, including attenuated androgens. Efficacy of attenuated androgens has not been assessed in large, randomized, placebo-controlled trials and can be associated with frequent, and sometimes severe, side effects. As better tolerated targeted therapies become available, attenuated androgen withdrawal is increasingly considered by physicians and their patients with HAE. Attenuated androgens withdrawal has not been systematically studied in HAE, although examination of other disorders indicates that attenuated androgen withdrawal may result in mood disturbances and flu-like symptoms. Standardized protocols for attenuated androgen discontinuation that continue to provide control of attacks while limiting potential attenuated androgen withdrawal symptoms are not established as the outcomes of different withdrawal strategies have not been compared. We aim to describe the challenges of attenuated androgen discontinuation in patients with HAE and how these may continue into the post-androgen period. Case presentation We present a retrospective case series of 10 patients with confirmed type I HAE who have discontinued prophylactic treatment with attenuated androgens. The most common reason for attenuated androgen discontinuation was side effects. Attenuated androgens were either immediately withdrawn, tapered and/or overlapped with another treatment. The major challenge of discontinuation was the management of an increased frequency and severity of HAE attacks in some patients. Conclusions Healthcare teams need to undertake careful planning and monitoring after attenuated androgens discontinuation, and modify treatment strategies if HAE control is destabilized with an increased number of attacks. Discontinuation of attenuated androgens is definitively an option in an evolving HAE treatment landscape, and outcomes can be favourable with additional patient support and education.

scholarly journals Signal Transduction Pathways Activated by Innate Immunity in Mast Cells: Translating Sensing of Changes into Specific Responses

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zyanya P. Espinosa-Riquer ◽  
Deisy Segura-Villalobos ◽  
Itzel G. Ramírez-Moreno ◽  
Marian Jesabel Pérez Rodríguez ◽  
Mónica Lamas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Type I ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
And Function ◽  
Type I Hypersensitivity

Mast cells (MCs) constitute an essential cell lineage that participates in innate and adaptive immune responses and whose phenotype and function are influenced by tissue-specific conditions. Their mechanisms of activation in type I hypersensitivity reactions have been the subject of multiple studies, but the signaling pathways behind their activation by innate immunity stimuli are not so well described. Here, we review the recent evidence regarding the main molecular elements and signaling pathways connecting the innate immune receptors and hypoxic microenvironment to cytokine synthesis and the secretion of soluble or exosome-contained mediators in this cell type. When known, the positive and negative control mechanisms of those pathways are presented, together with their possible implications for the understanding of mast cell-driven chronic inflammation. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the knowledge about signaling in this cell type in the recognition of MCs as central elements on innate immunity, whose remarkable plasticity converts them in sensors of micro-environmental discontinuities and controllers of tissue homeostasis.

scholarly journals Immunotherapy in Allergic Fungal Sinusitis: The Controversy Continues. A Recent Review of Literature

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. ar.2013.4.0045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary S. Doellman ◽  
Gregory R. Dion ◽  
Erik Kent Weitzel ◽  
Erika Gonzalez Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fungal Sinusitis ◽  
Allergic Fungal Sinusitis ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Delayed Reactions ◽  
Local Reactions

Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS), also referred to as allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS), is a noninvasive, eosinophilic form of recurrent chronic allergic hypertrophic rhinosinusitis. AFS has distinct clinical, histopathological, and prognostic findings that differentiate it from other forms of sinusitis. The core pathogenesis and optimum treatment strategies remain debated. Concerns surround the use of immunotherapy for AFS because allergen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) induced by immunotherapy could theoretically incite a Gell and Coombs type III (complex mediated) reaction. Type I hypersensitivity is established by high serum levels of allergen-specific IgE to various fungal antigens and positive Bipolaris skin test results. Type III hypersensitivity is established by an IgG-mediated process defined by the presence of allergen-specific IgG that forms complexes with fungal antigen inducing an immunologic inflammatory response. These reveal the multiple immunologic pathways through which AFS can impact host responses. Recent literature establishing benefits of fungal immunotherapy and no evidence of type III-mediated reactions, severe local reactions, or delayed reactions, indicate that application of AFS desensitization is a reasonable therapeutic strategy for this difficult to manage entity. Our review should encourage further clinical acceptance of AFS desensitization because the existing literature on this subject shows benefits of fungal immunotherapy and no evidence of type III-mediated reactions, severe local reactions, or delayed reactions.

scholarly journals Successful Desensitization of a Patient with Aplastic Anemia to Antithymocyte Globulin

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. ar.2015.6.0110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Wolanin ◽  
Jeffrey G. Demain ◽  
Eric A. Meier
Keyword(s):  
Aplastic Anemia ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Antithymocyte Globulin ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Serum Sickness ◽  
Literature Discussion ◽  
Type I ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Delayed Reactions ◽  
Type I Hypersensitivity

Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) is a polyclonal gamma immunoglobulin derived from either rabbit or equine serum that serves as therapy for aplastic anemia; however, ATG causes serum sickness in up to 70% and anaphylaxis in up to 5% of recipients. Intradermal (ID) skin testing has been the primary technique used to evaluate for a preexisting Gell and Coombs type I hypersensitivity reaction to ATG. There are no data reporting the predictive value of delayed reactions to ID testing on the risk of serum sickness. This study was designed to establish the importance of epicutaneous and ID skin testing before the administration of ATG through a case report and literature discussion. We report a patient with severe aplastic anemia that was successfully desensitized to ATG after a negative epicutaneous skin test and positive ID skin test. The patient had neither systemic nor localized reactions during the desensitization. Desensitization to ATG in patients with positive epicutaneous skin testing has been shown to be associated with serious and potentially life-threatening complications and should only be considered when the benefits outweigh the risks. Epicutaneous skin testing should be considered in conjunction with ID skin testing when screening for potential sensitivity to ATG. Because of the serious risk of anaphylaxis, desensitization should be performed in an intensive care unit setting in conjunction with a physician familiar with drug desensitization and the management of anaphylaxis.

scholarly journals Novel Approaches in the Inhibition of IgE-Induced Mast Cell Reactivity in Food Allergy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Tontini ◽  
Silvia Bulfone-Paus
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Food Allergy ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergen Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Novel Approaches

Allergy is an IgE-dependent type-I hypersensitivity reaction that can lead to life-threatening systemic symptoms such as anaphylaxis. In the pathogenesis of the allergic response, the common upstream event is the binding of allergens to specific IgE, inducing cross-linking of the high-affinity FcεRI on mast cells, triggering cellular degranulation and the release of histamine, proteases, lipids mediators, cytokines and chemokines with inflammatory activity. A number of novel therapeutic options to curb mast cell activation are in the pipeline for the treatment of severe allergies. In addition to anti-IgE therapy and allergen-specific immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies targeted against several key Th2/alarmin cytokines (i.e. IL-4Rα, IL-33, TSLP), active modification of allergen-specific IgE (i.e. inhibitory compounds, monoclonal antibodies, de-sialylation), engagement of inhibitory receptors on mast cells and allergen-specific adjuvant vaccines, are new promising options to inhibit the uncontrolled release of mast cell mediators upon allergen exposure. In this review, we critically discuss the novel approaches targeting mast cells limiting allergic responses and the immunological mechanisms involved, with special interest on food allergy treatment.

scholarly journals Bacterial and Fungal Toll-Like Receptor Activation Elicits Type I IFN Responses in Mast Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Kornstädt ◽  
Sandra Pierre ◽  
Andreas Weigert ◽  
Stefanie Ebersberger ◽  
Tim J. Schäufele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Resolution Of Inflammation ◽  
Type I Ifns ◽  
Ige Mediated

Next to their role in IgE-mediated allergic diseases and in promoting inflammation, mast cells also have antiinflammatory functions. They release pro- as well as antiinflammatory mediators, depending on the biological setting. Here we aimed to better understand the role of mast cells during the resolution phase of a local inflammation induced with the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 agonist zymosan. Multiple sequential immunohistology combined with a statistical neighborhood analysis showed that mast cells are located in a predominantly antiinflammatory microenvironment during resolution of inflammation and that mast cell-deficiency causes decreased efferocytosis in the resolution phase. Accordingly, FACS analysis showed decreased phagocytosis of zymosan and neutrophils by macrophages in mast cell-deficient mice. mRNA sequencing using zymosan-induced bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) revealed a strong type I interferon (IFN) response, which is known to enhance phagocytosis by macrophages. Both, zymosan and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced IFN-β synthesis in BMMCs in similar amounts as in bone marrow derived macrophages. IFN-β was expressed by mast cells in paws from naïve mice and during zymosan-induced inflammation. As described for macrophages the release of type I IFNs from mast cells depended on TLR internalization and endosome acidification. In conclusion, mast cells are able to produce several mediators including IFN-β, which are alone or in combination with each other able to regulate the phagocytotic activity of macrophages during resolution of inflammation.

scholarly journals THE DIAGNOSIS OF DAUCUS CAROTA AS ALERGOGEN ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN WHITE LABORATORY RAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 969-974
Author(s):  
Mire Spasov ◽  
Icko Gjorgoski
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Allergic Reaction ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Ige Antibodies ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Type I Hypersensitivity

The allergic reaction or type I hypersensitivity is a hypersensitive disorder to the immune system, which occurs by ingress of non-pathogenic agents from the external environment in the body. Antigens, in this case allergens, are substances from the environment that are harmless to most people. In allergies there is an inherent tendency to inherit the genes that make these people susceptible to allergies. Rapid sensitization may occur as a local reaction, which is just unpleasant (seasonal rhinitis or hay fever), severe exhaustion (asthma), or culminating in a fatal systemic disorder (anaphylaxis). Allergens in the body are inserted by inhalation, ingestion or injection, and move to mucous membranes, where they are accepted by T-lymphocytes. TN2 lymphocytes produce IL-4, which stimulate B-lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma cells. These cells excrete IgE, which recognize allergens. Excreted IgE antibodies sensitize mast cells that originate from the bone marrow. When sensitized individuals again expose themselves to an allergen from the external environment, they bind to specific IgE-antibodies to the mast cells (memory cells), whereby various mediators are excreted, causing inflammatory response, mucus secretion, vasoconstriction of blood vessels, and spasm of the airways. The aim of the study was to investigate the allergenic effect of Daucus carotte on the change in the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, basophils, and immunoglobulins as important components of the immune system. From the pollen of this plant, recombinant allergen is extracted, in the form of injections with a volume of 150μI. In the experiments, as experimental models were used Wistar white rats at the age of 6 to 9 weeks. We injected the allergen into the first, second, third and fourth week in a group of 6 rats in an amount of 5 μl and a second group of 6 rats in an amount of 2.5 μl allergen absorbed in 100 μl AI (OH) 3 (Serva, Heidelburg, Germany, 2 μg / mI) in a total volume of 150μI sterile PbS. The third group of 6 rats was a control group. The results showed that the Dacus carota causes an allergic reaction in Wistar white rats and its intensity depends directly on the volume of the allergen and the individuals that come into contact with it. Once we compared the values of blood parameters, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and basophils, as well as the IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE concentrations, we concluded that the higher concentration of Daucus carota causes a higher elevation in blood parameters and concentrations of immunoglobulins, compared to the smaller concentration of the same allergen. From the studies conducted over a period of one month, it was found that Dacus carota causes an allergic reaction, which is classified in Type I hypersensitivity in white laboratory rats of the Wistar strain.

Harnessing engineered antibodies of the IgE class to combat malignancy: initial assessment of FcɛRI-mediated basophil activation by a tumour-specific IgE antibody to evaluate the risk of type I hypersensitivity

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 1400-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Rudman ◽  
D. H. Josephs ◽  
H. Cambrook ◽  
P. Karagiannis ◽  
A. E. Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Ige ◽  
Basophil Activation ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Type I ◽  
Ige Antibody ◽  
Type I Hypersensitivity
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