scholarly journals Seminiferous Tubules and Spermatogenesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amor Houda ◽  
Shelko Nyaz ◽  
Bakry Mohamed Sobhy ◽  
Almandouh Hussein Bosilah ◽  
Micu Romeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seminiferous Tubule ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
World Health ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities ◽  
The World ◽  
American Society ◽  
One Year ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

One of the major concerns of the world health community is the infertility. The definition of infertility according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) is the inability of a healthy couple to achieve a conception after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. Fertility complications affect seven percent of the male. The causes of infertility were divided to non-obstructive and obstructive. But, in almost 75% of male infertility cases are idiopathic with predominance of the genetic abnormalities. Numerical or structural chromosomal abnormalities are considered as genetic abnormalities that occur during the meiotic division in spermatogenesis. These abnormalities get transferred to the Offspring, which affects the normal and even the artificial conception. In the human reproduction, sperm cells are considered as a delivery vehicle for the male genetic material packed in chromosomes, which are composed of nearly 2-meter Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule and their packaging proteins. This chapter points to grant a summarized description of individual components of the male reproductive system: the seminiferous tubule and spermatogenesis. Here, we describe step by step the structure of the testis seminiferous tubule and what occurs inside these tubules like cell communication and germ cell development from spermatogonia until spermatozoon. This book chapter is very useful for the biologists and physicians working in Assisted reproduction field to understand the physiology and pathology of spermatogenesis.

scholarly journals Genetic Abnormalities in ALL

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bendari Mounia ◽  
Sofia Sraidi ◽  
Nisrine Khoubila
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fish Analysis ◽  
Genetic Modifications ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities ◽  
The World ◽  
Therapeutic Protocols ◽  
Health Organization

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), can be defined by a family of genetically heterogeneous lymphoid neoplasms derived from B- and T-lymphoid progenitors. ALL constitutes the most common childhood cancer, due to an overproduction of immature lymphoid hematopoietic cells. Genetic analyzes currently provides important information for classifying patients into prognostic groups, genetic analysis also helps to understand the mechanisms of relapse, pharmacogenetics and the development of new potential therapeutic targets, which should help to further improve the results of leukemia. In fact, the new techniques in molecular cytogenetic permits to identify new cryptic abnormalities, these discoveries have led to the development of new therapeutic protocols. The role of cytogenetic analysis is crucial on ALL patient’s management. Karyotyping coupled with FISH analysis identifies recurrent chromosomal abnormalities in ALL, many of these abnormalities have prognostic and treatment impact. This chapter summarizes chromosomal abnormalities that are common and classify ALL according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classifications (2016 revision). We will present the main genetic modifications recently identified as well as the sequence mutations which have helped in the elucidation of the pathogenesis of ALL.

scholarly journals Pandemic 2011: coming soon to a location near you.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Sacco
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
World Health ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Seasonal Flu ◽  
The Media ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Lower Death Rate

"H1 N1 is a virus that has been sensationalized by the media since the first case was discovered in Mexico during the spring of 2009. People around the world feared that the virus would mutate into something as severe as the 1918 Spanish flu, one of the deadliest plagues in history. However experts had discovered by June of 2009 that the Spanish flu was not comparable to H1 N1. Yet for six months newspaper reporters continued to compare the ew epidemic to the Spanish flu, thus keeping alive the threat of an unstoppable pandemic. One year has passed since the first case of H1 N1 was confirmed. After all of the attention that H1 N1 received, it proved to be not much different than a typical seasonal flu, resulting in a lower death rate (Schabas and Rau, 2010). Recently, a number of investigations have begun to determine if the World Health Organization (WHO) overemphasized the level of risk, resulting in a large quantity of sensationalized media coverage, and citizens in a state of panic.

Health for All and Primary Health Care, 1978–2018: A Historical Perspective on Policies and Programs Over 40 Years

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B. Rifkin
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Good Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of Health ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

In 1978, at an international conference in Kazakhstan, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund put forward a policy proposal entitled “Primary Health Care” (PHC). Adopted by all the World Health Organization member states, the proposal catalyzed ideas and experiences by which governments and people began to change their views about how good health was obtained and sustained. The Declaration of Alma-Ata (as it is known, after the city in which the conference was held) committed member states to take action to achieve the WHO definition of health as “state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Arguing that good health was not merely the result of biomedical advances, health-services provision, and professional care, the declaration stated that health was a human right, that the inequality of health status among the world’s populations was unacceptable, and that people had a right and duty to become involved in the planning and implementation of their own healthcare. It proposed that this policy be supported through collaboration with other government sectors to ensure that health was recognized as a key to development planning. Under the banner call “Health for All by the Year 2000,” WHO and the United Nations Children’s Fund set out to turn their vision for improving health into practice. They confronted a number of critical challenges. These included defining PHC and translating PHC into practice, developing frameworks to translate equity into action, experiencing both the potential and the limitations of community participation in helping to achieve the WHO definition of health, and seeking the necessary financing to support the transformation of health systems. These challenges were taken up by global, national, and nongovernmental organization programs in efforts to balance the PHC vision with the realities of health-service delivery. The implementation of these programs had varying degrees of success and failure. In the future, PHC will need to address to critical concerns, the first of which is how to address the pressing health issues of the early 21st century, including climate change, control of noncommunicable diseases, global health emergencies, and the cost and effectiveness of humanitarian aid in the light of increasing violent disturbances and issues around global governance. The second is how PHC will influence policies emerging from the increasing understanding that health interventions should be implemented in the context of complexity rather than as linear, predictable solutions.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity of the COVID-19 epidemic in Australia: What can we learn from it?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuli Chen ◽  
Yibeltal Assefa
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Community ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract It has been more than one year since the World Health Organization declared the pandemic of COVID-19. Countries around the world are still struggling to control their epidemics. Australia has shown its resilience in the fight against the epidemic by providing a comprehensive response involving the whole-of-government and whole-of-society. Despite the overall successful national response, the epidemic in Australia has been heterogeneous across states. We conducted a mixed-methods study to analyze the epidemic and explain the variable manifestation of the epidemic across states in Australia. Most of the COVID-19 cases and deaths were in Victoria and New South Wales states due to differences in governance of the epidemic and public health responses (quarantine and contact tracing) among states. Countries could learn not only from Australia’s overall successful response, through good governance, effective community participation, adequate public health and health system capacity and multisectoral actions, but also from the heterogeneity of the epidemic among states. Successful response to epidemics in countries with a decentralized administration requires multi-level governance with alignment and harmonization of the response.

scholarly journals TERMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC DEFINITIONS OF STUDYING VOCATIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE JUNIOR SPECIALISTS IN NURSING IN COLLEGES

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-105
Author(s):  
М. R. Demianchuk
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Education ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Vocational Training ◽  
World Health ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
Specialized Institutions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

The article argues that nowadays a well-established conceptual and terminological apparatus, whose origins have deep historical roots, in modern vocational training of future specialists in nursing of different qualification levels, is used. On the basis of theoretical analysis of scientific literary sources and conceptual and terminological synthesis has been established that definition of “nurse” comes from Latin “nutricius”,which means caring for those who suffer. On the basis of comparative analysis the comparative-historical way of becoming nurse profession has been reflected.The basis is a five-stage periodization of the formation and development of nursing (by M. Shehedyn). It has been concretized that in the prehistoric period, which lasted from ancient times to the V century AD, work that reflected some of the functions of modern nurse was regarded as a spontaneous care, not as a profession; the period of the Middle Ages was marked by the functioning of specialized institutions for the care of sick people; during the Classical period the nursing and Sisters of Charity were born; the Neoclassical period was marked by the development of scientific concepts for the organization of the system of training nurses; in the Modern period the degree nursing education was introduced. In different historical periods, to indicate the functional characteristics of persons who determine the modern professional activity of nurse, the following terms were used: “deaconess”, “caregiver”, “Sister of Mercy”, “Daughter of Charity”, “nurse”. The recognition of nursing staff by the World Health Organization in 1983 as independent and equal in the health care system, as well as the official definition of “nursing”, which was considered as an activity aimed at addressing individual and public health problems in a changing environmental conditions, became an extremely important event in development of the world nursing.

scholarly journals INFERTILITY MANAGEMENT THROUGH AYURVEDA SHODHANA KARMA- A CASE REPORT

2019 ◽  
pp. 171-173
Author(s):  
Pooja .S. Dhuria ◽  
Prathima
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Female Infertility ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Feature ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
The World ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Consecutive Cycle

Purpose: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that 60 to 80 million couples worldwide currently suffer from infertility. The female infertility has becomes major issue in current scenario due to the increasing number of incidences day by day. In India alone many couples suffers from infertility. The treatment options of female infertility also improving and traditional system of medicine such as Ayurveda describes female infertility broadly with its treatment protocol.Infertility affects women of reproductive age group all over the world. The infertility can be primary or secondary. Panchakarma can treat infertility successfully using various methods along with Ayurvedic formulations. Methodology: A Female Patient of 26 year came to OPD presenting with the complaints of inability to Conceive. Patient was complaining of delayed and heavy menstrual Periods as a clinical feature of PCOD which was diagnosed in USG report Patient was treated with Panchakarma and Ayurvedic Oral medicine. Vamana karma was done and in next Consecutive Cycle Patient got conceived. Result: In next Consecutive Cycle Patient got conceived and she is under regular Antenatal check up. Conclusion: Infertility is defined as a failure to conceive within one year or more years of regular unprotected coitus. PCOD occurs due to an imbalance caused by any of the three Doshas which affect the fertility of the female. These causes increase of Kapha and Vata Dosha and cause the formation of the multiple cysts in ovaries leading to anovulatory periods followed by obesity, hirustitsm. Vamana Karma helps in Strotoshudhi and help in the kapha disorders. Pushpadhanwa rasa act on the Manashanthi and Garbhakrut. Ashwagandha Ksheerpaka acts as Garbhasthapaka and Rasayana. The present study reveals the effective management of infertility associated with PCOD was managed by Shodana and Garbhasthapaka oushadhi KEYWORDS: PCOS, Artava Dusti ,Sthoulya, Infertility

scholarly journals Biomedical engineering and ethics: reflections on medical devices and PPE during the first wave of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Maccaro ◽  
Davide Piaggio ◽  
Concetta Anna Dodaro ◽  
Leandro Pecchia
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
World Health ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Engineers

AbstractIn March 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that humanity was entering a global pandemic phase. This unforeseen situation caught everyone unprepared and had a major impact on several professional categories that found themselves facing important ethical dilemmas. The article revolves around the category of biomedical and clinical engineers, which were among those most involved in dealing with and finding solutions to the pandemic. In hindsight, the major issues brought to the attention of biomedical engineers have raised important ethical implications, such as the allocation of resources, the responsibilities of science and the inadequacy and non-universality of the norms and regulations on biomedical devices and personal protective equipment. These issues, analyzed one year after the first wave of the pandemic, come together in the appeal for responsibility for thought, action and, sometimes, even silence. This highlights the importance of interdisciplinarity and the definitive collapse of the Cartesian fragmentation of knowledge, calling for the creation of more fora, where this kind of discussions can be promoted.

Abstract 256: The Differences in Predictors of Osteoporosis between Genders Using Warfarin

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aseel Hadi Abdulameer Alhashimi ◽  
Hadeer Akram Abdulrazzaq Al-Ani ◽  
Iman Nazar Talib Al-Ani ◽  
Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman ◽  
Hanan Hussein Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Bone Fragility ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
T Score ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Postmenopausal Status ◽  
Chronic Progressive Disease ◽  
One Year ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Osteoporosis, chronic, progressive disease of multifactorial etiology, is systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with consequent increase in bone fragility. It is most common metabolic bone disease in sexes, races, and ages, therefore, screening at-risk population is essential. Warfarin increases the risk of osteoporosis because of its acting as vitamin K antagonist which is essential as co- factor in bone formation. Objectives: is to determine which gender and race (Malay, Chinese, and Indian) are more affected by the risk of osteoporotic condition and as osteopenia and osteoporosis dependent on definition of World Health Organization which based on bone mineral density (BMD) for each standard deviation (SD) reduction in BMD the relative risk of osteoporosis is increase 1.5-3 times. Methods: quantitative ultrasound machine is used to measure the T-score (BMD) for 270 subjects were divided in two groups; first group involved males and the second involved females. The subjects were also categorised based on using of warfarin more than one year of therapy and compared which factures influence on reduction of BMD. Results: There were 149 females showed significant difference of mean T-score of them when divided in two groups, the first group females less or equal to50 year’s old, non-using warfarin, premenopausal status, females had no history of fracture. Second group included females more than 50 years old, using warfarin more than one year, postmenopausal status, and had history with fractures. While no significant difference for males based on warfarin use. Results showed, Chinese females had more risk of osteoporosis (osteopinia, osteoporosis), than females non-using warfarin (odds ratio [OR] =2.4, 95% CI: 1.04- 5.75). Finally 25% changing of T-score for females was explained by interactions of risk factors; first using of warfarin more than 1 year and races and the second for using of warfarin more than one year and patients aged more than 50 years old. Conclusion: Chinese females with age more than 50 years old are more susceptible for the lower levels of BMD when they used warfarin therapy more than one year.

Kısa Cinsel Refah Ölçeğinin Türkçe Sürümü [Turkish Version of the Short Sexual Well-Being Scale]

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Gerymski ◽  
Ezgi Nur Güvem
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Sexual Satisfaction ◽  
Well Being ◽  
World Health ◽  
Psychometric Validation ◽  
Turkish Version ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

Sexual well-being is often mistakenly operationalized simply as sexual satisfaction. The concept of sexual well-being has been often used as an umbrella term for positive aspects of sexuality, apart from its negative spheres. A new concept of sexual well-being was proposed in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of sexual health. The definition tried to enrich the concept of sexual well-being, but it did not solve the problem of its operationalization. Two separate studies were conducted for the psychometric validation of the Short Sexual Well-Being Scale. Short Sexual Well-Being Scales shows good psychometric properties in its original version. These properties are yet unknown for the its Turkish translation.

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