The Iranian Forces’ Counterattacks

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pesach Malovany ◽  
Amatzia Baram ◽  
Kevin M. Woods ◽  
Ronna Englesberg
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
War Of Attrition ◽  
West Iraq ◽  
Northern Sector

This chapter deals with the second phase of the war between Iraq and Iran—the first Iranian counter attacks to drive the Iraqi forces from their territory, and the opening of the “war of attrition”. These included two Iranian initiatives in the Khafajiya sector in central Khuzestan (January and July 1981), an initiative in the Serbil Zehab and Kolina area in the central sector of the front, and the fighting in the northern sector of the front. It deals also with the failures of the Iraqi air force to prevent the Iranian air attack on the Iraqi air base in H-3, in west Iraq, and the Israeli air attack on the Iraqi nuclear reactor south of Baghdad (April-June 1981)..

scholarly journals Assessment of fatigue in personnel during sustained operations using ‘SOAP’ – Sustained Operational Assessment Profile

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 2-7
Author(s):  
MS Butola ◽  
YS Dahiya ◽  
BK Rao
Keyword(s):  
Shift Work ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Administrative Support ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Sleep Cycle ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Sustained Operation

Introduction: Sustained operations are the future of any advanced Air Force, which involve round the clock flying operations over a prolonged period. Such operations have the potential of disrupting normal sleep cycle and may cause fatigue among aircrew and ground duty personnel. It is well known that fatigue among crew member is a significant risk to aerospace safety. The present study was hence undertaken to quantify the subjective fatigue and its effects, among the personnel involved in a simulated exercise using Sustained Operations Assessment Profile (SOAP). Material and Methods: SOAP questionnaire, a validated tool, was used for data collection. In the first phase, 1521 personnel involved in the exercise, including aircrew as well as ground duty tradesmen completed the SOAP questionnaires twice during the simulated sustained military operation. The subjective ratings were statistically analyzed using the Wilcoxon matched paired test. The two levels of repeated measures being mean SOAP scores on day 2 and that on day 5. In the second phase, to ascertain differences in the subjective ratings of SOAP among different streams of pilots, data were recorded during another simulated sustained operation after 6 months. A total of 140 aircrew responded to the SOAP questionnaire during 6 days of sustained operations. SOAP score was acquired on day 1 and day 6 of the operations in the second phase. Results: A total of 3042 completed SOAP responses were analyzed. There was a significant increase in ratings of the three cardinal dimensions of SOAP among all personnel. The aircrew rated the subjective effects higher than maintenance or administrative support group. Among the aircrew, the fighter pilots rated significantly higher as compared to transport or helicopter aircrew. Conclusion: The study revealed significant changes in the cardinal dimensions of SOAP among the aircrew who were routinely not involved in shift work (especially fighter pilots). Scientifically designed “shift work” may be an effective strategy to mitigate effects of fatigue during sustained operations, hence, needs to be practiced as a routine by combat Air Force units.

DWT-Based Steganography for Image Transmission

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-103
Author(s):  
Sahar A. El-Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Stego Image ◽  
Hide Information ◽  
Development Data

Due to internet development, data transfer becomes faster and easier to transmit and receive different data types. The possibility of data loss or data modification by a third party is high. So, designing a model that allows stakeholders to share their data confidently over the internet is urgent. Steganography is a term used to hide information and an attempt to conceal the existence of embedded information in different types of multimedia. In this chapter, a steganography model is proposed to embed an image into a cover image based on DWT approach as the first phase. Then, the embedded secret image is extracted from the stego-image as the second phase. Model performance was evaluated based on signal noise ratio (SNR), PSNR, and MSE (mean square error). The proposed steganographic model based on DWT is implemented to hide confidential images about a nuclear reactor and military devices. The findings indicate that the proposed model provides a relatively high embedding payload with no visual distortion in the stego-image. It improves the security and maintains the hidden image correctness.

Air Power and War

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-45
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Air Power ◽  
War Of Attrition ◽  
Introductory Lecture ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Industrial State

This chapter presents the introductory lecture of the Air Force Course by Harold George entitled “An Inquiry into the Subject ‘War,’” in which he introduces the controversial topic of whether air forces can win wars independently. He considers whether the advent of the airplane has changed the very nature of war or simply added a new weapon to the arsenal. Nations once fought with only armies and navies, where victory over the enemy’s forces was a necessary intermediate objective, an obstacle, the removal of which was required to overcome the enemy’s will to resist. George points out that modern civilization has made it advantageous to change how wars are waged. He argues that an industrial state is internally linked by a series of economic nodes vulnerable to disruption and concludes that air power can now attack the heart of a nation without having to first fight a war of attrition.

The Iranians Renew Their Attacks in the Northern Sector (1985–1986)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pesach Malovany ◽  
Amatzia Baram ◽  
Kevin M. Woods ◽  
Ronna Englesberg
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Special Forces ◽  
Oil Exports ◽  
Northern Sector

This chapter deals with another Iranian offensive launched in the Northern sector of the front, in the Sidikan area during the period of July and September 1985. It describes the battles in this mountainous areas in the Kurdistan where the Iraqis deployed their special forces, commando forces and the loyal Kurdish forces. It deals also with the continuous war against Iranian oil exports—and the air attacks on Kharg Island, and it includes a Summary of the fifth year of the war, especially the building of forces of the Iraqi armed forces and the growth in activity of the Iraqi air force in the war.

LAWRENCE RICKARD WAGER (1904–1965): A DISTINGUISHED GEOLOGIST WHO HELPED TO PIONEER AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION FOR ALLIED FORCES IN WORLD WAR II

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-73
Author(s):  
EDWARD P. F. ROSE
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Standard Operating Procedure ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
World War ◽  
Skaergaard Intrusion ◽  
Royal Air Force ◽  
The University

ABSTRACT ‘Bill’ Wager, after undergraduate and postgraduate studies at the University of Cambridge, became a lecturer at the University of Reading in southern England in 1929. He was granted leave in the 1930s to participate in lengthy expeditions that explored the geology of Greenland, an island largely within the Arctic Circle. With friends made on those expeditions, he became in June 1940 an early recruit to the Photographic Development Unit of the Royal Air Force that pioneered the development of aerial photographic interpretation for British armed forces. He was quickly appointed to lead a ‘shift’ of interpreters. The unit moved in 1941 from Wembley in London to Danesfield House in Buckinghamshire, known as Royal Air Force Medmenham, to become the Central Interpretation Unit for Allied forces—a ‘secret’ military intelligence unit that contributed significantly to Allied victory in World War II. There Wager led one of three ‘shifts’ that carried out the ‘Second Phase’ studies in a three-phase programme of interpretation that became a standard operating procedure. Promoted in 1941 to the rank of squadron leader in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, he was given command of all ‘Second Phase’ work. Sent with a detachment of photographic interpreters to the Soviet Union in 1942, he was officially ‘mentioned in a Despatch’ on return to England. By the end of 1943 the Central Interpretation Unit had developed into a large organization with an experienced staff, so Wager was allowed to leave Medmenham in order to become Professor of Geology in the University of Durham. He resigned his commission in July 1944. Appointed Professor of Geology in the University of Oxford in 1950, he died prematurely from a heart attack in 1965, best remembered for his work on the igneous rocks of the Skaergaard intrusion in Greenland and an attempt to climb Mount Everest in 1933.

scholarly journals Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Vacuum Diffusion Bonded Zr-4 Alloy Joint

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1437
Author(s):  
Zeming Wang ◽  
Xu Yang ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Zhonglin Xiao ◽  
Fugong Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Diffusion Bonding ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Bonding Temperature ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Interfacial Microstructure ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Diffusion Temperature

The development of welding technology for zirconium alloy has great significance on the safety, stability, and reliability of the operation of the nuclear reactor. In this work, vacuum diffusion bonding of Zr-4 alloy was studied at the diffusion temperature ranging from 760 to 820 °C with holding times of 30–90 min. The effects of diffusion bonding temperature and holding time on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of the diffusion bonded Zr-4 alloy joints were investigated in detail, and the relationship between the interfacial microstructure and shear strength of the diffusion bonded joints was discussed. The results show that the interface bonding ratio of the diffusion bonded Zr-4 joint gradually increased from 74% to 95% with the increasing of bonding temperature. In addition, the grain size of the base material became a larger and brittle second phase composed of Zr(Cr, Fe)2 and eutectic α-Zr + Zr(Fe, Cr)2 formed in the joint with the increase of the temperature as well as the extension of the bonding time. The highest shear strength of 349 MPa was obtained at 800 °C for 30 min under 7 MPa, and the crack of the joint was primarily propagated along with the base material rather than the bonded interface.

“The Decisive Year”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pesach Malovany ◽  
Amatzia Baram ◽  
Kevin M. Woods ◽  
Ronna Englesberg
Keyword(s):  
Second Phase ◽  
Southern Sector ◽  
Northern Sector

This chapter deals with the second phase of the “Decisive Year” during December 1986-April 1987. This includes the great “Karbala” operations that were supposed to bring to the fall of Basra and to end the war with an Iranian victory. It describes the fighting in operations “Karbala 4”, “Karbala 5” and “Karbala 8” in the southern sector, as well as in “Karbala 6” un the central sector and “Karbala 7” in the northern sector of the front. It includes a summary of the battles of the “decisive year”, the Iranian achievements and the causes for their failure, and a Summary of the Iranian initiatives to conquer Basra during the war (July 1982 – April 1987).

Grain Refinement in Titanium-Erbium Alloys

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 522-523
Author(s):  
B. B. Rath ◽  
J. E. O'Neal ◽  
R. J. Lederich
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Titanium Matrix ◽  
Average Size

Addition of small amounts of erbium has a profound effect on recrystallization and grain growth in titanium. Erbium, because of its negligible solubility in titanium, precipitates in the titanium matrix as a finely dispersed second phase. The presence of this phase, depending on its average size, distribution, and volume fraction in titanium, strongly inhibits the migration of grain boundaries during recrystallization and grain growth, and thus produces ultimate grains of sub-micrometer dimensions. A systematic investigation has been conducted to study the isothermal grain growth in electrolytically pure titanium and titanium-erbium alloys (Er concentration ranging from 0-0.3 at.%) over the temperature range of 450 to 850°C by electron microscopy.

TEM Studies of Grain Boundary Films in Si3N4 Ceramics

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 930-931
Author(s):  
H.-J. Kleebe ◽  
J.S. Vetrano ◽  
J. Bruley ◽  
M. Rühle
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Silicon Nitride ◽  
Hot Isostatic Pressing ◽  
Amorphous Film ◽  
Liquid Phase Sintering ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
High Temperature Mechanical Properties ◽  
Triple Points ◽  
Boundary Films

It is expected that silicon nitride based ceramics will be used as high-temperature structural components. Though much progress has been made in both processing techniques and microstructural control, the mechanical properties required have not yet been achieved. It is thought that the high-temperature mechanical properties of Si3N4 are limited largely by the secondary glassy phases present at triple points. These are due to various oxide additives used to promote liquid-phase sintering. Therefore, many attempts have been performed to crystallize these second phase glassy pockets in order to improve high temperature properties. In addition to the glassy or crystallized second phases at triple points a thin amorphous film exists at two-grain junctions. This thin film is found even in silicon nitride formed by hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) without additives. It has been proposed by Clarke that an amorphous film can exist at two-grain junctions with an equilibrium thickness.

Polishing process effect on the image of dispersed precipitates

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 534-535
Author(s):  
C.T. Hu ◽  
C.W. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Material ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Precipitate Particle ◽  
Polishing Process ◽  
Second Phase Particles ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Surface Profiles ◽  
Thinning Process

One important problem in determination of precipitate particle size is the effect of preferential thinning during TEM specimen preparation. Figure 1a schematically represents the original polydispersed Ni3Al precipitates in the Ni rich matrix. The three possible type surface profiles of TEM specimens, which result after electrolytic thinning process are illustrated in Figure 1b. c. & d. These various surface profiles could be produced by using different polishing electrolytes and conditions (i.e. temperature and electric current). The matrix-preferential-etching process causes the matrix material to be attacked much more rapidly than the second phase particles. Figure 1b indicated the result. The nonpreferential and precipitate-preferential-etching results are shown in Figures 1c and 1d respectively.

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