Educating Air Forces

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Meinzinger
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Air Power ◽  
Learning Programs ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Modern Warfare

Compared to armies and navies, which have existed as professional fighting services for centuries, the technology that makes air forces possible is much newer. As a result, these services have had to quickly develop methods of preparing aviators to operate in conditions ranging from peace or routine security to full-scale war. The first book to address the history and scope of air power professionalization through learning programs, Educating Air Forces offers valuable new insight into strategy and tactics worldwide. Here, a group of international experts examine the philosophies, policies, and practices of air service educational efforts in the United States, France, Italy, Germany, Australia, Canada, and the UK. The contributors discuss the founding, successes, and failures of European air force learning programs between the Great War and World War II and explore how the tense Cold War political climate influenced the creation, curriculum, and results of various programs. They also consider how educational programs are adapting to soldiers' needs and the demands of modern warfare. Featuring contributions from eminent scholars in the field, this volume surveys the learning approaches globally employed by air forces in the past century and evaluates their effectiveness. Educating Air Forces reveals how experiential learning and formal education are not only inextricably intertwined, but also necessary to cope with advances in modern warfare.

scholarly journals The UK-US Game and UK's Return to Gold Standard

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 324
Author(s):  
Zheming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
International Economic Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk

<p>With the continuous development and evolution of the United States, especially the economic center shift after World War II, the United States become the economic hegemon instead of the UK and thus it seized the economic initiative of the world. After the World War I, the European countries gradually withdraw from the gold standard. In order to stabilize the world economy development and the international economic order, the United States prepared to build the economic system related with its own interests so as to force the UK to return to the gold standard. The game between the United States and the UK shows the significance of economic initiative. Among them, the outcome of the two countries in the fight of the financial system also demonstrates a significant change in the world economic system.</p>

Super Soldiers (Part 1)

2014 ◽  
pp. 119-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Lin ◽  
Max Mehlman ◽  
Keith Abney ◽  
Jai Galliott
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Human Enhancement ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The Us ◽  
Psychedelic Drugs ◽  
Public Risk ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
New Type ◽  
Modern Warfare

After World War II, much debate unfolded about the ethical, legal, and social implications of military human enhancement, due in part to Adolf Hitler's war on the “genetically unfit” and the United States military's experimentation with psychedelic drugs such as LSD. Interest in that debate has waxed and waned since the 1940s. However, it would be foolish or perhaps even dangerous to believe that America and its modern allies have abandoned efforts to upgrade service members' bodies and minds to create the “super soldiers” necessary to match the increasing pace of modern warfare and dominate the strengthening militaries of China and North Korea. Slogans such as “be all that you can be and a whole lot more” still reign strong at the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and, according to some military futurists, the so-called “War on Terror” has only proven that military superpowers need a new type of soldier that is independent, network-integrated, and more lethal than ever before. Patterns of public risk perception, military expenditure, and new technological developments suggest that it is now time to re-open or reinvigorate the original debate. The authors' contribution comes in two parts. In this chapter, they provide a brief background to military human enhancement before defining it carefully and exploring the relevant controversies. In the second, they more explicitly examine the relevant legal, operational, and moral challenges posed by these efforts.

Mediating Reputation: Credit Reporting Systems in American History

2013 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Lipartito
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Past Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Business Decision ◽  
Credit Reporting ◽  
Reporting Systems ◽  
New Methodologies ◽  
Organizational Procedures ◽  
Credit Worthiness

Examining the development of credit reporting in the United States, this article shows how new, formal methods of assessment of risk and trustworthiness came to mediate business reputations in the credit market over the past century and a half. It focuses on the conflicts over reputation provoked by the new means of assessment and how those conflicts were controlled through organizational procedures and routines as new methodologies were introduced. After World War II seemingly objective quantitative methodologies for evaluating credit worthiness were developed, but they did not eliminate the place of reputation in business decision-making.

scholarly journals ONE FUNERAL AT A TIME! Why we hold on to old ideas

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Rosemary JOY WYSALL Sage
Keyword(s):  
Professional Practice ◽  
Cultural Awareness ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Routine Work ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Mind

This article discusses how easily we lock ourselves into established theories, which are often promoted within our formal education. They can blind us to new developments, influencing our professional practice and progress by narrowing thinking. Chomsky’s theory of Universal Grammar is an example, since this paradigm has dominated teaching and learning for over 50 years. It has led to a focus on the form of language, rather than its content and use, restricting learning approaches and contributing to lower standards of UK Education when compared with other countries. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development (2016 & 17) attributes limited value for language as a reason for the UK being near the bottom of the global league.  Language development is presented within physical, mental, emotional and social aspects of communication. Competence across areas opens the mind to empathy, new experiences, continuous learning, humour, teamwork and cultural awareness. These elements together distinguish us from robots and are vital for our futures, as improved interaction of people is required for new job possibilities since machine technology is taking over routine work.  

Super Soldiers (Part 1)

2019 ◽  
pp. 61-81
Author(s):  
Patrick Lin ◽  
Max Mehlman ◽  
Keith Abney ◽  
Jai Galliott
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Human Enhancement ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The Us ◽  
Psychedelic Drugs ◽  
Public Risk ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
New Type ◽  
Modern Warfare

After World War II, much debate unfolded about the ethical, legal, and social implications of military human enhancement, due in part to Adolf Hitler's war on the “genetically unfit” and the United States military's experimentation with psychedelic drugs such as LSD. Interest in that debate has waxed and waned since the 1940s. However, it would be foolish or perhaps even dangerous to believe that America and its modern allies have abandoned efforts to upgrade service members' bodies and minds to create the “super soldiers” necessary to match the increasing pace of modern warfare and dominate the strengthening militaries of China and North Korea. Slogans such as “be all that you can be and a whole lot more” still reign strong at the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and, according to some military futurists, the so-called “War on Terror” has only proven that military superpowers need a new type of soldier that is independent, network-integrated, and more lethal than ever before. Patterns of public risk perception, military expenditure, and new technological developments suggest that it is now time to re-open or reinvigorate the original debate. The authors' contribution comes in two parts. In this chapter, they provide a brief background to military human enhancement before defining it carefully and exploring the relevant controversies. In the second, they more explicitly examine the relevant legal, operational, and moral challenges posed by these efforts.

High-Altitude Daylight Precision Bombing in World War II

2019 ◽  
pp. 195-224
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Air Power ◽  
Air War ◽  
Strategic Bombing ◽  
Harsh Reality

This concluding chapter examines US air war planning in World War II and evaluates overall American strategic bombing effectiveness: how HADPB theory held up to the reality of combat. After sketching out the early air war in Europe leading up to the entry of the United States, the chapter considers several aspects of the role American strategic bombing played during World War II, including the Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO), and evaluates how well the underlying assumptions of HADPB withstood the harsh reality of war. Finally, the chapter assesses how air power contributed overall to the Allied victory in Europe and analyzes the USAAF experience with HADPB against Japan.

The Imprisonment of Henry Cowell

1991 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hicks
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Sex Offenders ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Government Project ◽  
A Charge ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Cultural Defense

Thus far, published references to Henry Cowell's imprisonment consistently obscure the facts of his case and overlook virtually all of the essential primary sources, including court documents, correspondence, psychological evaluations, and even Cowell's own writings on the subject. Although Cowell acceded to a charge that he had engaged in homosexual activities with a minor, the charge was distorted by newspapers and both exaggerated and minimized by his friends. The extraordinary prison sentence Cowell received resulted largely from a misleading letter by a juvenile probation officer, written amid a political climate of severe antipathy toward sex offenders. During Cowell's incarceration, several leading psychologists evaluated the composer according to then-prevalent theories of homosexuality. These psychologists, along with several officers of the court, expressed faith in the composer's "rehabilitation" and their recommendations helped secure the composer a parole. Political changes in California and the entry of the United States into World War II paved the way for a pardon, which was granted primarily so that Cowell could work on a government project known as "cultural defense." Despite his impressive accomplishments in prison and the positive resolution of his case, Cowell never fully recovered from the experience. Scholarly repression of the facts ensued and led to fragmented, inaccurate accounts of the prison years. Hence, this part of Cowell's life provides a useful test case on some persistent issues in musical biography.

Strategic Air Power

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Gerald Hughes
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Air Power ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
Aerial Platforms ◽  
Terror Bombing

Strategic air power is one of the means by which a military strategy employs aerial platforms to bypass the battlefield to achieve decisive political results in conflict. Most obviously, this has involved the coercion of an enemy nation-state by seeking to destroy its economic ability to wage war (as opposed to eliminating its armed forces). In Clauzwitzian terms, this represents a fundamental shift in identifying the enemy’s “center of gravity.” Debates over whether air power can achieve strategic goals date from the very first applications of it. The use of strategic air power requires systematic organization (e.g., RAF Bomber Command; the US Strategic Air Command) and, in addition to the use of strategic bomber aircraft, can be used in conjunction with missiles or tactical aircraft against targets selected to diminish the war-making capacity of the enemy. One of the aims for using strategic air power is enemy demoralization—that is, the racking up of punishment to the extent that the will of the enemy to resist is broken. The theory of strategic heavy bombing began to be developed during the aftermath of World War I. By the time of World War II, opponents of strategic air power made frequent reference to “terror bombing” as shorthand for its use. Of course, this term is dismissed by proponents of the use of strategic air power for the manner in which it delineates between other aspects of war (often equally unpleasant) and the targeting of civilians/war-making capacity. The use of strategic air power has been limited since World War II for a number of reasons. Not least among these is the relative scarcity of major wars as well as the inability of the vast majority of modern nation-states to devote sufficient resources to seek any decision in conflict via strategic air power. The United States is a notable exception here and it employed strategic air power in Vietnam in 1972, against Iraq in 1991 and 2003, and in Kosovo in 1999.

scholarly journals Income tax progressivity and inflation during the world wars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Torregrosa-Hetland ◽  
Oriol Sabaté
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Tax Progressivity ◽  
The World ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper studies the impact of inflation on income taxes in Sweden, the UK, and the United States during the world wars. As tax reforms were rising top marginal rates and reducing exemption thresholds, extraordinary levels of inflation eroded the real value of exemptions, brackets, and deductions. The micro-simulation of actual and alternative scenarios shows that inflation made the tax less progressive, particularly in Sweden during World War I and the UK during World War II. Nevertheless, its redistributive effect increased due to the related growth in tax revenue. Inflation contributed to transform a “class tax’’ into a “mass tax”.

scholarly journals Who owns money?

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 568-570
Author(s):  
M. R. Eastwood
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
World War ◽  
Saturday Night ◽  
Parking Spot ◽  
Tenfold Increase ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Pipe Tobacco

In my medical year there was a student who had been in the RAF in World War II. After the war he worked for Beaverbrook and the Express newspapers and went on to become a publisher. He studied medicine, while a publisher, and then came the crunch. To be a publisher or a doctor? On the first day of house jobs he inadvertently drove his Jaguar into the consultant's reserved parking spot, which caused no amusement. To add to his disquiet he found that his salary of £35 per month, after income tax, and then surtax on top, only paid for his pipe tobacco and refreshments. The rest of us were less egregious and embarked upon life with even less fiscal fun. A bottle of Woodpecker Cider on Saturday night was nirvana. Was this really the reward for all that education? (Most specialists had at least 28 years of formal education: from starting at age four to leaving postgraduate school.) Like many before me, particularly Edinburgh graduates, I crossed the high seas, at the age of 32. My naval forebears would have been surprised that it took so long, especially my father, who went to sea at 14 in World War I. There were many surprises, not least of which was that of money. In a career sojourn, from the UK to Australia and finally Canada, over 18 months, there was a tenfold increase in income.

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