1914–1918

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-157
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Erish
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
World War I ◽  
Feature Film ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
And Gender ◽  
International Sales ◽  
Legal Battle

This chapter encompasses the World War I years. Special attention is given to the company's role in the development of the feature film and creation of a distribution network to handle such longer productions, the relocation of Vitagraph's Los Angeles studio to Hollywood, the War's adverse impact on European profit and the company's consequent expansion of international sales to Latin America and Asia, and Vitagraph's lead in combating racial and gender prejudice through its movies. Blackton's controversial production, The Battle Cry of Peace, is profiled, conceived as propaganda in support of the Preparedness Movement that enjoyed the cooperation of top government leaders and the US military. The short-lived hostile takeover of Vitagraph by outside interests is explored in depth, as is the subsequent defection of Blackton to Paramount. The chapter concludes with Vitagraph's legal battle with fledgling producer Louis B. Mayer, which had long-term consequences for contract players.

The History of Personnel and Vocational Testing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Zickar
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
World War I ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vocational Testing

Personnel and vocational testing has made a huge impact in public and private organizations by helping organizations choose the best employees for a particular job (personnel testing) and helping individuals choose occupations for which they are best suited (vocational testing). The history of personnel and vocational testing is one in which scientific advances were influenced by historical and technological developments. The first systematic efforts at personnel and vocational testing began during World War I when the US military needed techniques to sort through a large number of applicants in a short amount of time. Techniques of psychological testing had just begun to be developed at around the turn of the 20th century and those techniques were quickly applied to the US military effort. After the war, intelligence and personality tests were used by business organizations to help choose applicants most likely to succeed in their organizations. In addition, when the Great Depression occurred, vocational interest tests were used by government organizations to help the unemployed choose occupations that they might best succeed in. The development of personnel and vocational tests was greatly influenced by the developing techniques of psychometric theory as well as general statistical theory. From the 1930s onward, significant advances in reliability and validity theory provided a framework for test developers to be able to develop tests and validate them. In addition, the civil rights movement within the United States, and particularly the Civil Rights Act of 1964, forced test developers to develop standards and procedures to justify test usage. This legislation and subsequent court cases ensured that psychologists would need to be involved deeply in personnel testing. Finally, testing in the 1990s onward was greatly influenced by technological advances. Computerization helped standardize administration and scoring of tests as well as opening up the possibility for multimedia item formats. The introduction of the internet and web-based testing also provided additional challenges and opportunities.

scholarly journals The Iranian-American competition in Iraq: the political defeat of the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Nikolay Bobkin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Scientific Hypothesis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Political Advantage ◽  
Invasion Of Iraq

The article gives an assessment of Iran's policy in neighboring Iraq during the years of the American occupation. The author's scientific hypothesis is that after the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, Iran, and not America, became the real beneficiary of the overthrow of Saddam Hussein. The Iranian leadership, interested in changing the Baathist regime in Baghdad, having received such a strategic gift, did everything to use the US military presence to its advantage. The purpose of this study is to analyze the strategy of expanding Iran's influence in Iraq and its impact on US policy. The article shows that the nature of Iran's influence in Iraq included all the elements of state power: diplomatic, informational, military and economic. It is concluded that Tehran managed to take advantage of the democratic reforms in Iraq, which were carried out under the control of Washington. Iran used its Shiite henchmen, which gave it a political advantage over the United States, which did not have such influential allied forces in Iraq. Despite the disparate balance of military forces with America, Iran managed to avoid the risk of war with the United States and move on to achieving its long-term goals in Iraq. In the future, Tehran plans to achieve the rejection of Baghdad from constructive relations with Washington.

Making Music American

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Douglas Bomberger
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
World War I ◽  
National Guard ◽  
The United States ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
Recording Technology ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Racial Barriers ◽  
The Us ◽  
Fritz Kreisler

Nineteen seventeen, the year the United States entered World War I, was transformative for American musical culture. The European performers who had dominated classical concert stages for generations came under intense scrutiny, and some of the compositions of Austro-German composers were banned. This year saw the concurrent rise of jazz music from a little-known regional style to a national craze. Significant improvements in recording technology facilitated both the first million-selling jazz record and the first commercial recordings of full symphony orchestras. In a segregated country, as the US military wrestled with how to make use of several million African Americans who had registered for the draft, James Reese Europe broke down racial barriers with his Fifteenth New York National Guard Band. This book tells the story of this year through the lives of eight performers: orchestral conductors Karl Muck and Walter Damrosch, violinist Fritz Kreisler, pianist Olga Samaroff, contralto Ernestine Schumann-Heink, jazz cornetists Dominic LaRocca and Freddie Keppard, and army bandmaster James Reese Europe. Their individual stories, traced month by month through the eventful year of 1917, illuminate the larger changes that convulsed the country’s musical culture and transformed it in uniquely American ways.

The Origin and Nature of the US “Military-Industrial Complex”

Vulcan ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Alic
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us ◽  
Military Systems

This paper makes three primary claims. First, the so-called military-industrial complex (MIC) has its roots in the United States during World War I, when the army and navy turned to private firms for design of aircraft, and not, as some analysts have proposed, in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Second, theMICtook on its current shape during the 1950s. President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s famous warning, in effect, expressed recognition of and perhaps something like dismay at his own creation. Finally, despite the broad shift in responsibility for design, development, and production of military systems from government to industry in the middle of the last century, the armed forces remain the dominant partner in theMICby reason of their control over the technical requirements that shape and constrain weapons system design. This leaves the defense industry a junior partner.

scholarly journals Militær og mindfulness. Refleksioner over en uhellig alliance

2015 ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Sita Kotnis
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
English Abstract ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us ◽  
Empirical Context ◽  
The Military ◽  
American Civil Society

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent years, mindfulness has become a major resource in the US military. This has provoked substantial criticism in American civil society, not least within contemplative environments. Considered as an expression of underlying Western ideas of contemplation and spirituality, this criticism may offer crucial insights into mindfulness as a modern, secular phenomenon. Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork this article presents the empirical context of current military uses and adaptations of contemplative practises. The article also seeks to open the field for a closer investigation of the various configurations of ’ethics’ and ’meaning’ that underlie the criticism of the military appropriation. Finally, the article points out that the study of the possible dark sides of mindfulness, i.e. the potential to enhance injurious and harmful practices, is an under-researched as well as under-theorized field.DANSK RESUME: I det amerikanske militær er mindfulness i de senere år blevet en central ressource. Dette har affødt en del kritik i det amerikanske civilsamfund, ikke mindst i kontemplative miljøer – en kritik, der anskuet som udtryk for underliggende, vestlige forestillinger om kontemplation og spiritualitet, måske kan fortælle os noget centralt om mindfulness som moderne, sekulært fænomen. Med afsæt i et længerevarende etnografisk feltarbejde redegør denne artikel for den empiriske kontekst bag den samtidige militære anvendelse af kontemplative praksisser. Artiklen søger også at åbne op for en nærmere udforskning af de konfigurationer af ’etik’ og ’mening’, der ligger til grund for kritikken af den militære appropriering. Endelig påpeges det, at studiet af mindfulness’ mulige skyggesider, i form af potentialet til at optimere skadevoldende praksisser, er et både under-researchet og under-teoretiseret felt.

scholarly journals The US-ROK Alliance: the Feasibility of the Continuing US Military Presence in the Republic of Korea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jeongmin Park
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
The Us ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Alliance Partners ◽  
The U.S

<p>The U.S. – ROK alliance is currently on a high after a decade of fluctuating relations. Both the Obama and Lee administrations have been focused on producing a future plan that takes both nations strategic interests into account while also considering the changing dynamics in the region. The alliance partners have had to overcome differences of opinion on foreign policy, the rise of anti-Americanism in South Korea, the emergence of China as a power in the region, and the continuing nuclear ambitions and instability in North Korea. This paper discusses how the realignment of the force command structure and a unified long-term strategic plan, has effectively modified the USFK to better deal with these wide ranging issues and remain a force of strategic relevance now and in the future of Asia. The USFK therefore remains an important part of the U.S. – ROK alliance that has positive security implications for both the Korean Peninsula and its surrounding region. It has also become the catalyst for stronger all-round relations between the long-time allies, which lead to positive flow-on effects in economic matters such as the U.S. – ROK Free-Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA).</p>

scholarly journals An Engaging Remembrance: A Review of the American Battle Monuments Commission Website

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Santose
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Law ◽  
American Military ◽  
War Department ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Us ◽  
Monuments And Memorials

Over 100,000 US military personnel died during World War I, with many of these deaths occurring directly on foreign battlefields. Public Law 389, enacted by the 66th Congress, as well as Public Law 360, enacted by the 80th Congress, allowed for a family’s repatriation of soldier remains to the United States for burial in a national or private cemetery. In 1919, however, the US War Department decided to establish permanent American military cemeteries in Europe and offered this option as an alternative to repatriation. To persuade family members to consent, the War Department needed to ensure these cemeteries were impressive and significant symbols of the American sacrifice on foreign soil; therefore, the War Department detailed a group of Army officers to serve as the Battle Monuments Board in 1921. Two years later, on March 4, 1923, Congress passed the Act for the Creation of an American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC), which established one authoritative organization under Title 36 of the United States Code to control the construction of monuments and memorials to the American military in foreign countries.

The Foreign Policies of Small States: Challenging Neorealism in Its Own Backyard

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Fendius Elman
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Small States ◽  
Institutional Formation ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
The Us ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Distribution Of Power

The received wisdom in international relations suggests that we can best account for the foreign policies of small states by examining structural/systemic rather than domestic level factors. This article challenges this scholarly consensus. The distribution of power and the balance of threat do influence domestic institutional formation and change in emerging states. However, the subsequent military strategies of these weak states are likely to reflect such domestic institutional choices in a number of important and predictable ways. The article tests this argument against pre-1900 US domestic regime change and foreign security policy. The historical evidence suggests that while international preconditions were critically linked to constitutional reform, the institutional structures and rules of democratic presidentialism affected both the timing and substance of US military strategies in later periods. The US case study provides a springboard for speculating on the international context of democratization in Eastern Europe and the long-term foreign-policy consequences of this domestic regime choice.

Exploring ethnic identity perceptions of Hyun-Jin Ryu’s Korean American fans

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 855-872
Author(s):  
Na Ri Shin ◽  
Jon Welty Peachey ◽  
Doo Jae Park
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Korean American ◽  
The Us ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experiences of Korean American fans of the Los Angeles Dodgers’ Korean pitcher Hyun-Jin Ryu. Two research questions were developed to guide the study: (a) How are participants’ ethnic identity perceptions as Korean Americans intertwined with their fanship to Hyun-Jin Ryu? and (b) How are participants’ lived experiences intertwined with their fanship to Ryu? The study focused on the details of how fans perceived their ethnic identity in relation to Ryu’s performance and presence in Major League Baseball. Findings revealed that fans initially became involved due to their ethnic ties to Ryu and remained as fans because they felt connected to the motherland of Korea. Fans individually identified with Ryu through the perceived minority status of being Korean American in the US. Fans experienced vicarious satisfaction as they felt Ryu broke racial, ethnic, and gender stereotypes through his body image and physical performance. Consequently, they developed Korean pride when Ryu performed well. This study extends Tajfel and Turner’s social identity theory and Phinney’s concept of ethnic identity to examine fanship to a specific player rather than a team.

scholarly journals PALLIATIVE AND END-OF-LIFE CARE TO THE LGBT COMMUNITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S623-S623
Author(s):  
Gary L Stein ◽  
Cathy Berkman
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Care ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
End Of Life Care ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Term Care ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lgbt Community ◽  
And Gender

Abstract The lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community experiences discrimination and stigma in accessing health care and social services – including palliative, hospice, and long-term care – across cultures and countries. Health care providers may fail to recognize, acknowledge or address disparities in care. Providers and institutions may be uncomfortable with gender and sexuality issues, and often fail to inquire about sexual orientation and gender identity. It is estimated that there are approximately 2.7 million LGBT adults in the U.S. age 50 and older and approximately 1.1 million age 65 and older. In the UK, an estimated 5-7% of the population identify as LGBT; there are between 600,000 and 840,000 LGBT adults aged 65+. With the projected increased number of older adults and improved treatments that extend the life of seriously ill individuals, even greater numbers of LGBT older adults, and their families, will require palliative and end-of-life in the coming years. Researchers in the US and UK have found that LGBT older adults living in the community and in long-term care facilities experience inadequate, disrespectful, and abusive care due to their sexual orientation and gender identity status. They fear being open about their identities, not receiving equal or safe treatment, and having their family of choice and designated surrogates disrespected or ignored by health care staff. This symposium will describe the experiences of LGBT individuals and their family members, and compare commonalities and differences faced by LGBT communities in the US and UK in accessing palliative and end-of-life care.

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