Archaeological Science and the Neolithic

Early Farmers ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Halstead
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Archaeological Science ◽  
Direct Measures

Increasingly diverse applications of ‘archaeological science’ are providing more or less direct evidence for aspects of Neolithic life that, until recently, archaeologists explored using very remote proxy measures (for example, settlement locations as evidence for land use). Nonetheless, many applications of new (and old) analytical techniques continue to conflate the variables of which they are direct measures with others for which they are more or less remote and unreliable proxies. This chapter explores examples of such proxy measures and their unstated underpinning assumptions about human cultural behaviour and, sometimes, the natural world. Closer attention to such assumptions will improve not only the reliability of applications of archaeological science to the Neolithic, but also their reach and resolution.

scholarly journals Arahan Mitigasi Bencana Kawasan Rawan Longsor Di Kabupaten Sinjai

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-203
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hanif Zahran ◽  
Agus Salim ◽  
Tri Budiharto
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Spatial Use ◽  
High Level ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Abstract. This study aims to identify areas prone to landslides in Sinjai Regency and propose directions for the use of landslide prone areas according to the level of landslide vulnerability in Sinjai Regency based on mitigation. This study uses quantitative research with analytical techniques used including basic physical conditions, vegetation, superimpose, and descriptive qualitative. The results showed that the distribution of landslide-prone areas in Sinjai Regency is located in West Sinjai, South Sinjai, and Sinjai Borong Districts. From the total area, South Sinjai is a sub-district whose area is dominant and has a high level of vulnerability. Directions for spatial use based on zone typology and the level of landslide vulnerability at the research location are proposed in the form of recommendations for regulating land use, as well as forms of mitigation in the form of general recommendations in accordance with the characteristics of landslide-prone areas.   Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi dimana saja zona daerah rawan longsor di Kabupaten Sinjai dan mengusulkan arahan pemanfaatan ruang daerah rawan longsor menurut tingkat kerawanan longsor di Kabupaten Sinjai berbasis mitigasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan teknik analisis yang digunakan diantaranya kondisi fisik dasar, vegetasi, superimpose, dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa sebaran daerah rawan longsor di Kabupaten Sinjai terletak di Kecamatan Sinjai Barat, Sinjai Selatan, dan Sinjai Borong. Dimana dari total luas keseluruhan, Sinjai Selatan merupakan kecamatan yang luas wilayahnya dominan memiliki tingkat kerawanan tinggi. Arahan pemanfaatan ruang berdasarkan tipologi zona dan tingkat kerawanan longsor pada lokasi penelitian diusulkan berupa bentuk rekomendasi terhadap pengaturan penggunaan lahannya, serta bentuk mitigasinya berupa rekomendasi secara umum sesuai dengan karakteristik pada kawasan rawan bencana longsor.

Man and Nature: Controversy and PhilosophyMake Prayers to the Raven. A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest.Richard K. NelsonMan and the Natural World: A History of the Modern Sensibility. First Pantheon Paperback Edition. An Expanded Version of the George Macaulay Trevelyan Lectures Delivered in the University of Cambridge in Lent Term 1979.Keith ThomasThe Pathless Way: John Muir and American Wilderness.Michael P. CohenJohn Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement.Stephen FoxRediscovering America: John Muir in His Time and Ours.Frederick TurnerSacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the Indiana Dunes.J. Ronald EngelDuel for the Dunes: Land Use Conflict on the Shores of Lake Michigan.Kay Franklin , Norma SchaefferMarshes of the Open Shore: Development of an Ecological Ethic.Joseph V. SiryDeep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered.Bill DevallNature and Madness.Paul ShepardDeep Ecology.Michael TobiasChaos & Creativity.SPR CharterPrejudice Against Nature. A Guidebook for the Liberation of Self and Planet.Michael J. CohenFilters Against Folly.Garrett HardinLife Ascending.Alexander F. SkutchThe Natural Alien: Human Kind and Environment.Neil Evernden

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel W. Hedgpeth
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Natural World ◽  
John Muir ◽  
Land Use Conflict ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
Paperback Edition ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
Human Kind

scholarly journals Abiotic synthesis of graphite in hydrothermal vents

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily R. Estes ◽  
Debora Berti ◽  
Nicole R. Coffey ◽  
Michael F. Hochella ◽  
Andrew S. Wozniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Settling Velocity ◽  
East Pacific Rise ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
East Pacific ◽  
Marine Organic Carbon

AbstractDeciphering the origin, age, and composition of deep marine organic carbon remains a challenge in understanding the dynamics of the marine carbon cycle. In particular, the composition of aged organic carbon and what allows its persistence in the deep ocean and in sediment is unresolved. Here, we observe that both high and low temperature hydrothermal vents at the 9° 50′ N; 104° 17.5 W East Pacific Rise (EPR) vent field are a source for (sub)micron-sized graphite particles. We demonstrate that commonly applied analytical techniques for quantification of organic carbon detect graphite. These analyses thereby classify graphite as either dissolved or particulate organic carbon, depending on the particle size and filtration method, and overlook its relevance as a carbon source to the deep ocean. Settling velocity calculations indicate the potential for these (sub)micron particles to become entrained in the buoyant plume and distributed far from the vent fields. Thus, our observations provide direct evidence for hydrothermal vents acting as a source of old carbon to the deep ocean.

Attending to Bullying: A Psychophysical Approach to Understanding Peer Aggression and Victimization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea Heaven
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Peer Interactions ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peer Aggression ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aggressive Children ◽  
Direct Measures ◽  
Psychophysical Approach

Intervention and prevention programs for peer aggression in schools have largely been constructed with the assumption that aggressive children will pay more attention to aggressive stimuli in their social environment. However, this hypothesis has never been tested with direct measures of attention. Thus, my honours thesis project is investigating how participants with a history of peer aggression involvement as a perpetrator or victim direct their attention in photographs depicting scenarios of peer aggression. Based on answers in a questionnaire, participants were divided into three groups: (1) those with a history of perpetrating peer aggression, (2) those with a history of being victimized by peer aggression and (3) those with no history of peer aggression involvement. The experimental study was conducted on an eyetracker, which measured where participants were looking as they viewed 48 photographs. The photographs depicted preadolescent children in scenes of group or peer‐to‐peer interactions that were either aggressive or non‐aggressive. I predict that those with a history of aggression will pay more attention to the aggressors in the scenes more often than those with a history of victimization or the control group. This investigation will give direct evidence regarding how attention in social scenes is affected by a history of peer aggression involvement. A better understanding of how attentional processes are affected by a history of peer aggression involvement will allow for the development of more effective intervention and prevention programs for peer aggression in schools.

Why Do We Keep Coming Back to Institutions?

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Keyword(s):  
Sociology Of Knowledge ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Institutional Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Organizational Institutionalism

The article examines contemporary philosophical and theoretical trends that lead to the dispersion and fragmentation of theories and research methodologies and even of the subject of inquiry. This process is dismantling the basic ontological distinctions that have long determined both the epistemological and the cultural characteristics of European society and science. These theoretical leanings have their own social and cultural roots in the rapidly increasing complexity of modern civilization. That civilization is relinquishing what Max Weber saw as a crucial distinguishing feature of modern society: its ability to comprehend the structure and functioning of the surrounding world. The author finds that one result is the emergence of a “new naivety” in which insurmountable difficulties in attaining rational understanding justify postulation of the ontological independence of actors, objects, etc., as well as the resurgence of various forms of metaphysics. The importance of an emotional relationship toward the world, which increasingly manifests itself as a universe of singularities, is expanding in step with the loss of a rational horizon for subjectivity in modern society. The historical perspective of the institutional approach has several epistemological advantages for dealing with these tendencies. The institutional approach maintains continuity with the project of modern historiography as such by concentrating on phenomena that have a comparable duration and sustainability and by facilitating examination of problems in the sociology of knowledge, for which a wide range of analytical techniques has been developed in order to analyze the interaction of institutions with different scales (for instance, within the framework of organizational institutionalism) among others. The historical analysis of institutions also has a significant practical value by disabusing us of a naive view of the world (including the natural world) as some kind of natural and unmediated given and by making us aware of the contingency of our historical existence. The institutional approach and modern historiography share a common mission as an emancipatory exercise in self-knowledge.

scholarly journals Fundamentals of Odour Assessment in Slovenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 642-654
Author(s):  
Martin Dobeic ◽  
Vincenc Butala ◽  
Matjaž Prek ◽  
Jan Leskovšek ◽  
Žiga Švegelj
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Compliance Level ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion Models ◽  
Impact Area ◽  
Odour Concentration ◽  
The Impact

From a sociological and economic perspective, odour pollution is one of the most complex problems in the field of air quality. Therefore, various approaches and odour impact criteria are particularly relevant when assessing odour exposure in the areas of different land use. The number of odour assessment methods is limited, and the lack of analytical techniques to determine odour concentration makes odour assessment even more complex. It is essential to analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of odour concentrations in order to assess odour nuisance in the ambient air. Since sampling of odorous air in the field for subsequent determination of odour concentrations in a laboratory by dynamic olfactometry is time-consuming, two approaches are used to assess odour concentrations in ambient air: estimating odour concentration by field inspection and calculation of odour concentrations using atmospheric dispersion models. The latter is the most commonly used technique. Our study aimed to provide fundamentals for an odour regulatory framework in Slovenia. While a multitude of approaches is presently applied to establish odour regulation framework, a broader approach remains lacking. Various odour emission sources were identified to evaluate available methods and techniques to assess odour impact. The impact area was selected to analyse and compare the impact of different odour sources in terms of odour concentration, odour frequency, odour offensiveness, land use, and receptor location. Finally, odour impact criteria were set according to odour offensiveness and concentration, percentile compliance level and land use.From a sociological and economic perspective, odour pollution is one of the most complex problems in the field of air quality. Therefore, various approaches and odour impact criteria are particularly relevant when assessing odour exposure in the areas of different land use. The number of odour assessment methods is limited, and the lack of analytical techniques to determine odour concentration makes odour assessment even more complex. It is essential to analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of odour concentrations in order to assess odour nuisance in the ambient air. Since sampling of odorous air in the field for subsequent determination of odour concentrations in a laboratory by dynamic olfactometry is time-consuming, two approaches are used to assess odour concentrations in ambient air: estimating odour concentration by field inspection and calculation of odour concentrations using atmospheric dispersion models. The latter is the most commonly used technique. Our study aimed to provide fundamentals for an odour regulatory framework in Slovenia. While a multitude of approaches is presently applied to establish odour regulation framework, a broader approach remains lacking. Various odour emission sources were identified to evaluate available methods and techniques to assess odour impact. The impact area was selected to analyse and compare the impact of different odour sources in terms of odour concentration, odour frequency, odour offensiveness, land use, and receptor location. Finally, odour impact criteria were set according to odour offensiveness and concentration, percentile compliance level and land use.

Mapping the Land: Spatializing State Nature

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Whitehead ◽  
Rhys Jones ◽  
Martin Jones
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Spatial Form ◽  
Swamp Forest ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Uk ◽  
State Nature

In 1965 it was estimated that Belgium had 607,142 hectares (ha) of forested land, while Finland had 21,800,000 ha (6,500,000 of which were swamp forest). France, meanwhile, had 111,800 ha of swamps and marshes (étang en rapport), compared with the Federal Republic of Germany’s 188,000 ha. Of its total land area of 24,402,000 ha, the UK had 7,541,400 ha of unimproved grazing land being grazed by a staggering 28,967,000 sheep. Further estimates revealed that the Netherlands had 7,990 ha of dunes and 50,700 ha of land designated as muddy flats. Perhaps what is most unusual about these figures is that they don’t appear at all unusual. What, after all, could seem more normal than knowing such detailed statistical facts about a series of modern European states? These figures are actually taken from a World Land Use Survey, which was conducted in collaboration by a series of states during the middle of the twentieth century. Despite their seemingly routine character, however, what interests us about these figures are the links they reveal between nature, the state, and space (or more specifically land). The figures presented above have two things in common: first, they are all statistics about the natural world, which have been organized through specific reference to nation-states (France, Belgium, the UK); and secondly, they all (with the exception of the statistics on British sheep) describe nature by making reference to its spatial form—or more accurately its extent (hectares of marsh, forest, dune, etc.). This association between nature and land is, we argue, a significant one. We claim that historically the idea of land has provided different nation-states with a mechanism for making sense of nature and for ordering it spatially. In light of the historical perspective on nature–state relationships provided by Chapter 3, this chapter analyses how state–nature interactions are mediated and played out within space. While recognizing the diverse range of ways in which state–nature relations have been spatialized over time, here we focus our attention on one crucial site of state nature—the land-use map.

scholarly journals Younger Dryas and early Holocene subsistence in the northern Great Basin: multiproxy analysis of coprolites from the Paisley Caves, Oregon, USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Blong ◽  
Martin E. Adams ◽  
Gabriel Sanchez ◽  
Dennis L. Jenkins ◽  
Ian D. Bull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Younger Dryas ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Valley Bottom ◽  
Western Stemmed Tradition

Abstract Younger Dryas and early Holocene Western Stemmed Tradition occupants of the northern Great Basin appear to have practiced a broad-based subsistence strategy including the consumption of a wide variety of small animal and plant resources. However, much of our evidence for human diet and land use during this period comes from dry cave and rockshelter sites where it can be challenging to distinguish plant and small animal remains deposited as a result of human versus nonhuman activity. This study presents new direct evidence for Younger Dryas and early Holocene human diet in the northern Great Basin through multiproxy analysis of nine human coprolites from the Paisley Caves, Oregon, USA. The evidence indicates that Western Stemmed Tradition occupants consumed plants, small mammals, fish, and insects, including direct evidence for consumption of whole rodents and several types of beetle. Occupation of the caves occurred during the summer and fall by individuals foraging on wetland, sagebrush grassland, and riparian ecological landscapes suggesting geographical and seasonal variability in land-use patterns during the Younger Dryas and early Holocene periods. This research suggests that Western Stemmed Tradition settlement patterns were seasonally centered on productive valley bottom lakes and wetlands but also included forays to a variety of ecological landscapes. The results highlight the importance of plant and small animal resources in the human diet during the terminal Pleistocene settlement of North America and contribute to debates about the process of the peopling of the Americas.

scholarly journals Will-o'-the-Wisp : an ancient mystery with extremophile origins?

2014 ◽  
Vol 372 (2030) ◽  
pp. 20140206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howell G. M. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Biological Behaviour ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Hostile Environments

This paper draws a comparison between the 700-year-old historically reported will-o'-the-wisp phenomenon and the more recent discovery of extremophilic colonization of hostile environments; both have been observed as present in isolated, stressed environmental regions and originating from biological phenomena. However, whereas extremophilic activity can be understood in terms of a survival strategy based upon the synthesis of specific suites of protective biochemicals which are designed to control biogeologically the stressed habitats and to provide protection against the extreme environments, the analytical techniques that have proved so successful for the illumination of these survival strategies of extremophiles and which are now being miniaturized for in-field studies and for extraterrestrial exploration have not been applied to a clarification or evaluation of the phenomenon of will-o'-the-wisp . The reason is simply that the will-o'-the-wisp sightings have now disappeared completely. Tantalizingly, all of the most reasonable physico-chemical and biological explanations for the will-o'-the-wisp phenomenon proved to be unsatisfactory in some respect and it is clear that, just as in the case of extremophilic colonization, will-o'-the-wisp would benefit from a modern rigorous analytical study which would produce the data from which the potentially novel biological behaviour could be characterized and which would help a better understanding to be made of our natural world.

scholarly journals Direct evidence of a prey depletion “halo” surrounding a pelagic predator colony

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (28) ◽  
pp. e2101325118
Author(s):  
Sam B. Weber ◽  
Andrew J. Richardson ◽  
Judith Brown ◽  
Mark Bolton ◽  
Bethany L. Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Apex Predators ◽  
Top Predators ◽  
Global Positioning System Tracking ◽  
Prey Depletion

Colonially breeding birds and mammals form some of the largest gatherings of apex predators in the natural world and have provided model systems for studying mechanisms of population regulation in animals. According to one influential hypothesis, intense competition for food among large numbers of spatially constrained foragers should result in a zone of prey depletion surrounding such colonies, ultimately limiting their size. However, while indirect and theoretical support for this phenomenon, known as “Ashmole’s halo,” has steadily accumulated, direct evidence remains exceptionally scarce. Using a combination of vessel-based surveys and Global Positioning System tracking, we show that pelagic seabirds breeding at the tropical island that first inspired Ashmole’s hypothesis do indeed deplete their primary prey species (flying fish; Exocoetidae spp.) over a considerable area, with reduced prey density detectable >150 km from the colony. The observed prey gradient was mirrored by an opposing trend in seabird foraging effort, could not be explained by confounding environmental variability, and can be approximated using a mechanistic consumption–dispersion model, incorporating realistic rates of seabird predation and random prey dispersal. Our results provide a rare view of the resource footprint of a pelagic seabird colony and reveal how aggregations of these central-place foraging, marine top predators profoundly influence the oceans that surround them.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document