Acute and subacute toxicity study of ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Faidherbia albida (DEL) A. chev (Mimosoidae) in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Diabetes mellitus is a disease that affects approximately 10% of the world population. As it is a chronic disease, several patients search for alternatives to the traditional allopathic treatment, such as medicinal plants. In Brazil, the Aspidosperma subincanum (Guatambu) is one of the vegetal species commercialized in open markets used for diabetes popular treatment. Objective: To perform the phytochemical prospection and pre-clinical assessment of the ethanolic extract from stem bark of A. subincanum bark (EEAS). Material and methods: A. subincanum stem barks were collected in state of Goiás, Brazil and the EEAS was obtained by cold maceration. The phytochemical prospection was performed and acute and subacute toxicity assessments were performed according to OECD guidelines. Results: Phytochemical prospection identified the presence of steroids, triterpenes, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, coumarins, and resins. The acute toxicity showed no death in EEAS doses administered intraperitoneally (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) and orally (5000 mg/kg). The subacute toxicity showed signs of nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and lung damages in the two highest doses tested (250, 250 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent way. However, the satellite group showed reversion of the lesions after 30 days of EEAS interruption. Conclusion: The acute toxicity of EEAS suggests an LD50 > 5000 mg/kg. The oral use of EEAS during a short period (30 days) or more can be hazardous at doses similar to that tested in this study and may represent a risk for those who consume this kind of extract as a medicinal plant.

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Toxicity profiling of the ethanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus seed in rats: behavioral, biochemical & histopathological aspects

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1042/bsr20202345 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Parshuram nivrutti Shendge ◽

Sateesh Belemkar

Keyword(s):

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Renal Stones ◽

Serum Glucose ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Subacute Toxicity ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

Adverse Effect Level ◽

Body Organ ◽

Effect Level

Citrullus lanatus (Cucurbitaceae) is conventionally used for the treatment of urinary tract infection, renal stones, hypertension, diabetes and diarrhoea. Current study evaluates acute & 28 days repeated toxicity ethanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus seed (EECLS) in Wistar rats to measure its safety profile. The single dose (2000 mg/kg BW) of EECLS was administered while in 28 days repeated study 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW were administered orally in rat. Parameters such as biochemical, haematology and histopathology were analysed in subacute toxicity study. During study, no apparent sign of toxicity, behavioural changes and mortality were detected in acutely exposed animals. In 28-days repeated toxicity study, rats have showed no significant changes in behaviour, gross pathology, body weight, biochemical and haematological parameters. Abridged serum glucose and cholesterol levels during the study designates its role in treatment of hyperglycaemic and hyperlipidaemic condition. No significance difference was observed in histopathology of liver and kidneys of treated rats. The current investigation demonstrated EECLS is non-toxic below 1000 mg/kg BW and provides protection on some body organs. The data propose that LD50 of EECLS was greater than 2000 mg/kg BW and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of EECLS was at dose of 1000mg/kg in rats. Taken together, our finding suggests that, EECLS is safe & provide some protection to body organ, Also, extract can be used for further preclinical & clinical evaluation for its therapeutic activity.

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Subacute toxicity study of the ethanolic extract of Mesua ferrea (L.) flowers in rats

Drug and Chemical Toxicology ◽

10.1080/01480545.2020.1847134 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Pallavi Shirsat ◽

Ziyaurrahman A. R. ◽

Rama Kashikar ◽

Manjushree Athavale ◽

Tejas Athavale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Subacute Toxicity

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Acute and subacute toxicity of Ammi visnaga on rats

Interdisciplinary Toxicology ◽

10.2478/intox-2019-0004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 26-35

Author(s):

Khaled M. M. Koriem ◽

Mahmoud S. Arbid ◽

Marwa A. El-Attar

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Tap Water ◽

Oral Intake ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Subacute Toxicity ◽

Ammi Visnaga ◽

Group I ◽

Group 3

Abstract Ammi visnaga (Av) is a source of khellin where a tea made from the fruit of this plant was used as herbal medicine for kidney stones in Egypt. In the present research, the acute and subacute toxicity studies with oral intake of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg of Av seed ethanolic extract in rats were done. In acute toxicity test, 4 groups of rats (n = 6/group: 3 males and 3 females) were chosen and the first control group received tap water, while the other three groups received Av seed ethanolic extract dissolved in tap water at doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg, and general behavior, adverse effects, and mortality were recorded for up to 14 days. In subacute toxicity study, 72 rats (36 males and 36 females) were divided into 4 major groups; group I received tap water (control group), while animals in groups II, III, and IV (test groups) received oral intake of Av seed ethanolic extract dissolved in tap water at doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg bwt, respectively. Each of this major group was subdivided consequently into 3 subgroups (n = 6/group: 3 males and 3 females) where brain tissue, blood sample, body and organs weights were recorded at the beginning and then after two and four weeks of the experiment for the determination of hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes in tissues (liver, kidney, brain, spleen, heart, testis and ovary). With regard to acute toxicity, Av seed ethanolic extract did not induce any toxic effects or death or any organ toxicity. In subacute toxicity study; oral intake with Av seed ethanolic extract did not reveal any change in body and organs weights, hematological parameters, serum glucose and cholesterol, brain neurotransmitters, liver and kidney functions, male and female hormones. In conclusion, Av seed ethanolic extract is nontoxic to liver, kidney, brain, spleen, heart, testis and ovary.

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Toxicological evaluation of the stem bark of Burkea africana hook. (Caesalpiniaceae) in wistar rats

Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine ◽

10.4314/njnpm.v23i1.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

pp. 33-40

Author(s):

O.K. Eboji ◽

A.A. Sowemimo ◽

O.O. Ogunkunle ◽

M.O. Sofidiya ◽

K.B. Badmos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Chronic Toxicity ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Toxicological Evaluation ◽

Acute Toxicity Study ◽

Acute And Chronic Toxicity

Burkea africana Hook. (Caesalpiniaceae) is used traditionally to treat ulcers, headaches, skin disease and tumors. The study investigated the acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity profiles of the ethanolic extract of Burkea africana stem bark. Rats of either sexes were used in this study (n=10). For acute toxicity, a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg was administered while for the sub-acute and chronic toxicity study, three doses (40, 200 and 1000 mg/kg) of the extract were administered orally for 28 and 90 days respectively. At the end of each study, the biochemical, hematological and histological parameters were evaluated. No mortality or behavioral changes were observed in the acute toxicity study. Extract caused significant changes in the hematological parameters after the sub-acute toxicity study. In the chronic toxicity study, the extract caused significant increase in the white blood cell count of the 200 mg/kg group. There was significant increase in the platelet count of treated groups compared to control in the sub-acute and chronic toxicity studies, with an observed total mortality of all the animals in the 1000 mg/kg group on the 44th day. No adverse pathology was observed in the organs examined. The extract elicited a hematological response and short term consumption of the extract at low doses might be relatively safe. However, long term consumption at high doses should be discouraged.

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Acute and subacute toxicity study of ethanolic extract of Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand flower in Swiss albino mice

Phytomedicine Plus ◽

10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100224 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 100224

Author(s):

Ashutosh Kumar ◽

Brijesh Kumar ◽

Rajesh Kumar ◽

Ajay Kumar ◽

Manish Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Calotropis Procera ◽

Swiss Albino Mice ◽

Subacute Toxicity ◽

Albino Mice

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PHARMACOGNOSTIC, ANTIOXIDANT AND ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF Ficus sycomorus (Linn) (Moraceae) ROOT AND STEM BARK

FUDMA Journal of Sciences ◽

10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-244 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 605-614

Author(s):

Murtala M. Namadina ◽

H. Haruna ◽

U. Sanusi

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Stem Bark ◽

The Body ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Root Extract ◽

Acute Toxicity Study ◽

Radical Scavenging Ability ◽

Phytochemical Components

Most of biochemical reactions in the body generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are involved in the pathogenesis of oxidative stress-related disorders like diabetes, nephrotoxicity, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, inflammation and neurological disorders when they attack biochemical molecules like proteins, lipids and nucleic acid. Antioxidants are used to protect the cells or tissues against potential attack by ROS. Most medicinal plants possess a rich source of antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids among others. These phytochemicals are currently pursued as an alternative and complimentary drug. In this study, phytochemical components, antioxidant and acute toxicity study of the methanol extract of stem bark and root of F. sycomorus were carried out using standard methods. Findings from this study revealed the presence of some diagnostic microscopical features such as calcium oxalate, starch, gum/mucilage, lignin, Aleurone grain, suberized/Cuticular cell wall and inulin but calcium carbonate was absent in stem bark but present in the powdered root. Quantitative physical constants include moisture contents (6.40% and 7.82%), ash value (7.20% and 9.30 %) in stem bark and root respectively. Carbohydrates, alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycoside, steroid, triterpenes and phenols were present in all the extracts. They were found to exhibit potent 1,1,-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free scavenging activity. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of the extracts showed the following trend Ascorbic acid < stem bark extract˃ root extract. The LD50 of the methanolic stem bark and root extracts were found to be greater than 5000 mg /kg and is considered safe for use. Nonetheless, further

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MACRO- AND MICROMORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF, STEM, STEM BARK AND FRUIT OF FAIDHERBIA ALBIDA (DEL.) A. CHEV. CULTIVATED IN EGYPT

Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Assiut ◽

10.21608/bfsa.2018.62461 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 1-29

Author(s):

Marwa Mohammed ◽

Ahmed Ali ◽

Ezz-eldin Desoky ◽

Lourin Gobraeil

Keyword(s):

Stem Bark ◽

Faidherbia Albida

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Safety Evaluation of Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oils through Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity and Skin Irritation in Mice and Rats

Current Chemical Biology ◽

10.2174/2212796814999200818095036 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 187-195

Author(s):

Berhan Mengiste ◽

Tizazu Zenebe ◽

Kassahun Dires ◽

Ermias Lulekal ◽

Awol Mekonnen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Eucalyptus Globulus ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Skin Irritation ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Subacute Toxicity ◽

Acute Toxicity Study ◽

Limit Test ◽

Ointment Formulation

Background: The Eucalyptus globulus extractions have been used by the traditional healers to treat diseases in the study area. Our previous study revealed that the essential oil has antimicrobial and antifungal activity. This study determined phytochemical analysis, skin irritation, acute and subacute toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil in mice and rats. Methods: The phytochemicals were analyzed using GC-MS mass spectrometry. The acute toxicity study was determined at three dose levels of 1500 mg/kg, 1750mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg. The essential oil limit test at a dose of 1000 mg/kg was administered to mice for 28 consecutive days for sub-acute toxicity study. The mice mortality, behavioral change, injury and other signs of illness were recorded once daily. Biochemical parameters were evaluated. Liver and kidney were analyzed for histopathological analyses. The 5% ointment formulation was applied to the rat skin to determine skin irritation effects. Results: The Eucalyptus globulus essential oil showed no effect on the mice at a dose of 1500mg/kg and below, but caused signs of toxicity and death at a dose of 1750mg/kg and above compared to the controls (p<0.05). The LD50 value was 1650 mg/kg. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the body weights, gross abnormalities of the organs and biochemical parameters compared to the control at 1000 mg/kg subacute toxicity study. No histopathological changes were detected in the organs tested. The 5% ointment formulation did not show any abnormal skin reaction. Discussion: In the present study, the Eucalyptus globulus essential oil was comparable with other studies in terms of both chemical composition and its effects on sub-acute and topical application. Conclusion: This toxicity study demonstrated that Eucalyptus globulus essential oil is nontoxic at a relatively lower concentration.

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