scholarly journals Pharmacognostic assessment and pre-clinical toxicity of ethanolic extract from Aspidosperma subincanum Mart. stem bark (Guatambu)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e17510917547
Author(s):  
Nilda Maria Alves ◽  
Marina Alves Coelho Silva ◽  
Leila Maria Leal Parente ◽  
José Realino de Paula ◽  
Alessandro de Carvalho Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
World Population ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Treatment Objective ◽  
Open Markets ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Vegetal Species

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Diabetes mellitus is a disease that affects approximately 10% of the world population. As it is a chronic disease, several patients search for alternatives to the traditional allopathic treatment, such as medicinal plants. In Brazil, the Aspidosperma subincanum (Guatambu) is one of the vegetal species commercialized in open markets used for diabetes popular treatment. Objective: To perform the phytochemical prospection and pre-clinical assessment of the ethanolic extract from stem bark of A. subincanum bark (EEAS). Material and methods: A. subincanum stem barks were collected in state of Goiás, Brazil and the EEAS was obtained by cold maceration. The phytochemical prospection was performed and acute and subacute toxicity assessments were performed according to OECD guidelines. Results: Phytochemical prospection identified the presence of steroids, triterpenes, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, coumarins, and resins. The acute toxicity showed no death in EEAS doses administered intraperitoneally (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) and orally (5000 mg/kg). The subacute toxicity showed signs of nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and lung damages in the two highest doses tested (250, 250 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent way. However, the satellite group showed reversion of the lesions after 30 days of EEAS interruption. Conclusion: The acute toxicity of EEAS suggests an LD50 > 5000 mg/kg. The oral use of EEAS during a short period (30 days) or more can be hazardous at doses similar to that tested in this study and may represent a risk for those who consume this kind of extract as a medicinal plant.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Identification, Acute, and Sub-Acute Oral Toxicity Studies of the Foliar Extract of Withania frutescens

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 4528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelfattah EL Moussaoui ◽  
Mohammed Bourhia ◽  
Fatima Zahra Jawhari ◽  
Hamza Mechchate ◽  
Meryem Slighoua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Phytochemical Composition ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Repeated Doses

Withania frutescens (W. frutescens) is a medicinal plant widely used to treat several diseases. This work aims to study phytochemical composition as well as acute and subacute toxicity of W. frutescens hydroethanolic extract in mice. The phytochemical composition of W. frutescens extract was performed using gas chromatographic analysis. Acute toxicity was studied in vivo with oral administration of single doses 400 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg for 14 days. Subacute toxicity was studied with the administration of repeated doses of 400 mg/kg/day and 2000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Phytochemical analysis of W. frutescens hydro-ethanolic extract confirmed the presence of interesting chemical compounds. Acute toxicity results showed no toxic symptoms in mice treated with an increasing dose up to a maximum of 2000 mg/kg. Alongside acute toxicity, subacute data showed no clinical symptoms nor biochemical or histological alteration in mice treated with an increasing dose up to a maximum of 2000 mg/kg compared to the control group (p < 0.05). This study shows no toxic effects in animals treated with W. frutescens extract, and, therefore, this plant can be considered safe in animals up to 2000 mg/kg under both acute and subacute toxicity conditions.

scholarly journals Phytopharmacological Evaluation of Alcoholic Extract of Berberis aristata Leaf in the Treatment of Gastric Ulcer

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ratnaker Singh ◽  
Y. Trilochana
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Antiulcer Activity ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Dose Dependent

For over a century, peptic ulcer has been one of the most common gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorder. There are number of drugs are now available for treatment. Drugs of herbal origin reduce the offensive factors and have proved to be safe, clinically effective, relatively less expensive, globally competitive, and with better patient tolerance.This study was performed to assess the anti-ulcer activity on different parts of B.aristata. Apart from that, acute toxicity, qualitative chemical analysis, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content(TFC) and in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated. The potentially active plant part was selected for screening as gastro protective, in vivo antioxidant and antisecretory activities in ulcerated rats.The 50% ethanolic extract of B. aristata were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, estimation of TFC and TPC. The crude extract from the leaves of B. aristata gave best antiulcer activity among flower and stem. In acute toxicity studies, the administration of the crude extract of B. aristata leaves did not reveal any adverse effects or toxicity in rats at fourteen days observations.The results of these studies have shown that ethylexract of B.aristata leaf (EEBAL) produced a significant dose dependent ulcerprotective, antioxidant and antisecretory activity by blocking the activity of proton pump, protecting from antioxidants produced during stress induced ulcer and by enhancing glycoprotein levels.

ACUTE AND SUBACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF MIRABILIS JALAPA LINN IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
SENTHIL KUMARI C ◽  
DHANASEKHAR KESAVELU
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Mirabilis Jalapa

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicological potential of the ethanolic extract of leaves of Mirabilis jalapa linn through acute and subacute toxicity studies in albino Wistar rats. Methods: For acute toxicity studies, the ethanolic extract of M. jalapa was given up to 2000 mg/kg and then the animals were observed for 14 days to find out any adverse effect or death. For sub-acute toxicity studies, the exact was given for 28 days and the following parameters were observed such as changes in body weight, food intake, water intake, hematological parameters, biochemical parameters, lipid profile, urine analysis, and histopathological studies were undertaken. Results: Single oral administration of 2000 mg/kg of the ethanolic extract of M. jalapa produced no mortality or signs of toxicity. During subacute toxicity there were no changes in body weight, food intake and water intake were observed. There were no changes in lipid profile, hematological parameters, and biochemical parameters. In histopathological changes, there were no structural changes in treated groups when compared to control. Conclusion: The leaves of ethanolic extract of M. jalapa is safe when administered for 28 days. There were no deaths or signs of toxicity in treated rats during acute toxicity studies and subacute toxicity studies.

scholarly journals Acute and subacute toxicity of Ammi visnaga on rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Khaled M. M. Koriem ◽  
Mahmoud S. Arbid ◽  
Marwa A. El-Attar
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Ammi Visnaga ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group 3

Abstract Ammi visnaga (Av) is a source of khellin where a tea made from the fruit of this plant was used as herbal medicine for kidney stones in Egypt. In the present research, the acute and subacute toxicity studies with oral intake of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg of Av seed ethanolic extract in rats were done. In acute toxicity test, 4 groups of rats (n = 6/group: 3 males and 3 females) were chosen and the first control group received tap water, while the other three groups received Av seed ethanolic extract dissolved in tap water at doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg, and general behavior, adverse effects, and mortality were recorded for up to 14 days. In subacute toxicity study, 72 rats (36 males and 36 females) were divided into 4 major groups; group I received tap water (control group), while animals in groups II, III, and IV (test groups) received oral intake of Av seed ethanolic extract dissolved in tap water at doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg bwt, respectively. Each of this major group was subdivided consequently into 3 subgroups (n = 6/group: 3 males and 3 females) where brain tissue, blood sample, body and organs weights were recorded at the beginning and then after two and four weeks of the experiment for the determination of hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes in tissues (liver, kidney, brain, spleen, heart, testis and ovary). With regard to acute toxicity, Av seed ethanolic extract did not induce any toxic effects or death or any organ toxicity. In subacute toxicity study; oral intake with Av seed ethanolic extract did not reveal any change in body and organs weights, hematological parameters, serum glucose and cholesterol, brain neurotransmitters, liver and kidney functions, male and female hormones. In conclusion, Av seed ethanolic extract is nontoxic to liver, kidney, brain, spleen, heart, testis and ovary.

scholarly journals Acute and subacute toxicity study of ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Faidherbia albida (DEL) A. chev (Mimosoidae) in rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1218-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Oluwakanyinsola Salawu ◽  
Y Adeniyi Tijani ◽  
A Akingbasote James ◽  
E Florence Oga
Keyword(s):  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Faidherbia Albida ◽  
Subacute Toxicity

Toxicological evaluation of the stem bark of Burkea africana hook. (Caesalpiniaceae) in wistar rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
O.K. Eboji ◽  
A.A. Sowemimo ◽  
O.O. Ogunkunle ◽  
M.O. Sofidiya ◽  
K.B. Badmos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Acute And Chronic Toxicity

Burkea africana Hook. (Caesalpiniaceae) is used traditionally to treat ulcers, headaches, skin disease and tumors. The study investigated the acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity profiles of the ethanolic extract of Burkea africana stem bark. Rats of either sexes were used in this study (n=10). For  acute toxicity, a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg was administered while for the sub-acute and chronic toxicity study, three doses (40, 200 and 1000  mg/kg) of the extract were administered orally for 28 and 90 days respectively. At the end of each study, the biochemical, hematological and  histological parameters were evaluated. No mortality or behavioral changes were observed in the acute toxicity study. Extract caused significant  changes in the hematological parameters after the sub-acute toxicity study. In the chronic toxicity study, the extract caused significant increase in  the white blood cell count of the 200 mg/kg group. There was significant increase in the platelet count of treated groups compared to control in the sub-acute and chronic toxicity studies, with an observed total mortality of all the animals in the 1000 mg/kg group on the 44th day. No adverse pathology was observed in the organs examined. The extract elicited a hematological response and short term consumption of the extract at low doses might be relatively safe. However, long term consumption at high doses should be discouraged.

EVALUATION OF ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY OF PUNICA GRANATUM STEM BARK

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (09) ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
N Khan ◽  
◽  
S Hugar ◽  
V Patil ◽  
H.M Nanjappaiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Fluid Accumulation ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
Dose Dependent

Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal effect of Punica granatum stem bark ethanolic extract was carried out on various experimental animal models of diarrhea. Different paragons used were castor oil induced diarrhoea, magnesium sulphate induced diarrhoea, castor oil induced enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility test. The various parameters recorded were onset of diarrhoea, mean number of fecal drops, mean weight of fecal matter, mean weight of small intestine, volume of fluid accumulation in the intestine and mean distance travelled by charcoal meal in the intestine. The test extract demonstrated dose dependent significant anti-diarrhoeal effect. The results of this investigation revealed that, 70% hydroalcoholic extract of Punica granatum stem bark contains pharmacologically active substance(s) with anti-diarrhoeal efficacy.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Constituents and Antidiarrhoeal Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Maesobotrya barteri (Bush Cherry) Leaves in Albino Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikekhide Friday
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Orthodox Medicine ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Dose Dependent Decrease ◽  
Dose Dependent

Maesobotrya barteri, commonly known as bush cherry is used in orthodox medicine for the treatment of different ailments including diarrhoea. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the phytochemical compositions, acute toxicity (LD50) and the effect of ethanolic extract of Maesobotrya barteri leaves as an antidiarrhoeal agent. Castor oil was used to induce diarrhoea in albino rats. 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg and 2000mg/kg extracts of M. barteri were used to protect the rats against castor oil induced diarrhoea. The quantitative phytochemical screening of M. barteri revealed the presence of flavonoids, Saponin, Phenol, alkaloid, oxalate and phytate at the concentrations of 101.06ug/g, 21.32ug/g, 7.42ug/g, 1.75ug/g, 1.50ug/g and 0.57ug/g respectively. No experimental animal used to determine the LD50 up to 5000mg/kg extract died. The result of the anti-diarrhoeal property of M. barteri after pretreatment with the extract showed a considerable dose – dependent decrease in the production of diarrhoeal faeces, reduced the rate of defecation and the onset of diarrhoea in albino rats. The inhibition of diarrhoea by the extract as shown in the result may be attributed to the high concentration of flavonoid present in the plant.

PHARMACOGNOSTIC, ANTIOXIDANT AND ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF Ficus sycomorus (Linn) (Moraceae) ROOT AND STEM BARK

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 605-614
Author(s):  
Murtala M. Namadina ◽  
H. Haruna ◽  
U. Sanusi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Radical Scavenging Ability ◽  
Phytochemical Components

Most of biochemical reactions in the body generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are involved in the pathogenesis of oxidative stress-related disorders like diabetes, nephrotoxicity, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, inflammation and neurological disorders when they attack biochemical molecules like proteins, lipids and nucleic acid. Antioxidants are used to protect the cells or tissues against potential attack by ROS. Most medicinal plants possess a rich source of antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids among others. These phytochemicals are currently pursued as an alternative and complimentary drug. In this study, phytochemical components, antioxidant and acute toxicity study of the methanol extract of stem bark and root of F. sycomorus were carried out using standard methods. Findings from this study revealed the presence of some diagnostic microscopical features such as calcium oxalate, starch, gum/mucilage, lignin, Aleurone grain, suberized/Cuticular cell wall and inulin but calcium carbonate was absent in stem bark but present in the powdered root. Quantitative physical constants include moisture contents (6.40% and 7.82%), ash value (7.20% and 9.30 %) in stem bark and root respectively. Carbohydrates, alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycoside, steroid, triterpenes and phenols were present in all the extracts. They were found to exhibit potent 1,1,-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free scavenging activity. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of the extracts showed the following trend Ascorbic acid < stem bark extract˃ root extract. The LD50 of the methanolic stem bark and root extracts were found to be greater than 5000 mg /kg and is considered safe for use. Nonetheless, further

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