PENGARUH VARIASI KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK DAUN BELIMBING WULUH (Averrhoa bilimbi L) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK SEDIAAN SALEP DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BASIS PEG 4000 dan PEG 400

ABSTRAK Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L) memiliki kandungan tanin dan flavonoid. Kandungan Flavonoid dan Tanin yang terdapat dalam belimbing wuluh mampu memberikan efek untuk menyembuhkan kulit yang mengalami kerusakan jaringan sel akibat luka bakar. Ada beberapa cara untuk pemanfaatan Daun Belimbing Wuluh antara lain dengan dibuat dalam sediaan salep. Pada penelitian ini salep dibuat dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak daun belimbing wuluh sebesar 10%, 15%, dan 20% mengguankan basis PEG 4000 dan PEG 400. Ekstrak daun belimbing wuluh diperoleh menggunakan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan etanol 70% sebagai pelarutnya. Salep yang sudah dibuat kemudian dilakukan uji karakteristik meliputi uji organoleptis, homogenitas, daya lekat dan uji daya sebar. Hasil uji organoleptis dan homogenitas di analisa secara deskrisptif kemudian hasil uji daya lekat dan uji daya sebar di analisa dengan menggunakan analisa statistik one-way ANOVA. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa salep berbentuk semipadat dengan warna hijau muda sampai hijau kehitaman. Hasil uji homogenitas di dapatkan untuk ketiga formula adalah homogen. Nilai daya sebar pada ketiga formula menunjukan perbedaan yang signifikan, pada hasil uji daya lekat dan pH didapatkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap ketiga formulasi. Dengan demikian perbedaan konsentrasi zat aktif yang digunakan berpengaruh terhadap daya sebar sediaan salep ekstrak daun belimbing wuluh. Kata kunci: Averrhoa bilimbi L; Salep; PEG ABSTRACT Carambola leaf Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L) contains tannins and flavonoids. The content of flavonoids and tannins contained in starfruit able to give effect to heal skin damaged cell tissue from burns. There were several ways for utilization of Averrhoa bilimbi L. among others, made some preparations, especially ointment formulation. This study aims to formulate leaf extract ointment preparation starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L) with various concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20% using the PEG 4000 and PEG 400 as a base. Leaf extract obtained from meserasi leaf Averrhoa bilimbi L with 70% ethanol. The ointment that has been made is then subjected to characteristic tests including organoleptic tests, homogeneity, adhesion and spreadability tests. The results of the organoleptic test and homogeneity were analyzed descriptively, then the results of the adhesion test and the spreadability test were analyzed using one-way ANOVA statistical analysis. The results showed that the ointment was semisolid, light green to blackish green. The homogeneity test results obtained for the three formulas are homogeneous. The value of the spreadability of the three formulas showed a significant difference, the results of the adhesion and pH test showed no significant difference between the three formulations. Thus the difference in the concentration of the active substance used affects the spreadability of the starfruit leaf extract ointment. Keywords: Averrhoa bilimbi L; ointment; PEG

Safety Evaluation of Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oils through Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity and Skin Irritation in Mice and Rats

Background: The Eucalyptus globulus extractions have been used by the traditional healers to treat diseases in the study area. Our previous study revealed that the essential oil has antimicrobial and antifungal activity. This study determined phytochemical analysis, skin irritation, acute and subacute toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil in mice and rats. Methods: The phytochemicals were analyzed using GC-MS mass spectrometry. The acute toxicity study was determined at three dose levels of 1500 mg/kg, 1750mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg. The essential oil limit test at a dose of 1000 mg/kg was administered to mice for 28 consecutive days for sub-acute toxicity study. The mice mortality, behavioral change, injury and other signs of illness were recorded once daily. Biochemical parameters were evaluated. Liver and kidney were analyzed for histopathological analyses. The 5% ointment formulation was applied to the rat skin to determine skin irritation effects. Results: The Eucalyptus globulus essential oil showed no effect on the mice at a dose of 1500mg/kg and below, but caused signs of toxicity and death at a dose of 1750mg/kg and above compared to the controls (p<0.05). The LD50 value was 1650 mg/kg. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the body weights, gross abnormalities of the organs and biochemical parameters compared to the control at 1000 mg/kg subacute toxicity study. No histopathological changes were detected in the organs tested. The 5% ointment formulation did not show any abnormal skin reaction. Discussion: In the present study, the Eucalyptus globulus essential oil was comparable with other studies in terms of both chemical composition and its effects on sub-acute and topical application. Conclusion: This toxicity study demonstrated that Eucalyptus globulus essential oil is nontoxic at a relatively lower concentration.

Ocular Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Ointment Formulations

Purpose The purpose of this study is to show how the Ocular Compartmental Absorption & Transit (OCAT™) model in GastroPlus® can be used to characterize ocular drug pharmacokinetic performance in rabbits for ointment formulations. Methods A newly OCAT™ model developed for fluorometholone, as well as a previously verified model for dexamethasone, were used to characterize the aqueous humor (AH) concentration following the administration of multiple ointment formulations to rabbit. The model uses the following parameters: application surface area (SA), a fitted application time, and the fitted Higuchi release constant to characterize the rate of passage of the active pharmaceutical ingredient from the ointment formulations into the tears in vivo. Results Parameter sensitivity analysis was performed to understand the impact of ointment formulation changes on ocular exposure. While application time was found to have a significant impact on the time of maximal concentration in AH, both the application SA and the Higuchi release constant significantly influenced both the maximum concentration and the ocular exposure. Conclusions This initial model for ointment ophthalmic formulations is a first step to better understand the interplay between physiological factors and ophthalmic formulation physicochemical properties and their impact on in vivo ocular drug pharmacokinetic performance in rabbits.

Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites—Extracellular Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization and Antibacterial Potential

This research presents, for the first time, the potential of the Lactobacillus paracasei LC20 isolated from sweet whey as a novel, effective and accessible source for post-cultured ZnO nanocomposites synthesis. The obtained nanocomposites were subjected to comprehensive characterization by a broad spectrum of instrumental techniques. Results of spectroscopic and microscopic analysis confirmed the hexagonal crystalline structure of ZnO in the nanometer size. The dispersion stability of the obtained nanocomposites was determined based on the zeta potential (ZP) measurements—the average ZP value was found to be −29.15 ± 1.05 mV in the 7–9 pH range. The ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) demonstrated thermal stability up to 130 °C based on the results of thermogravimetric TGA/DTG) analysis. The organic deposit on the nanoparticle surface was recorded by spectroscopic analysis in the infrared range (FT-IR). Results of the spectrometric study exhibited nanostructure-assisted laser desorption/ionization effects and also pointed out the presence of organic deposits and, what is more, allowed us to identify the specific amino acids and peptides present on the ZnO NCs surfaces. In this context, mass spectrometry (MS) data confirmed the nano-ZnO formation mechanism. Moreover, fluorescence data showed an increase in fluorescence signal in the presence of nanocomposites designed for potential use as, e.g., biosensors. Despite ZnO NCs’ luminescent properties, they can also act as promising antiseptic agents against clinically relevant pathogens. Therefore, a pilot study on the antibacterial activity of biologically synthesized ZnO NCs was carried out against four strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) by using MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration). Additionally, the colony forming units (CFU) assay was performed and quantified for all bacterial cells as the percentage of viable cells in comparison to a control sample (untreated culture) The nanocomposites were effective among three pathogens with MIC values in the range of 86.25–172.5 μg/mL and showed potential as a new type of, e.g., medical path or ointment formulation.

Formulasi Sediaan Salep Esktrak Etanol Daun Sirsak (Anonna mucirata L.) Dengan Variasi Basis Salep

The use of natural ingredients as traditional medicine with better use is now more in demand. This is because traditional medicine is relatively easy to obtain. One type of medicinal plant that is often used by the community is (Annona mucirata L). or better known as soursop. Soursop leaves (Anonna mucirata L.) have been widely used as a medicinal ingredient because it contains tannin and flavanoid compounds which can provide antibacterial effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of the compounds contained in soursop leaves (Anonna mucirata L.) and to formulate an ethanol extract ointment of soursop leaves (Anonna mucirata L.) with various ointment bases. This research was conducted using an experimental method in which evaluations of the ointment were carried out including the organoleptic test, pH test and homogeneity test. The results showed that ethanol extract of soursop leaves (Anonna mucirata L.) containing tannins and flavonoids. The results of the ointment formulation on the hydrocarbon base formulation, the absorption base formulation and the water soluble base formulation resulted in physical differences in the organoleptic test, but did not have different results on the homogeneity test and pH test. In conclusion, extract ethanol of soursop (Anonna mucirata L.) leaf contains tannin and flavanoid compounds. The ethanol extract ointment of soursop leaves (Anonna mucirata L.) with variations of FI (hydrocarbon base) and FII (absorption base) ointment has good ointment properties, while FIII (water-soluble base) does not have good physical properties because it has a dosage form which is liquid and smells rancid based on the organoleptic test. The ethanol extract ointment of soursop leaves (Anonna mucirata L.) with variations of FI (hydrocarbon base) and FII (absorption base) ointment has good ointment properties, while FIII (water-soluble base) does not have good physical properties because it has a liquid dosage form and smells rancid based on the organoleptic test. Keywords: ointment extract; soursop plant; ointment base ABSTRAK Pemanfaatan bahan alam sebagai obat tradisional dengan penggunaan yang lebih baik sekarang lebih diminati. Hal ini dikarenkan obat tradisional relatif mudah didapat. Salah satu jenis tanaman obat yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat adalah (Annona mucirata L). atau yang lebih di kenal dengan nama sirsak. Tanaman daun sirsak (Anonna mucirata L.) sudah banyak digunakan sebagai bahan obat karena mengandung senyawa tannin dan flavanoid yang mampu memberikan efek antibakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa yang terdapat pada daun sirsak (Anonna mucirata L.) serta membuat formulasi sediaan salep esktrak etanol daun sirsak (Anonna mucirata L.) dengan variasi basis salep. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode experimental dimana dilakukan evaluasi terhadap salep yang dibuat meliputi uji organoleptik, uji pH dan uji homogenitas. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu ekstrak etanol daun sirsak (Anonna mucirata L.) mengandung senyawa tannin dan flavanoid, untuk hasil formulasi sediaan salep pada formulasi basis hidrokarbon, formulasi basis absorbsi dan formulasi basis larut air menghasilkan perbedaan fisik uji organoleptik, namun tidak memiliki hasil yang berbeda pada uji homogenitas dan uji pH. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan yaitu ekstrak estanol daun sirsak (Anonna mucirata L.) mengandung senyawa tannin dan flavanoid. Sediaan salep esktrak etanol daun sirsak (Anonna mucirata L.) dengan variasi basis salep FI (basis hidrokarbon) dan FII (basis absorbsi) memiliki sifat salep yang baik, sedangkan FIII (basis larut air) tidak memiliki sifak fisik yang baik karena memiliki bentuk sediaan yang cair dan bau tengik berdasarkan uji organoleptik. Kata kunci: ekstrak salep; tanaman daun sirsak; basis salep

Development and Evaluation of a Novel Oral Mucoadhesive Ointment Containing Pomegranate Peel Extract as an Adjuvant for Oral Hygiene of Dogs

Herbal therapies are used worldwide to treat a variety of health conditions, including dental conditions in veterinary medicine. In this context, the use of medicinal plant-based formulations as potential therapeutics and preventatives in veterinary dentistry is worth highlighting. The objective of the present study was to develop a mucoadhesive ointment formulation, named orabase, that contained pomegranate extract for use in the oral cavity of dogs, with the aim of improving their oral hygiene. The hydroalcoholic extracts of pomegranate peels was incorporated into the orabase in 3 different concentrations. The formulations were subjected to in vitro microbiological testing by a modified disc-diffusion method to study the susceptibility of microorganisms collected from the oral cavities of the dogs. The samples were taken from the buccal mucosa of dogs having the same management and diet. The most effective formulation was submitted to physicochemical tests to evaluate the functionality of the product, namely pH, swelling index, spreadability, and mechanical properties (hardness, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness). The formulation containing 25.0% w/w of the extract was considered most suitable for the intended use as it showed antiseptic activity and demonstrated a swelling index of approximately 35% in the first 20 minutes of the test, high spreadability, and suitable mechanical properties. The results suggest that the product obtained from pomegranate peel extract is a viable option for use to improve oral hygiene, helping to reduce the bacterial component of dental plaque in dogs.