scholarly journals The impact of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics

10.5912/jcb56 ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Lindpaintner
Keyword(s):  
Risk Prediction ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Medical Progress ◽  
The Past ◽  
Realistic Assessment ◽  
The Face ◽  
Genetics And Genomics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Evolutionary Pace ◽  
Do So

Pharmacogenetics is widely proclaimed as about to revolutionise the face of medicine. In a more realistic assessment, the implementation of molecular genetics and biology will continue to provide, as it has done already, better ways to diagnose and treat illnesses, but it will do so at a steady and evolutionary pace based on an improved understanding of the nature of disease, allowing more specific treatments, better risk prediction, and the implementation of preventive strategies. As such, future progress in biomedicine will travel the same well-trodden paths of improved differential diagnosis and risk prediction along which it has advanced over the past decades and centuries. So, while meaningful biomedical research today depends, by and large, on the use of the newly developed tools of genetics and genomics, and the insights gained through them, it is unlikely to fundamentally change the direction of medical progress.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Processes Of Change ◽  
The Past ◽  
Psychosocial Processes ◽  
Desistance From Crime ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crime Causation ◽  
Do So

Criminology has pursued a long-standing interest in crime causation and what leads individuals into committing crime. It is striking, though, considering the extent to which state machineries are marshalled into efforts to control and reduce crime, that criminologists have only relatively recently turned their attention to the question of what prompts offenders to cease criminal activity and how they do so. Consequently, and perhaps making up for lost time, the past two decades have seen a proliferation of literature exploring the psychosocial processes of change. Recent research has also opened questions about the impact of social contexts and criminal justice interventions on desistance from crime, examining the way that individuals transform aspects of identity and social relationships as they move away from offending (for example, ...

Is Reputation Good or Bad? An Experiment

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 2187-2204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brit Grosskopf ◽  
Rajiv Sarin
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Other Regarding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Other Regarding Preferences ◽  
Do So

We investigate the impact of reputation in a laboratory experiment. We do so by varying whether the past choices of a long-run player are observable by the short-run players. Our framework allows for reputation to have either a beneficial or a harmful effect on the long-run player. We find that reputation is seldom harmful and its beneficial effects are not as strong as theory suggests. When reputational concerns are at odds with other-regarding preferences, we find the latter overwhelm the former. (JEL C91, D12, D82, D83, Z13)

scholarly journals The Changing Epidemiology of Cystic Fibrosis: Incidence, Survival and Impact of the CFTR Gene Discovery

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie Scotet ◽  
Carine L’Hostis ◽  
Claude Férec
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Cftr Gene ◽  
The Past ◽  
Responsible Gene ◽  
Family Testing ◽  
The Face ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Molecular Bases ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Clinical Advances

Significant advances in the management of cystic fibrosis (CF) in recent decades have dramatically changed the epidemiology and prognosis of this serious disease, which is no longer an exclusively pediatric disease. This paper aims to review the changes in the incidence and survival of CF and to assess the impact of the discovery of the responsible gene (the CFTR gene) on these changes. The incidence of CF appears to be decreasing in most countries and patient survival, which can be monitored by various indicators, has improved substantially, with an estimated median age of survival of approximately50 years today. Cloning of the CFTR gene 30 years ago and efforts to identify its many mutations have greatly improved the management of CF. Implementation of genetic screening policies has enabled earlier diagnosis (via newborn screening), in addition to prevention within families or in the general population in some areas (via prenatal diagnosis, family testing or population carrier screening). In the past decade, in-depth knowledge of the molecular bases of CF has also enabled the emergence of CFTR modulator therapies which have led to major clinical advances in the treatment of CF. All of these phenomena have contributed to changing the face of CF. The advent of targeted therapies has paved the way for precision medicine and is expected to further improve survival in the coming years.

scholarly journals Theatres of surgery: The cultural pre-history of the face transplant

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Suzannah Biernoff
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Medical Progress ◽  
Face Transplantation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Medical Experimentation ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
Literature And Film ◽  
Aesthetic Intervention

The first facial transplant, using a donor’s nose, chin and mouth, was performed on Isabelle Dinoire in France in 2005, but the idea of removing or replacing the face – either with a mask, or with a living face – has been around for much longer. This article explores the cultural pre-history of face transplantation: its speculative existence in legend, literature and film before it became a medical possibility at the beginning of the twenty-first century. One of the questions posed here is: how (and for what purpose) do medical ‘firsts’ like Dinoire’s surgery acquire a history? The article begins by considering the uses of the past by transplant surgeons themselves, and by those who are concerned about the ethical or psychological implications of organ and face transplantation. Having considered these different investments in the past – one emphasising medical progress, the other highlighting enduring anxieties about medical experimentation – we turn to the first cinematic portrayal of face transplantation, in Georges Franju’s horror classic Les Yeux sans Visage (Eyes Without a Face, 1959). An exploration of Franju’s sources suggests a more complicated relationship between medical innovations and their cultural contexts and highlights the changing significance of the face as a site of medical and aesthetic intervention.

scholarly journals Profession or passion?: Teaching Chinese in London Chinese complementary schools

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danlu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Professional Role ◽  
Insufficient Attention ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Teaching Chinese ◽  
Do So

As academic interest in Chinese complementary schools has grown, insufficient attention has been paid to the role and experiences of teachers working in these schools. This paper has drawn from accounts of Chinese complementary schoolteachers in London, together with the author's personal experiences of working as a teacher in one such school. The paper analyses recent changes in the demographic of these schools and also the changing discourse field that surrounds them. The discussion then progresses to consideration of the impact of these changes upon Chinese complementary schools, especially with regard to teachers' experience. This paper examines the pattern of professional training that exists among this growing segment of teachers, identifying issues for the future. The paper asks why it is that so many teachers who bring very positive commitment and engagement to their professional role do so in the face of poor funding and pay. Finally, the paper focuses on new challenges for teachers in their classrooms with the aim of providing directions for future development and research.

Motherhood and Maternalism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorelle Semley
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
African Women ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
The Impact

The nature of motherhood and maternalism in Africa challenges perceptions and assumptions about women, families, and societies in unexpected ways. Across Africa, motherhood has operated as an institution and ideology that shaped social, economic, and political organization, especially before European colonialism expanded across the continent during the late 19th century. The sociocultural significance of biological motherhood and childrearing remains an important theme in the study of the past and the present as African women form families, sometimes outside of the bonds of marriage. Ideas about biological motherhood have also shifted to address health, disease, and sexuality. African women and men are reimagining motherhood in the face of diverse issues such as infertility, the impact of HIV/AIDS, and an emergent, self-identified LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) community. Similarly, maternalism in Africa extends beyond the common focus on issues such as women’s rights, reproductive health, or children’s education. Maternalist politics in Africa in the 20th and 21st centuries have addressed broader political questions such as state policies, housing, and infrastructure, often with an internationalist vision. Taken together, motherhood and maternalism in Africa not only encompass personal and emotional realms often associated with both terms but also bridge historical and political questions, including ones about belonging and citizenship in an interconnected world.

scholarly journals Hepatozoon canis in three imported dogs: a new tickborne disease reaching the United Kingdom

2018 ◽  
Vol 183 (23) ◽  
pp. 716-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charalampos Attipa ◽  
David Maguire ◽  
Laia Solano-Gallego ◽  
Balazs Szladovits ◽  
Emily N Barker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Hepatozoon Canis ◽  
Canine Babesiosis ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Canine Population ◽  
The Face ◽  
South East England ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

An increasing number of non-endemic vectorborne pathogens have been described in dogs imported to the UK in the past two decades. Recently, an outbreak of canine babesiosis in south-east England has raised veterinary awareness with regard to the impact of such diseases on the UK canine population. Canine hepatozoonosis, caused by Hepatozoon canis and transmitted by the ingestion of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, is widespread in the Mediterranean basin. Herein we describe the first three molecularly confirmed clinical cases of canine hepatozoonosis in dogs imported into the UK. Veterinarians in the UK should be aware of H canis as a potential infection in imported dogs, especially in the face of the expanding distribution of R sanguineus ticks in Europe.

Why Would You Do It? Age and Motivation to Become a Fire Service Volunteer

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim McLennan ◽  
Adrian Birch
Keyword(s):  
Fire Service ◽  
Community Safety ◽  
Australian Society ◽  
Older Volunteers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Community Contribution ◽  
Service Volunteer ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Volunteer Fire Service ◽  
Do So

AbstractAustralian communities are very dependent on volunteer-based fire services for protection against fires and other hazards. However, overall volunteer numbers have declined significantly over the past decade, due mostly to the impact of economic and demographic changes on Australian society. One effect of these is that volunteer fire service memberships are ageing. Little is known with certainty about what motivates individuals to become fire service volunteers. A survey of 455 CFA volunteers suggested that those who volunteer do so because of a mix of community-safety, community-contribution, and self-oriented motivations. It appears that younger volunteers are more likely to be motivated by self-oriented perceived benefits from volunteering compared with older volunteers. However, they are no less motivated, on average, by community-safety concerns and community contribution desires than are older volunteers.

Art as Civic Inspiration

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
David Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Work Functioning ◽  
The Past ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Do So

Today as in the past, artists often produce works of art to foster civic agendas of one sort or another, sometimes affirming and sometimes critiquing contemporary attitudes. To what degree is engaging with civically inflected art likely to have the desired impact? We develop an analogy between the work of Ellen Winner and colleagues questioning the impact of studying art on performance in other academic areas. We suggest that, in many cases of civically inflected art, transfer of the desired message is implausible, recognizing difficulties of changing people’s minds in general, of how art specifically might do so, and how superficially art is often engaged. We urge that civically impactful encounters with art, which certainly occur, require not just a landing pad character—the impact deriving from imbibing the work—but rather a launching pad character—the work functioning as a starting point for discussion, reflection, and exploration.

Digital Exclusion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Susskind
Keyword(s):  
Computer Literacy ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Court System ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Face ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Common Objection ◽  
Digital Exclusion ◽  
Do So

A common objection to online courts is that their use will demand access to the internet and a level of computer literacy that many citizens do not have. The concern here is that if the only route to the court system and so to justice is via technology, then this will effectively exclude all those who do not use technology or cannot do so proficiently. Online courts, it is feared, will be a new obstacle to justice. On the face of it, this is a robust and important challenge. I argue in this chapter, however, that it is often overstated. If we unpack and analyse the various apprehensions here, it transpires that there is more noise than signal in this objection. However, there is clearly a case to answer and in offering my response to the question of digital exclusion, this leads me to raise some broader questions of exclusion which have largely been overlooked in the past.

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