Slavery as Social Mobility? Western Slaves in Late Eighteenth Century Algiers

Rough Waters ◽  
2010 ◽  
pp. 207-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine E. Sears
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Career Advancement ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Relative Success ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the relationship between American merchants and diplomats and Barbary corsairs in the late-eighteenth century, by offering a case study of two American prisoners who managed to escape slavery and go on to become American consuls. Captain Richard O’Brien and Seaman James L. Cathcart used the connections they established during enslavement and the knowledge they gained of North Africa to expand their networks and gain their consul positions in an unusual but successful manner. It determines that both men managed to utilise their skillsets and networks they developed during enslavement as means of career advancement, and held positions normally reserved for non-sailors with relative success.

The Romanesca as a Spiritual Sign in the Operas of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven

2020 ◽  
pp. 163-192
Author(s):  
Olga Sánchez-Kisielewska
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Spiritual Dimension ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the role of a musical pattern, the Romanesca schema, as a signifier of spiritual meanings in opera. It addresses the relationship between the Romanesca and the hymn topic and argues that the schema, semantically empty in its origins, acquired in the late eighteenth century connotations of ceremony, solemnity, alterity, and even transcendence. Several vignettes from operas by Haydn and Mozart illustrate how composers deployed the pattern in scenes depicting worship, prayers, and ritual actions. Beethoven’s Fidelio occupies the final section, a case study that shows the Romanesca interacting with other elements of the musical structure for expressive purposes. The chapter provides a novel interpretation of certain moments of the opera, suggesting that Beethoven relied on the sacred implications of the Romanesca—arguably available to historical listeners—to intensify the spiritual dimension of the drama.

scholarly journals La Población De La Jurisdicción De Ixmiquilpan A Través Del Padrón De Revillagigedo,1791

Xihmai ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Verenice Cipatli Ramí­rez Calva
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Sheep Breeding ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Main Activity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Los Grupos

Resumen Durante los siglos XVI y XVII la población de la jurisdicción de Ixmiquilpan tení­a dos actividades económicas importantes: la crí­a de ganado menor y el cultivo. Este panorama se transforma radicalmente hacia finales del siglo XVIII; para entonces eran contados los pueblos que se dedicaban a la agricultura, en cambio, abundaban los asentamientos cuya principal actividad era la arrierí­a. En las zonas cercanas a las minas los oficios principales eran los de jornalero, minero o arriero de metales; mientras que en los lugares donde no habí­a cultivos ni posibilidades de vender la fuerza de trabajo en labores agrí­colas o mineras, una opción viable era el tallado y tejido de la lechuguilla. El estudio del padrón 1791 nos permite adentrarnos en estos aspectos e, incluso, conocer la composición étnica, el parentesco entre los miembros y edades de los grupos domésticos. Palabras clave: Ixmiquilpan, padrones, siglo XVIII, economí­a.   Abstract During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the population of the jurisdiction of Ixmiquilpan had two major economic activities: sheep breeding and farming. This view changed radically in the late eighteenth century, by which time there were few people engaged in farming, however, there were many settlements whose main activity was the mule driving. In areas near the mines were the main occupations of laborers, miners, or carriers of metals, while in places where there was no chance of selling crops or the labor force in agriculture or mining, an option was the carving and lettuce tissue.   The study of the 1791 census allows us to get into these issues and even know the ethnic composition, the relationship between members and ages of family groups. Keywords: Ixmiquilpan, census, century  XVIII, economy.

scholarly journals Interpretations of Emanuel Swedenborg’s image of the afterlife in the novel Oneiron by Laura Lindstedt

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiina Mahlamäki ◽  
Tomas Mansikka
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Postmodern Novel ◽  
Western Esotericism ◽  
The Relationship

This article discusses the relationship between Western esotericism and literature. As an example of a secular author who uses and benefits from esoteric texts, ideas and thoughts as resources in creating a literary artwork, the article analyses Laura Lindstedt’s novel Oneiron. A Fantasy About the Seconds After Death (2015). It contextualises the novel within the frames of Western esotericism and literature, focusing on Emanuel Swedenborg’s impact on discourses of the afterlife in literature. Laura Lindstedt’s postmodern novel indicates various ways that esoteric ideas, themes, and texts can work as resources for authors of fiction in twenty-first century Finland. Since the late eighteenth century Swedenborg’s influence has been evident in literature and among artists, especially in providing resources for other-worldly imagery. Oneiron proves that the ideas of Swedenborg are still part of the memory of Western culture and literature.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Philosophy And Literature ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Relationship

This introductory chapter provides context for the volume’s subsequent contributions on Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship on a variety of levels. It begins by explaining its aims with regard to the relationship between philosophy and literature. It then locates Goethe’s novel within this set of aims in three ways: first, by providing a brief outline of Goethe’s career; second, by locating his novel in the literary-historical context of late eighteenth-century Europe; and third, by outlining the connections between the Goethe of Wilhelm Meister and specific philosophers and thinkers who influenced his thought and for whom his work was in turn influential.

Trends in the Study of Medieval Hebrew Literature

AJS Review ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 125-141
Author(s):  
Dan Pagis
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Hebrew Literature ◽  
Hebrew Poetry ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Medieval Hebrew

The vast body of premodern Hebrew literature is usually termed “medieval“—a somewhat misleading term, partly based on the assumption that in most countries the Jewish Middle Ages lasted until the Emancipation in the eighteenth century. However, as is well known, this literature was by no means monolithic. It comprised such disparate schools and styles as portions of the liturgy dating back to late Roman times, the Palestinian and Eastern piyyut (liturgical poetry) of the Byzantine and Moslem periods, the famed Hebrew-Spanish school and its ramifications or parallel schools in Provence, North Africa, Turkey, and the Yemen, other important centers like Germany and France, and an entire millennium of Hebrew poetry in Italy whose later stages coincided with, and were influenced by, the Renaissance and the Baroque. Israel Davidson's monumental bibliography, entitled in English Thesaurus of Hebrew Mediaeval Poetry, actually spans more than a millennium and a half, or, as its Hebrew title states, “from the canonization of the Bible to the beginning of the period of Enlightenment” (in the late eighteenth century). Alternative terms to “medieval” seem scarcely clearer; “postbiblical” tacitly and misleadingly excludes the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, while “premodern” includes the Bible.

The Eye of his Master: Children and Charity Schools

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 363-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

The aim of this paper is to examine the evidence from a number of charity schools, for attitudes towards the childhood of the ‘poorer sort’ in the early eighteenth century. Conventionally it has been claimed that lack of affection, and even brutality, characterized the relationship between parents, especially fathers, and their children. Lawrence Stone, in particular, has promoted the view that, as a result of the very high mortality rate among children until the late eighteenth century, parents did not invest much affection in them in order to insulate themselves from the sorrow resulting from their likely deaths before reaching adulthood. This view was also taken by Ivy Pinchbeck and Margaret Hewitt. They pointed out the formality of address seen in letters between children and parents of the upper classes, and suggested that cruelty to children and flogging was commonplace at all levels of society. These views have been challenged by Linda Pollock, who has suggested that, when examined carefully, the evidence suggests that, from the sixteenth century at least, nearly all children seem to have been wanted, loved, and cared for. She claims that the majority of children were not subject to brutality, and that physical punishment was used relatively infrequently and as a last resort. Pollock suggests that from the eighteenth century onwards parents were much concerned with ‘training’ a child in order to ensure that he or she absorbed correct values and beliefs and would grow into a model citizen.

HERMENEUTICS AND THE NEW FORMENLEHRE: AN INTERPRETATION OF HAYDN'S ‘OXFORD’ SYMPHONY, FIRST MOVEMENT

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW RILEY
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
Human Action ◽  
First Century ◽  
Sonata Form ◽  
Primary Mode ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Twenty First Century

This article establishes a dialogue between twenty-first-century music theory and historical modes of enquiry, adapting the new Formenlehre (Caplin, Hepokoski/Darcy) to serve a historically oriented hermeneutics. An analytical case study of the first movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 92 (1789) traces the changing functional meanings of the opening ‘caesura prolongation phrase’. The substance of the exposition consists largely of things functionally ‘before-the-beginning’ and ‘after-the-end’, while the recapitulation follows a logic of suspense and surprise, keeping the listener continually guessing. The analysis calls into question Hepokoski and Darcy's restriction of the mode of signification of sonata-form movements to the narration of human action. The primary mode of signification of the recapitulation is indexical: it stands as the effect of a human cause. This account matches late eighteenth-century concepts of ‘genius’.

JEAN-PAUL MARAT'S THE CHAINS OF SLAVERY IN BRITAIN AND FRANCE, 1774–1833

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
RACHEL HAMMERSLEY
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
British Commonwealth

Originally published in London in 1774 and subsequently republished in French in 1793 and 1833, Marat's The chains of slavery offers an interesting case study on the exchange of ideas between Britain and France during the late eighteenth century. It is suggested that the key to understanding this hitherto neglected work lies in reading it alongside other publications by Marat from the 1770s and in setting it firmly in the context in which it was published and disseminated in both Britain and France. Prompted by debates surrounding the election of 1774, the work embodies Marat's own particular version of the British commonwealth tradition, and can be linked to the Wilkite movement in both Newcastle and London. Despite its British origins, Marat and his followers were able to utilize the work after 1789 in order to engage in a number of French debates. It thus constitutes one of the means by which English republican ideas made their way across the Channel.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document