What is the complementary method of subtraction?: Is it of interest today?

1963 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 262-267
Author(s):  
Gunnar Sausjord
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mathematical History ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Times ◽  
The One

Any attempt to revive interest in “the complementary method of subtraction” may seem somewhat futile and, mathematically, somewhat out of tune with the times. On the one hand, the issue of the relative merits of different subtraction methods may be considered by some people as an issue which long since has been resolved and happily put to a welldeserved rest. On the other hand, the recent emphasis on the “inverse addition” relationship may have prompted many people to look toward the addi tive method of subtraction with renewed interest and expectations. But why exhume a method whose brief popularity in 18th-century America is one of the less known facts of mathematical history?

scholarly journals THE CRITICISM OF LITERALISM IN READING THE QUR'AN THROUGH NASR HAMID ABU ZAYD HERMENEUTICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naupal Naupal
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Hermeneutic Circle ◽  
Text Interpretation ◽  
Arab Culture ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Interpretation Process ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Times ◽  
The One

Abu Zayd believes that understanding the Qur'an is not limited to explanations or comments. It involves an interpretation process for capturing the significance (maghza) from the literal text. Interpretation also requires a presupposition that the Qur'an itself does not produce literal absolutes and certainty. The presupposition needs an interpretation that illustrates the possibility of accepting the diversity of Qur'anic interpretations in the times. By using Abu Zayd's hermeneutics, the Qur'an is an icon of Islam and at the same time a representation of Arab culture itself which is not necessarily literally absolute, but is open to interpretation. Hans Georg Gadamer's hermeneutic circle that inspired Hermeneutics of Abu Zayd emphasized that in understanding and applying the meanings of the text, the subject played a role in the text rather than the other way around. This study aims to open opportunities that the Qur'an on the one hand is an objective thing seen from the content of its truth, that is seen from its universal message, but on the other hand it is subjective, because it is bound by the interpretation of the text. This research is also intended to avoid the sacredness of the ordination of a single interpretation of the Qur'an which has resulted in the emergence of fundamentalism which has recently become so prevalent in global Islamic societies, not least in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Kontrrewolucyjna idea Europy. Rozważania Edmunda Burke’a o tożsamości europejskiej

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Romuald Rydz
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Edmund Burke ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Revolution

1 listopada 1790 r. w Londynie został opublikowany jeden z najważniejszych tek­stów osiemnastowiecznej brytyjskiej myśli politycznej. Autorem dzieła znanego pod skróconym ty­tułem jako Rozważania o rewolucji we Francji był Edmund Burke — jeden z najbardziej znanych wigowskich posłów zasiadających w Izbie Gmin. Choć Burke w Rozważaniach występował przede wszystkim jako obrońca brytyjskiego porządku i zwyczaju politycznego, to zarówno w tym dziele, jak i wielu następnych tekstach można zauważyć, że przedmiotem jego troski była także wspólnota europejska. Wydaje się, że autor Rozważań jako je­den z pierwszych przedstawicieli ówczesnego świata polityki dostrzegł w rewolucyjnej gorączce roz­przestrzeniającej się z Paryża groźbę dla całej Europy. Owo niebezpieczeństwo Burke porównywał, z jednej strony, do fali barbarzyństwa, która zalała Rzym i zniszczyła cywilizację antyczną w okresie wędrówki ludów, z drugiej zaś — przypisywał mu cechy rewolucji religijnej, podobnej do tej, któ-ra podzieliła kontynent w XVI i XVII stuleciu. Było to więc w jego opinii podwójne zagrożenie, które mogło zniszczyć zarówno podstawy materialne Europy, jak i jej kościec kulturowy.A counter-revolutionary idea of Europe. Edmund Burke’s reflections on European identityOn 1st November 1790, one of the most important texts of the 18th century British political thought was published in London. The author of the work, known under the shortened title as Reflections on the Revolution in France, was Edmund Burke, one of the best-known Whigs sitting in the House of Commons. Although in Reflections Burke was above all a defender of the British order and political custom, it can be noticed, both in this work and many subsequent texts, that he was also concerned for Euro­pean community. It seems that the author of Reflections was among the first representatives of the world of politics at that time who viewed the revolutionary fever that was spreading from Paris as a threat to the whole Europe. Burke compared this danger, on the one hand, to the Barbarian wave that had flooded Rome and destroyed the antique civilisation in the Migrations Period, while on the other hand he ascribed it characteristics of a religious revolution, similar to the one that divided the continent in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thus, it was, in his opinion, a double threat. It could destroy both the material foundations of Europe and its cultural core.

scholarly journals W kręgu późnobarokowej zootanatologii. Trzy próbki literackie Jana Ludwika Platera

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 135-141
Author(s):  
Dorota Samborska-Kukuć
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

A manuscript collection, literary Miscellanea, from the 18th century, which is in the possession of the Ossolineum Library, contains works written by Jan Ludwik Plater (ca. 1670–1736), a Livonian voivode. Three poems about little domestic animals, and more specifically – their dying, are worth the attention. The author, who was an educated man, wrote elegies for the death of the ‘turkey court’ favourites, following the model of ancient (Catullus, Ovid) and old‑Polish (Kochanowski, Szymonowic) writers. He wrote light and graceful poems, which contain the features of an elegy but are also decorative in the Rococo style; on the one hand they ‘commemorate’ ephemeral beings, on the other hand they provoke thought on the universality of death. 

scholarly journals »… sie bitten, sie weinen, sie drohen« – Emotionen in katholischen Ehedispensverfahren vom ausgehenden 18. bis zum Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts

Administory ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Margareth Lanzinger
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
The One ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Abstract The points of departure for the contribution are the Catholic Church’s prohibition of consanguineous and affinal marriage and the practice of dispensation with a geographic focus on the Diocese of Brixen, which comprised parts of historical Tyrol and Vorarlberg during the period of study. Granting dispensation was and remained an act of grace, even when government regulations began to interfere in administrative procedures in the late 18th century. The amount of dispensation applications regarding close degrees of consanguinity and affinity significantly increased during this time. Emotions were an integral part of these proceedings. Two central areas of interest are: What were the effects of recording emotions in the dispensation paperwork, and how were the ways that emotions were described in writing expressed in social interactions? The hypothesis of this study is that applicants tried using emotions as instruments for expediting their applications on the one hand, and that lower-level clergy used the practice of recording emotions in order to legitimize supporting dispensation applicants on the other hand.

Ein guter Hirte und Bürokrat oder: Was macht einen kompetenten Bischof aus?

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-294
Author(s):  
Andreea Badea
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Administrative Reform ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Elite Recruitment

A Good Shepherd and Bureaucrat or: What Makes a Good Bishop? Elite Recruitment as the Purpose of Roman Administrative Reform in the Late 17th Century Religious reforms characterized the Italian episcopacy during the 18th century. This article aims to show that these reforms were not so much driven by ideational issues but were the result of a lasting administrative reform. In 1676, Innocent XI had started a comprehensive process of bureaucratisation in the Roman Curia with the help of his auditor Giovanni Battista de Luca. Within this larger process, the pope appointed de Luca secretary of a new congregation that was supposed to select the most suitable candidates for Italian episcopal sees. Although this congregation was entitled to make decisions only in a few minor cases (since, in most Italian territories, the pope did not choose the new bishops) and although it worked only for about four years, it achieved long-term success. On the one hand, de Luca developed procedures that provided a permanent boost to the bureaucratisation process; on the other hand, he presented this new policy to a broad readership through his books. However, he did not describe his reforms as innovations but as a reconfiguration of the bureaucratic status quo in the Curia.

„Ein Arzneibuch für alle Rezepte“ (Paolo Mattia Doria)

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-494
Author(s):  
Gisela Schlüter
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Level ◽  
The Political ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Summary „A pharmacopoeia for any prescription“ (Paolo Mattia Doria).Machiavelliana after 1700 Recent research has gained many new insights into Machiavelli’s influence on Early Modern European political history. This article focuses on a so far little researched, but decisive stage in the history of Machiavelli’s influence, namely Paolo Mattia Doria’s treatise „La Vita Civile“ (1709/10; further editions in the 18th century), which was written in Naples, a centre of the Early European Enlightenment. In a peculiar mixture of anti-machiavellism that is inspired by Platonic thought and allegiance to Machiavellian ideas, Doria follows the structure and texture of Machiavelli’s „Il Principe“. The political treatise is still coloured by humanist ideas and includes a speculum principis („L’Educazione del Principe“). Despite the similarities, Doria criticizes Machiavelli’s amoral analysis of power politics and postulates, with reference to Machiavelli’s „Discorsi“, an ideal republic or a principality of virtue with a virtuous ruler (principe virtuoso) at the top. In the course of his analysis, Doria re-moralizes Machiavelli’s morally neutral, praxeological concept of virtù. The treatise reflects the fork in the history of Machiavelli’s influence both on a general level and in its details: the ambivalence of „Il Principe“ as political advice for the successful and unscrupulous prince on the one hand but, on the other hand, as an exposure of unscrupulous power politics, written modo obliquo by the passionate Republican whom Rousseau, for example, wanted to see in Machiavelli.

scholarly journals Toponymy of Russian Mining Settlements of the Komi Republic in the 21st Century Records

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-223
Author(s):  
Yulia A. Krasheninnikova ◽  
◽  
Svetlana G. Nizovtseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Memory ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Russian North ◽  
Iron Mining ◽  
The Times ◽  
The One ◽  
Hunting And Fishing

The paper deals with the toponymic material recorded in 2008–2019 from the Russian population of the mining settlements of Nyvchim, Kazhym, and Nychpas. All these small towns emerged due to iron mining development in the Komi Republic of the mid-18th century and the workforce migration from the central and northern parts of Russia related thereto. Analyzing the data from local toponymic systems, the authors discover motivations behind the local microtoponymy and the peculiarities of present-day place names in the region. Beyond that, the study deals with the names of intra-rural parts and periphery areas assimilated for economic, fishing, and other types of activities. Several groups of unofficial microtoponyms were highlighted: 1) titled by name/surname of the owner or user 2) referring to landscape and location features 3) situational microtoponyms. On the one hand, the analysis testifies to the adoption of Finno-Ugric names (hydronomy, above all) on the territory of the Russian mining settlements in the Komi Republic. On the other hand, in the times of territory reclamation, there is an increase of Russian-based naming establishing territorial law, regulating agrarian, hunting, and fishing activities, helping residents to navigate. Some Russian names attest to the deep cultural memory of the settlers, the continuity of naming traditions which refer to the territories of exodus and maternal culture. Characteristically, the toponymic system of Russian mining settlements in the Komi Republic shows a far smaller proportion of names related to religion, cults, and mythology compared to the rest of the Russian North.

IDEOLOGIA E TRADIÇÃO DOS USUáRIOS NA AMAZá”NIA COLONIAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 247-265
Author(s):  
LUCAS ENDRIGO BRUNOZI AVELAR
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Ideology ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Resumo:  Neste texto procuramos indicar como os portadores de uma ideologia religiosa de origem medieval descreveram a embriaguez dos povos indá­genas na Amazônia do século 18. Privilegiamos o exame dos relatos contidos na obra  Tesouro Descoberto no Máximo Rio Amazonas,  do jesuá­ta português João Daniel. Procuramos apontar as contradições e aproximações estabelecidas entre, de um lado, uma colonização fundada na produção e comércio de drogas e na tradição alimentar católica assentada no vinho e no pão, e, de outro, uma ideologia do abuso elaborada para dar conta da tradição indá­gena de ingestão de bebidas e substá¢ncias extraá­das da floresta.Palavras-chave:  Amazônia Colonial. Embriaguez. Drogas. Missionários.IDEOLOGY AND TRADITION OF DRUG USERS IN THE COLONIAL AMAZONIA  Abstract:  In this text, we seek to indicate how the bearers of a religious ideology of medieval origin described the drunkenness of the indigenous peoples in the 18th century Amazon. We privileged the analysis of the accounts of the work ”Tesouro Descoberto no Máximo Rio Amazonas” by the Portuguese Jesuit, João Daniel. Highlighting the contradictions and approximations established between, on the one hand, a colonization based on the production and commerce of drugs and Catholic food tradition based on wine and bread, and on the other hand, an ideology of abuse elaborated to account for the indigenous tradition of drinks ingestion and substances extracted from the forest.Keywords:  Colonial Amazon. Drunkenness. Drugs. Missionaries.IDEOLOGáA Y TRADICIÓN DE LOS USUARIOS EN LA AMAZONIA COLONIAL  Resumen: En este texto buscamos señalar como los portadores de una ideologá­a religiosa de origen medieval describieron la embriaguez de los pueblos indá­genas en la Amazonia del siglo 18. Privilegiamos el examen de los relatos contenidos en la obra  Tesouro Descoberto no Máximo Rio Amazonas,  del jesuita portugués João Daniel. Apuntamos las contradicciones y aproximaciones establecidas entre, de un lado, una colonización fundada en la producción y comercio de drogas y en la tradición alimentar católica basada en el vino y en el pan, y, de otro, una ideologá­a del abuso elaborada para dar cuenta de la tradición indá­gena de ingestión de bebidas y sustancias extraá­das de la floresta.Palabras clave:  Amazonia Colonial. Embriaguez. Drogas. Misioneros.IDÉOLOGIE ET TRADITION DES USAGERS DANS L”™AMAZONIE COLONIALE  Résumé:  Dans ce texte, nous voulons étudier comment les missionnaires européens, porteurs d'une idéologie religieuse d'origine médiévale, ont décrit l'ivresse des peuples de l'Amazonie au XVIIIá¨me  siá¨cle. Nous y analysons en particulier les récits contenus dans l'Å“uvre  Tesouro Descoberto no Máximo Rio Amazonas  du jésuite portugais João Daniel. Nous y mettons en avant les tensions et les relations existant entre, d'une part, une entreprise de colonisation fondée sur la production et le commerce de drogues et sur la tradition alimentaire catholique dont la base était le pain et le vin et d”™autre part, une idéologie de l'abus élaborée pour rendre compte de la tradition indigá¨ne de consommation de boissons et de substances extraites de la forêt.Mots-clés: Amazonie Coloniale. Ivresse. Drogues. Missionnaires.

Ethnicity and Confession in Bukovina in the Sources from the Turn of the 18th century

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (46) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Melchior Jakubowski
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Catholic Churches ◽  
Roman Catholics

In the descriptions of Bukovуna as the new Habsburg province and in the records of the Roman Catholic Church various terms for ethnicity have functioned, sophisticatedly related to the religious denominations. Either all Orthodox inhabitants were described as Moldavians, or a difference between Orthodox Moldavians and Orthodox Ruthenians was marked. For Ruthenians (Orthodox and Greek Catholic) and their language there was no common name. All Roman Catholics were sometimes considered as Germans and Hungarians. Despite that, Catholic Church in Bukovуna from its beginning was multi-ethnic and multi-language. The ambiguity of terms is shown by the problem with distinguishing Catholic Poles and Slovaks. On the other hand, there was even a case of mistaking Ruthenians for Poles. Ethnicity and confession in Bukovina were entangled with each other, but with no strict connection, like the one functioning in Galicia (Polish Roman Catholics and Ruthenian Greek Catholics). The situation was much more complicated. The mixture of ethnicities among the faithful in both Orthodox and Catholic Churches was a factor of highest importance for the development of famous Bukovуnian tolerance. Keywords: Bukovina, ethnicity, religion, terminology

From Red Ruthenia to Rawa Mazowiecka: the Works of the Anonymous “Master of Pełczyska” as a Contribution to the Geography of Rococo Sculpture in Mazovia

Ikonotheka ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 211-240
Author(s):  
Michał Wardzyński
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Fourth Quarter ◽  
The Other ◽  
North West ◽  
External Influences ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Current Stage

Current research on Rococo sculpture in Mazovia and northern Lesser Poland has not taken into consideration Lvov Rococo sculpture. A total of thirteen works by a yet unidentified woodcarving workshop, probably of Lvov provenance, was located at the intersection of these two artistic regions, in the vicinity of Końskie, Opoczno, Przysucha and Rawa Mazowiecka. Its activity, commenced after 1780 in Pełczyska near Wiślica, lasted until ca. 1800, when the reredoses and lesser works of sculpture in Studzianna-Poświętne, Skrzyńsko, Nowy Kazanów, Końskie, Gowarczów, Drzewica, Rawa and Regnów were created. In formal terms, the anonymous “Master of Pełczyska”, as an epigone of the Lvov school of Rococo sculpture, shows a far-reaching dependency on the style of sculptures similar to that in the side altar of the Virgin Mary of Dzików in Tarnogród, in the Zamoyski family fee tail. This reredos was indirectly attributed to master Franciszek Olędzki from Lvov (active since 1771, d. 1792). The oeuvre of the “Master of Pełczyska” constitutes the second-largest assembly of Lvov Rococo sculptures outside the historical Ruthenian lands of the Crown of Poland. At the current stage of research, the discussed works, located at the intersection of the former Sandomierz and Rawa voivodeships, indicate the maximal influential range of these remarkably mobile artists towards the north-west of the Crown of Poland. Their migrations were directly connected, on the one hand, with the artistic crisis that followed the First Partition of the Commonwealth in 1772 and the annexation of Lvov by Austria, and, on the other hand, with the liquidation of monasteries after 1780 and the termination of existing ecclesiastic commissions. The short-lived activity of this workshop in the vicinity of Rawa is an important contribution to the research on the mosaic of external influences on provincial late Rococo sculpture in the fourth quarter of the 18th century in Mazovia.

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