The Effects of Mathematics Preparation and Mathematics Attitudes on College Calculus Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-125
Author(s):  
Gerhard Sonnert ◽  
Melissa D. Barnett ◽  
Philip M. Sadler
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Mathematics Attitudes ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Mathematics Preparation ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
College Calculus

Students’ attitudes toward mathematics and the strength of their mathematics preparation typically go hand in hand such that their specific effects are difficult to disentangle. Employing the method of propensity weighting of a continuous variable, we built hierarchical linear models in which mathematics attitudes and preparation are uncorrelated. Data used came from a national survey of U.S. college students taking introductory calculus (N = 5,676). A 1-standard-deviation increase in mathematics preparation predicted a 4.72-point higher college calculus grade, whereas a 1-­standard-deviation increase in mathematics attitudes resulted in a 3.15-point gain. Thus, the effect of mathematics preparation was about 1.5 times that of mathematics attitudes. The two variables did not interact, nor was there any interaction between gender and these variables.

The Effects of Mathematics Preparation and Mathematics Attitudes on College Calculus Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-125
Author(s):  
Gerhard Sonnert ◽  
Melissa D. Barnett ◽  
Philip M. Sadler
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Mathematics Attitudes ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Mathematics Preparation ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
College Calculus

Students’ attitudes toward mathematics and the strength of their mathematics preparation typically go hand in hand such that their specific effects are difficult to disentangle. Employing the method of propensity weighting of a continuous variable, we built hierarchical linear models in which mathematics attitudes and preparation are uncorrelated. Data used came from a national survey of U.S. college students taking introductory calculus ( N = 5,676). A 1-standard-deviation increase in mathematics preparation predicted a 4.72-point higher college calculus grade, whereas a 1-­standard-deviation increase in mathematics attitudes resulted in a 3.15-point gain. Thus, the effect of mathematics preparation was about 1.5 times that of mathematics attitudes. The two variables did not interact, nor was there any interaction between gender and these variables.

scholarly journals Pharmacogenetic Polygenic Risk Score for Bronchodilator Response in Children and Adolescents with Asthma: Proof-of-Concept

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Joanne E. Sordillo ◽  
Sharon M. Lutz ◽  
Michael J. McGeachie ◽  
Jessica Lasky-Su ◽  
Scott T. Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Polygenic Risk Score ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Polygenic Risk ◽  
Bronchodilator Response ◽  
Children With Asthma

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of response to asthma medications have primarily focused on Caucasian populations, with findings that may not be generalizable to minority populations. We derived a polygenic risk score (PRS) for response to albuterol as measured by bronchodilator response (BDR), and examined the PRS in a cohort of Hispanic school-aged children with asthma. We leveraged a published GWAS of BDR to identify relevant genetic variants, and ranked the top variants according to their Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD) scores. Variants with CADD scores greater than 10 were used to compute the PRS. Once we derived the PRS, we determined the association of the PRS with BDR in a cohort of Hispanic children with asthma (the Genetics of Asthma in Costa Rica Study (GACRS)) in adjusted linear regression models. Mean BDR in GACRS participants was5.6% with a standard deviation of 10.2%. We observed a 0.63% decrease in BDR in response to albuterol for a standard deviation increase in the PRS (p = 0.05). We also observed decreased odds of a BDR response at or above the 12% threshold for a one standard deviation increase in the PRS (OR = 0.80 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.95)). Our findings show that combining variants from a pharmacogenetic GWAS into a PRS may be useful for predicting medication response in asthma.

scholarly journals Longitudinal association between CRP levels and risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele F. Osimo ◽  
Luke Baxter ◽  
Jan Stochl ◽  
Benjamin I. Perry ◽  
Stephen A. Metcalf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Incident Cases

AbstractMeta-analyses of cross-sectional studies suggest that patients with psychosis have higher circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) compared with healthy controls; however, cause and effect is unclear. We examined the prospective association between CRP levels and subsequent risk of developing a psychotic disorder by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Databases were searched for prospective studies of CRP and psychosis. We obtained unpublished results, including adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, and socioeconomic status and suspected infection (CRP > 10 mg/L). Based on random effect meta-analysis of 89,792 participants (494 incident cases of psychosis at follow-up), the pooled odds ratio (OR) for psychosis for participants with high (>3 mg/L), as compared to low (≤3 mg/L) CRP levels at baseline was 1.50 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–2.07). Evidence for this association remained after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted OR [aOR] = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.03–1.66). After excluding participants with suspected infection, the OR for psychosis was 1.36 (95% CI, 1.06–1.74), but the association attenuated after controlling for confounders (aOR = 1.23; 95% CI, 0.95–1.60). Using CRP as a continuous variable, the pooled OR for psychosis per standard deviation increase in log(CRP) was 1.11 (95% CI, 0.93–1.34), and this association further attenuated after controlling for confounders (aOR = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.90–1.27) and excluding participants with suspected infection (aOR = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.92–1.24). There was no association using CRP as a categorical variable (low, medium or high). While we provide some evidence of a longitudinal association between high CRP (>3 mg/L) and psychosis, larger studies are required to enable definitive conclusions.

scholarly journals Atrial fibrillation progression risk factors and associated cardiovascular outcome in well-phenotyped patients: data from the AF-RISK study

EP Europace ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben R De With ◽  
Ernaldo G Marcos ◽  
Elton A M P Dudink ◽  
Henri M Spronk ◽  
Harry J G M Crijns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Left Atrial Volume ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ◽  
Atrial Volume ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Recent Onset ◽  
Pai 1

Abstract Aims Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a progressive disease, but identifying patients at risk for AF progression is challenging. We aimed to identify factors associated with AF progression. Methods and results Atrial fibrillation progression was assessed in 392 patients with recent-onset paroxysmal or persistent AF included in the prospective, observational, multicentre identification of a risk profile to guide atrial fibrillation (AF-RISK) study. Progression of AF was assessed by Holter monitoring and 2-week event recorder at baseline and 1-year follow-up. AF progression was defined as: (i) doubling in AF burden at 1 year compared to baseline with a minimum AF burden of 10% in paroxysmal AF; or (ii) transition from paroxysmal to persistent or permanent AF; or (iii) persistent to permanent AF. Age was 60 ± 11 years, 62% were men, and 83% had paroxysmal AF. At 1 year, 52 (13%) had AF progression (11% in paroxysmal; 26% in persistent AF). Multivariable logistic regression showed that left atrial volume [odds ratio (OR) per 10 mL 1.251, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.078–1.450; P < 0.001], N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP; OR per standard deviation increase 1.583, 95% CI 1.099–2.281; P = 0.014), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1; OR per standard deviation increase 0.660, 95% CI 0.472–0.921; P = 0.015) were associated with AF progression. In an additional follow-up of 1.9 (0.9–3.3) years patients with AF progression developed more cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality (12.4%/year vs. 2.3%/year, P < 0.001). Conclusion Atrial fibrillation progression occurred in 13% of patients with recent-onset AF during 1-year follow-up. Left atrial volume, NT-proBNP, and PAI-1 were associated with AF progression. Patients with AF progression had a higher event rate. Trial registration number Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01510210.

scholarly journals Midlife Plasma Aβ and Late-Life Risk of Cognitive Impairment: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 251-252
Author(s):  
Kevin Sullivan ◽  
Chad Blackshear ◽  
A Richey Sharrett ◽  
Rebecca Gottesman ◽  
David Knopman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Cerebral Amyloidosis

Abstract Plasma-based biomarkers of amyloid beta (Aβ), a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease, show promise in predicting cognitive impairment and mapping onto cerebral amyloidosis, but little is known about how midlife plasma Aβ associates with late-life cognitive outcomes. Midlife plasma variants Aβ42 and Aβ40 were measured using a fluorimetric bead-based immunoassay in a subsample of visit 3 ARIC participants (1993-95; n=2585, mean age=59.4±5.2, 57% female, 23% African American). We investigated the relationship between midlife plasma Aβ and late-life mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n=923) and dementia (n=628) diagnosed from 2011-19. Multinomial logistic regressions estimated relative risk ratios (RRR) of MCI, dementia, and death vs normal cognitive status as a function of:(1) Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio, (2) Aβ42 and Aβ40 included as separate terms, and (3) Protected Aβ group (participants with Aβ42≥46 pg/ml and Aβ40 <233 pg/ml). Adjusters included age, sex, education, site-race, and APOE4. Every doubling of midlife plasma Aβ42:Aβ40 up to a threshold of 0.20 was associated with 41% lower risk of developing MCI/dementia in comparison to cognitively normal (RRR=0.59 [95% CI:0.42, 0.82]), with no association for ratio values ≥0.20. Every standard deviation increase in plasma Aβ42 was associated with 17% lower risk of dementia (RRR=0.83 [0.70, 0.99]), whereas every standard deviation increase in plasma Aβ40 was associated with 16% higher risk of MCI (RRR=1.16 [1.02, 1.31]). The protected midlife plasma Aβ group had 86% lower risk of late-life dementia vs all others (RRR=0.14 [0.04, 0.47]). Early measurement of plasma Aβ may prove an accessible and effective population screener for future cognitive impairment.

INVESTIGATION OF ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS STUDYING AT THE FACULTY OF SPORT SCIENCES FIRAT UNIVERSITY TOWARDS SPORT TOURISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (39) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Barış Utku ÖZDEMİR ◽  
Ali Serdar YÜCEL
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Sport Tourism ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sports Tourism ◽  
Package Program ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
Course Variables

Aim: This research was conducted to examine the attitudes of students studying at Fırat University Faculty of Sport Sciences towards sport tourism. Methods: 1091 students participated in the study. In order to examine the students' attitudes towards sports tourism, the attitude scale towards sports tourism (STYTÖ) developed by Kardaş and Sadık (2018) was used. The data obtained were evaluated in the SPSS 22.0 package program. Frequency, mean, standard deviation, one-wayAnova, independent t-test were used to analyze the data. The significance level of the statistics made was accepted as p <.05. Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was determined that the students' attitudes towards sports tourism were at a positive level and there were signifi-cant differences in terms of some variables (age, class, mother and father education level, branch, department, etc.) according to the sub-dimensions of the scale. It was deter-mined that there was no significant difference in terms of gender, marital status and sports tourism course variables. It is predicted that this research will provide an advantage in determining the attitudes of university students who receive sports education towards sports tourism and evaluating the issue in the sectoral field.

scholarly journals Banking and Industrialization

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1753-1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Heblich ◽  
Alex Trew
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Industrial Employment ◽  
Employment Share ◽  
Capital Intensive ◽  
Employment Data

AbstractWe establish a causal role for banking access in the spread of the Industrial Revolution over the period 1817–1881 by exploiting unique employment data from 10,528 parishes across England and Wales and a novel instrument. We estimate that a one standard deviation increase in 1817 finance employment increases annualized industrial employment growth by 0.93 percentage points. We establish the role of structural transformation as an underlying growth mechanism and show that banking access: (i) increases the industrial employment share; (ii) stimulates urbanization; and (iii) fosters inter-industry transition to high TFP, intermediate and capital-intensive sub-sectors.

Can foreign aid free the press?

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
NABAMITA DUTTA ◽  
CLAUDIA R. WILLIAMSON
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Press Freedom ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Mean

AbstractCan foreign aid help free the press? Aid may boost press freedom by incentivizing government to reduce media regulations and provide financial support for infrastructure. Alternatively, foreign aid may prevent press freedom by expanding the role of the state and promoting government over private enterprises. We contend that the magnitude of foreign aid's influence is conditional on the existence of democratic checks. Using panel data from 1994 to 2010, we find evidence suggesting that aid significantly increases press freedom in democracies but insignificantly relates to press freedom in autocracies. Collectively, the results suggest that a standard deviation increase in aid to a country at the mean level of democracy increases press freedom by approximately a 1/20th standard deviation. Overall, the findings suggest that donors should be cautious as most aid recipients are not democratic and aid leads to only relatively small marginal improvements in press freedom.

scholarly journals The Dollar and Corporate Borrowing Costs

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1312) ◽  
pp. 1-64
Author(s):  
Ralf R. Meisenzahl ◽  
◽  
Friederike Niepmann ◽  
Tim Schmidt-Eisenlohr ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Borrowing Costs ◽  
Corporate Borrowing ◽  
Loan Terms ◽  
Syndicated Loan ◽  
Loan Amount

We show that U.S. dollar movements affect syndicated loan terms for U.S. borrowers, even for those without trade exposure. We identify the effect of dollar movements using spread and loan amount adjustments during the syndication process. Using this high-frequency, within loan variation, we find that a one standard deviation increase in the dollar index increases spreads by up to 15 basis points and reduces loan amounts and underpricing by up to 2 percent and 7 basis points, respectively. These effects are concentrated in dollar appreciations. Our results suggest that global factors reflected in the dollar affect U.S. borrowing costs.

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