Two Perspectives on Proportional Relationships: Extending Complementary Origins of Multiplication in Terms of Quantities

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybilla Beckmann ◽  
Andrew Izsák
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Measure Space ◽  
Space Versus ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Space Ratio

In this article, we present a mathematical analysis that distinguishes two distinct quantitative perspectives on ratios and proportional relationships: variable number of fixed quantities and fixed numbers of variable parts. This parallels the distinction between measurement and partitive meanings for division and between two meanings for multiplication—one rooted in counting equal-sized groups, the other in scaling the size of the groups. We argue that (a) the distinction in perspectives is independent from other distinctions in the literature on proportional relationships, including the within measure space versus between measure space ratio distinction; (b) the psychological roots for multiplication suggest the accessibility of the two perspectives to learners; and (c) the fixed numbers of variable parts perspective, though largely overlooked in past research, may provide an important foundation for central topics that build on proportional relationships. We also suggest directions for future empirical research.

scholarly journals Two conceptions of fraction equivalence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pernille Ladegaard Pedersen ◽  
Mette Bjerre
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Rational Numbers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Equivalent Fractions

AbstractIn this study, we present a mathematical analysis distinguishing two conceptions of equivalence: proportional equivalence and unit equivalence. These two conceptions have distinct meanings in relation to equivalent fractions: one is grounded in proportionality, while the other is grounded in equal wholes. We argue that (a) the distinction of equivalence gives a unified framework of equal fractions that has not previously been described in the literature; (b) a conceptual understanding of both fraction equivalences is integral to understanding rational numbers; and (c) knowledge of both conceptions of equivalence is important for developing a conceptual understanding of fraction arithmetic. Past research has largely overlooked the distinction between the two types of equivalence. However, this may provide an important foundation for central topics that build on equivalence, and a better understanding of these two types of equivalence may support a more flexible understanding of fractions. Last, we propose future directions for teaching equivalence in mathematics.

Political Matrix and Political Representation: Prolegomenon to a New Departure from an Old Problem

1969 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Prewitt ◽  
Heinz Eulau
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Past Century ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Political Units ◽  
The One ◽  
Special District

Scholars interested in theorizing about political representation in terms relevant to democratic governance in mid-twentieth century America find themselves in a quandary. We are surrounded by functioning representative institutions, or at least by institutions formally described as representative. Individuals who presumably “represent” other citizens govern some 90 thousand different political units—they sit on school and special district boards, on township and city councils, on county directorates, on state and national assemblies, and so forth. But the flourishing activity of representation has not yet been matched by a sustained effort to explain what makes the representational process tick.Despite the proliferation of representative governments over the past century,theoryabout representation has not moved much beyond the eighteenth-century formulation of Edmund Burke. Certainly most empirical research has been cast in the Burkean vocabulary. But in order to think in novel ways about representative government in the twentieth-century, we may have to admit that present conceptions guiding empirical research are obsolete. This in turn means that the spell of Burke's vocabulary over scientific work on representation must be broken.To look afresh at representation, it is necessary to be sensitive to the unresolved tension between the two main currents of contemporary thinking about representational relationships. On the one hand, representation is treated as a relationship between any one individual, the represented, and another individual, the representative—aninter-individualrelationship. On the other hand, representatives are treated as a group, brought together in the assembly, to represent the interest of the community as a whole—aninter-grouprelationship. Most theoretical formulations since Burke are cast in one or the other of these terms.

Benessere tra differenze e disuguaglianze di genere in salute

2012 ◽  
pp. 95-113
Author(s):  
Rita Biancheri
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Personal History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Welfare Systems ◽  
Life Context ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
Sick Individual

Up to now, in the traditional biomedical paradigm the terms "sex" and "gender" have either been used synonymously and the insertion of gender among the determining elements of conditions of wellbeing/disease has been difficult, and obstructed by disciplinary rigidities that retarded the acceptance of an approach which had already been largely found to be valid in other areas of research. The effected simplification demonstrated its limitations in describing the theme of health; but if, on the one hand, there has been a growing awareness of a subject which can in no way be considered "neutral", on the other hand there continues to be insufficient attention, both in theoretical analysis and in empirical research, given to female differences. The article is intended to support that the sick individual is a person, with his/her genetic heritage, his/her own cultural acquisitions and personal history, and own surrounding life context; but these and similar factors have not traditionally been taken into consideration by official medicine and welfare systems, despite a hoped-for socio-health integration.

Humor Styles in Marriage: How Similar Are Husband and Wife?

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 2331-2347
Author(s):  
Meng-Ning Tsai ◽  
Ching-Lin Wu ◽  
Yu-Lin Chang ◽  
Hsueh-Chih Chen
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Humor Styles ◽  
Cohen’S D ◽  
Humor Style ◽  
Valid Predictor ◽  
Cohen's D

Past research found that similar appreciation for humor exists between spouses, but it is not certain whether this similarity between spouses also exists in kindhearted or malicious humor. The present study investigated the similarity of Taiwanese married couples’ humor styles. Participants included 239 couples (mean age = 42.9 years) who had been married to each other for at least 10 years. We used a traditional Chinese edition of the Humor Styles Questionnaire to measure the humor style and clustered participants’ humor styles in order to examine the similarity between spouses. The results show that husbands have higher tendencies toward aggressive (Cohen’s d = 0.29, p < .01) and self-defeating (Cohen’s d = 0.35, p < .01) humor styles than wives. Results from multilevel modeling indicate that spouses’ aggressive ( p < .001, confidence interval = .17, .41) and self-defeating ( p < .01, confidence interval = .05, .30) humor styles acting as a valid predictor to the other spouses’ negative humor styles. Furthermore, the results show that personal humor styles could be categorized into four clusters: positive humor endorsers, negative humor endorsers, general humor endorsers, and humor deniers. According to the clusters within spouse pairs, results show that similarities in humor styles exist between spouses (χ2 = 16.73, p = .01). The current study finds that most couples have similar humor styles and that a high proportion of married couples share the same humor clusters.

scholarly journals Applying Corpus Data to Define Needs in Web Localization Training

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 998-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel ángel Jiménez-Crespo ◽  
Maribel Tercedor
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Learner Corpus ◽  
Text Types ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
University Level ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into

Localization is increasingly making its way into translation training programs at university level. However, there is still a scarce amount of empirical research addressing issues such as defining localization in relation to translation, what localization competence entails or how to best incorporate intercultural differences between digital genres, text types and conventions, among other aspects. In this paper, we propose a foundation for the study of localization competence based upon previous research on translation competence. This project was developed following an empirical corpus-based contrastive study of student translations (learner corpus), combined with data from a comparable corpus made up of an original Spanish corpus and a Spanish localized corpus. The objective of the study is to identify differences in production between digital texts localized by students and professionals on the one hand, and original texts on the other. This contrastive study allows us to gain insight into how localization competence interrelates with the superordinate concept of translation competence, thus shedding light on which aspects need to be addressed during localization training in university translation programs.

scholarly journals Management of accounting information resources security in Polish entities – study results

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (97 (153)) ◽  
pp. 115-139
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Szczepankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Information Resources ◽  
The Other ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Cyber Space ◽  
Business Entities

The presence of contemporary entities in the cyber-space shows that IT offers unlimited possibilities of running a business and developing an organisation. On the other hand, it involves a greater number of internal and external threats in the area of accounting information resources security. The objective of the paper is to diagnose the current level of accounting information resources security (AIRS) assurance in Polish business entities. The paper analyses two research hypotheses. In accordance with the first one, the AIRS assurance level in various entity groups may be different, even though all entities should have implemented the same requirements of the Accounting Act in the analyzed area. The identified differences may result from the effect of additional, industry-specific regulations. The other hypothesis claims that in the private business area, accounting and auditing companies adhere to AIRS regulations more strictly than other small and medium enterprises. The paper defines the fundamental factors affecting the functioning of corporate accounting systems in the three dimensions of the cyber-space. Subsequently, the author presents the results of empirical research on how corporate information security is ensured in the context of internal accounting control systems and the requirements of the Polish Accounting Act. The results of the empirical research show how the management of the analysed entities crafts the basic elements of their internal environment as well as internal communication and control processes connected with ensuring information resources security. The results also show the management’s approach to various aspects of risk management of accounting information resources security, as well as to adherence to organisational and administrative procedures, and to hardware and software safeguards in the IT environment of the accounting system. The issues analysed in the present paper open a scholarly discussion that should lead to the development of theoretical models, recommendation of efficient methods and tools, as well as indication of adequate legislative initiatives. Research methods used by the author include analysis of literature and legislation, analysis of survey results, deduction and inference.

scholarly journals Henricia djakonovisp. nov. (Echinodermata, Echinasteridae): a new sea star species from the Sea of Japan

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e2863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Chichvarkhin
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Sea Of Japan ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Sea Star ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Russian Waters

A new sea star species,H. djakonovisp.n., was discovered in Rudnaya Bay in the Sea of Japan. This is a sympatric species of the well-known and common speciesHenricia pseudoleviusculaDjakonov, 1958. Both species are similar in body size and proportions, shape of skeletal plates, and life coloration, which distinguishes them from the otherHenriciaspecies inhabiting the Sea of Japan. Nevertheless, these species can be distinguished by their abactinal spines: in both species, they are short and barrel-like, but the new species is the onlyHenriciaspecies in Russian waters of the Pacific that possesses such spines with a massive, smooth, bullet-like tip. The spines inH. pseudoleviusculaare crowned with a variable number of well-developed thorns. About half (<50%) of the abactinal pseudopaxillae in the new species are oval, not crescent-shaped as inH. pseudoleviuscula.

scholarly journals Próba ewaluacji „dziennika” jako narzędzia badawczego

Neofilolog ◽  
1970 ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Marek Derenowski
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Journal Writing ◽  
Teacher Behaviors ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
The Other ◽  
Classroom Dynamics ◽  
Other Hand

This article focuses on the use of teacher journals as an empirical tool. Journals are often perceived as subjective and self-indulgent, resulting from lack of criticism or lack of experience in journal writing. On the other hand, journals can help in investigating such aspects as learner behavior, classroom dynamics or teacher behaviors. Undoubtedly journals help teachers to become more reflective. However, the obvious advantages, the journals are not the most favored empirical research tool.

scholarly journals Substantiation of Psychological Assistance in Changing the Attitude of Adolescents to Significant Others

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
Yu.O. Sevostianov
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
The Other ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Significant Other ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Consultative Process ◽  
Psychological Assistance ◽  
Psychological Experimentation

The article describes the experience of organizing psychological assistance in changing the attitude of adolescents to significant others. In the process of socio-psychological experimentation, the for-mation of relationships with significant others is considered as the leading activity of a teenager. The author, on the basis of the conducted empirical research, highlighted the stages of the consultative process aimed at initiating support for the adolescent’s awareness of his own system of constructs. The result of this process is to reconstruct the adolescent’s attitude to a significant other through the adolescent’s clarification of the similarities and differences in psychological characteristics between him and the other person.

scholarly journals The complexities of ‘otherness’: reflections on embodiment of a young White British woman engaged in cross-generation research involving older people in Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 986-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
MERIEL NORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Interactions ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Mixed Area ◽  
Embodied Experiences ◽  
Active Nature ◽  
Methodological Concern

ABSTRACTIf interviews are to be considered embodied experiences, than the potential influence of the embodied researcher must be explored. A focus on specific attributes such as age or ethnicity belies the complex and negotiated space that both researcher and participant inhabit simultaneously. Drawing on empirical research with stroke survivors in an ethnically mixed area of Indonesia, this paper highlights the importance of considering embodiment as a specific methodological concern. Three specific interactions are described and analysed, illustrating the active nature of the embodied researcher in narrative production and development. The intersectionality of embodied features is evident, alongside their fluctuating influence in time and place. These interactions draw attention to the need to consider the researcher within the interview process and the subsequent analysis and presentation of narrative findings. The paper concludes with a reinforcement of the importance of ongoing and meaningful reflexivity in research, a need to consider the researcher as the other participant, and specifically a call to engage with and present the dynamic nature of embodiment.

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